1. I was glad to be back. 2. Isn't it natural that we like to be praised and don't like to be scolded. 3. I don't want to be deceived. 4. Which is more pleasant: to give or to be given presents? 5. He is very forgetful, but he doesn't like to be reminded of his duties. 6. She remembered to have been told a lot about him. 7. I am sorry to have spoilt your mood. 8. He was glad to be met at the station. 8. He is sorry to have said it. 9. He pretended to be sleeping. 10. I'm glad to have met you. 11. I'm sorry to have kept you waiting. 12 I am glad to have told the truth.

Exercise 3. Choose the correct form of the infinitive.

1. He refused to help / to be helped us. 2. Don't bother to have stood / to stand up. 3. I don't know what to say / to be saying. 4. Nobody told her how to have been doing / to do it. 5. I am happy to be invited / to have been invited to the party last night. 6. I hope to be invited / to have been invited next time. 7. He was glad to be finding / to have found his gloves. 8. Jane is sorry to break / to have broken a cup. 9. I am glad to work / to be working with you. 10. I am glad to work / to be working with you now. 11. We wanted to be recognized / to have been recognized by them at once. 12. They are lucky to see / to have seen so many countries.

Exercise 4. Translate into English.

1. Він вирішив не дзвонити їй. 2. Ми думаємо не залишатися тут до кінця лекції. 3. Він любить розповідати кумедні історії. 4. Він любить, коли йому розповідають кумедні історії. 5. Він задоволений, що йому розповіли цю історію. 6. Вона не задоволена, що її зупинила поліція. 7. Приємно було знову поплавати в морі. 8. Я сподіваюся бути запрошеним на їхнє весілля. 9. Він був задоволений тим, що відповів на всі їхні запитання. 10. Мені завжди приємно розмовляти з тобою. 11. Мені приємно розмовляти з тобою зараз. 12. Вона не любить, коли за нею спостерігають під час роботи. 13. Всі люблять, коли їм довіряють. 14. Він не хотів, щоб його знайшли. 15. Я жалкую, що не знайшов вас.

Exercise 5. Define the function of the infinitive in the following sentences. Translate the sentences.

1. То develop a new submersible craft with a manipulator is not an easy task. 2. To develop the supercomputer, highly developed electronics and new materials were required. 3. One of the best ways to keep the car speed steady is to use a computer. 4. Experiments helped Mendeleev to discover the properties of new chemical elements. 5. Francis Chichester was the first to sail round the world by himself. 6. Some materials with new useful properties may be produced in space. 7. A special electronic device signals the engine to stop. 8. Radar may control the brakes to avoid collisions with other cars. 9. High temperature alloys make it possible for jet engines to be operating under severe conditions for a long реriod of time. 10. Recently a radar to be mounted on cars has been developed. 11. In a new Japanese car the information to be received by the driver will come through a navigation earth satellite. 12. To detect objects at a distance such as ships, aircrafts, buildings, mountains, etc. is of great importance for navigation both at sea and in air. 13. The radar detects the stationary objects ahead of the car to warn the driver about them and slow down the speed. 14. We had fresh water to drink. 15. They returned to listen about our acci_dent and help. 16. He asked permission to leave.

VOCABULARY NOTES

Task I. Translate the following sentences.

1. invade - захопити, вторгнутися. Napoleon made an unsuccessful attempt to invade Egypt.

2. mysterious - таємничий. It was a mysterious box with a magic needle.

3. to stand for - означати, символізувати. “Mg" stands for magnesium.

4. amplification - підсилення. The beam of electrons passes through two stages of magnification by magnetic “lenses" (two coils of wire).

5. emission - випромінювання. All types of emission are most effective in vacuum.

6. pure - чистий, однорідний. 1) The air by the sea is pure and healthy. 2) Her wedding dress was of pure white colour.

7. represent - представляти. The facts are not as he represented them.

fulfillment - виконання, здійснення. After many years, his plans have come to fulfillment.

9. heat-resistant - теплостійкий. There are a lot of heat-resistant metals, tungsten being one of them.

10. substance - речовина. A new substance is usually much worked at in the laboratories until its properties are well studied.

11. treatment - обробка. After being undergone heat treatment metals change their properties.

12. application - застосування. The application of new scientific discoveries to industrial production methods usually makes job easier to do.

13. tool - інструмент, засіб. The various types of cutting tools differ in shapes and in the angles to which the surfaces of the tools are ground.

installation - установка. The assembly-room was equipped with air-conditioning installation.

according to - відповідно до. They were paid according to the amount of work they did.

estimate - оцінка. The critics' estimate is that he has a great future.

duration - тривалість. Their marriage was of short duration.

approximately - приблизно. My coat is approximately your size.

capacity - потужність. The factory is working at full capacity.

message - повідомлення. Did he leave a message for me?

entire - цілий. She spent the entire day in her office.

surface - поверхня. The road surface was slippery.

solar - сонячний. The solar cell is another way of producing power from the Sun.

in order to - для того щоб. We used the computer in order to save time.

transform - змінювати, перетворювати. 1) You'd never recognize their flat - it's quite transformed! 2) A steam turbine may be defined as a form of heat engine in which the energy of the steam is transformed into kinetic energy.

subsequently - згодом, потім. We made plans for a visit but subsequently difficulties with a car prevented it.

to overcome - переборювати, подолати. The obstacle was too great to overcome.

involve - включати. I don't want to involve you in any unpleasantness.

doubt - сумнів. If you are in any doubt about what to do, ask me.

Task II. Read and translate the text.

Text 13A

Laser

In the “War of Worlds” written before the turn of the 19^th century H. Wells told a fantastic story of how Martians almost invaded our Earth. Their weapon was a mysterious “sword of heat”. Today Wells' sword of heat has come to reality in the laser. The name stands for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation.

Laser, one of the most sophisticated inventions of man, produces an intensive beam of light of a very pure single colour. It represents the fulfillment of one of the mankind's oldest dreams technology to provide¹ a light beam intensive enough to vaporize the hardest and most heat-resistant materials. It can indeed make lead run like water, or, when focused, it can vaporize any substance on the earth. There is no material unamenable² to laser treatment and laser will become one of the main technological tools quite soon.

The applications of laser in industry and science are so many and so varied as to suggest magic³. Scientists in many countries are working at a very interesting problem: combining the two big technological discoveries of the second half of the 20^th century - laser and thermonuclear reaction - to produce a practically limitless source of energy. Physicists of this country have developed large laser installations to conduct physical experiments in heating thermonuclear fuel with laser beams. There also exists an idea to use laser for solving the problem of controlled thermonuclear reaction. The laser beam must heat the fuel to the required temperature so quickly that the plasma does not have time to disintegrate. According to current estimates, the duration of the pulse has to be approximately a billionth of a second. The light capacity of this pulse would be dozens of times greater than the capacity of all the world's power plants. To meet such demands in practice, scientists and engineers must work hard as it is clear that a lot of difficulties are to be encountered on route⁴.

The laser's most important potential may be its use in communications. The intensity of a laser can be rapidly changed to encode very complex signals. In principle, one laser beam, vibrating a billion times faster than ordinary radio waves, could carry the radio, TV and telephone messages of the world simultaneously. In just fraction of a second, for example, one laser beam could transmit the entire text of the Encyclopaedia Britannica.

Besides, there are projects to use lasers for long distance com_munication and for transmission of energy to space stations, to the surface of the Moon or to planets in the Solar system. Projects have also been suggested to place lasers aboard Earth satellites nearer to the Sun in order to transform the solar radiation into laser beams, with this transformed energy subsequently transmitted to the Earth or to other space bodies. These projects have not yet been put into effect⁵, because of the great technological difficulties to be over_come and, therefore, the great cost involved. But there is no doubt that in time⁶ these projects will be realized and the laser beam will begin operating in outer space as well.

Notes to the Text

1. to provide - забезпечувати, давати

2. unamenable - непіддатливий

3. as to suggest magic - можна прийняти за чудо

4. on route - на шляху

5. put into effect - здійснювати

6. in time - з часом

Exercise 6.

A. Find Ukrainian equivalents for the following word-combinations.

Before the turn of the century, fantastic story, mysterious sword of heat, has come to reality, the name stands for, light amplification, stimulated emission, mankind's oldest dream, to make lead run like water, technological tool, thermonuclear fuel, to have no time to disintegrate, experiments in heating, required temperature, dozens of times greater, in just a fraction of a second.

Технологічний засіб, примусити свинець литися як вода, назва означає, найстаріша мрія людства, підсилення світла, в кінці минулого століття, індукована емісія (випромінювання), таємний вогненний меч, втілилось в реальність, фантастична історія, експерименти по нагріву, потрібна температура, термоядерне пальне, немає часу для розпаду, в десятки разів більше, всього за долю секунди.

В. Translate the following word-combinations.

a very pure colour, to vaporize the hardest materials, to vaporize any substance on the earth, to combine two technological discoveries, limitless source of energy, practically limitless source of energy, thermonuclear fuel, thermonuclear reaction, controlled thermonuclear reaction, current estimates, a billionth of a second, to work hard.

Exercise 7. Point out the statements corresponding to the contents of the text and correct the wrong ones.

1. Laser means “light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation”. 2. Laser produces an intensive beam of light. 3. In the next few years laser will become one of the main technological tools. 4. Martians almost invaded the Earth before the turn of the last century. 5. Laser and thermonuclear reaction can produce a limited source of energy. 6. The laser beam heats the fuel so quickly that the plasma disintegrates. 7. There are projects to transform lunar radiation into beams. 8. The laser beam will begin operating in outer space.

Exercise 8. Look through the 3d and the 5^th paragraphs of the text 13A and find there the Infinitive in the function of a predicate and an adverbial modifier of purpose.

Exercise 9. Find the sentences with the Infinitive in the function of an attribute and an object.

1. То design, construct and operate a laser system is a great technological achievement. 2. To protect the water resources, forest and atmosphere, several laws were passed in the 1970s. 3. A very interesting problem is to produce a practically limitless source of energy;

4. There are projects to use lasers for long distance communication. 5. Automation makes it possible to obtain and develop new sources of energy. 6. To combine laser and thermonuclear reaction is a very interesting problem for the scientists in many countries. 7. To conduct physical experiments with laser beams, physicists have developed large laser installations 8. Some Western experts consider that it is practically impossible to protect big cities from pollution. 9. Lasers to be placed on Earth satellites will transform solar radiation into laser beams. 10. To put some projects with lasers in operation, great technological difficulties must be overcome. 11. One of the ways to make planes as economical as possible is to lighten the aircraft by using new composite materials. 12. Signals to be measured must be strong enough.

Exercise 10. Define what an attribute is expressed by in the following sentences.

1. The new system developed increased the safety and effi_ciency of a car. 2. The laser's most important potential use may be its long distance communication applications. 3. Provided the problems of using laser for controlled thermonuclear reaction were solved, the capacity of the pulse received would be much greater than that of all the world's power plants. 4. All a pilot needs to do is to tune to radio transmitters and he will get direction signals he needs. 5. One of the problems scientists are working at is to transmit energy to space stations by using lasers. 6. Laser provides a light beam intensive enough to vaporize the hardest and most heat-resistant materials. 7. A hypersonic aircraft will require complicated cooling measures because of the extreme temperatures involved. 8. A new electronic device to be installed in the car's panel will calculate how far one can drive on the fuel left. 9. The hardest materi_als a laser beam is aimed at vaporize within a fraction of a second. 10. Aircraft designers are interested in all kinds of new materials that are strong enough to be used for high-speed airliners. 11. Noise and vibration are also the problems to be faced by design_ers of hypersonic crafts. 12. Besides, there is one more problem to be studied - that of surface cooling. 13. The ordinary aircraft win_dows would make the future superliner structure too weak to with_stand great stresses developed. 14. Every student of Cambridge is to go to his tutor once a week to discuss with him the work done.

Exercise 11. Define parts of speech of the following words.

encode, capacity, disintegrate, emission, widen, intensive, in_credible, defence, stranger, reality, strengthen, fulfilment, inde_structible, amplifica-tion, substance, entirely, vaporize.

Exercise 12. Name the derivatives of the following words and translate them.

limit, transmit, approximate, success, science, relate.

Exercise 13. Find:

а) synonyms

rapidly, sophisticated, to conduct, demand, almost, quickly, to carry out, approximately, opportunity, requirement, also, use, to fulfill, complex, as well, to realize, application, possibility

b) antonyms

further, integrate, cooling, outside, powerless, uncontrolled, limited, disintegrate, nearer, capable, limitless, controlled, inca_pable, powerful, heating, inside.

Exercise 14. Read and translate the text without consulting dictionary.

То understand why light from the laser is so concentrated, you must know that light travels in waves. Ordinary white light is made up of many wavelengths travelling in every direction. Laser light is essentially of one wavelength, with all the waves moving in one direction. Because the laser wavelengths intensify each other, they can remain in an unbelievably straight beam for a long distance. Al_most any substance can be forced to “lase" if you work hard enough with it. Gas lasers give off continuous beams of light. Tiny semi_conductor lasers may be especially useful in computers for trans_mitting signals to replace the use of cables. Many lasers can give off invisible radiation, either infrared or ultraviolet.

Exercise 15. Look through the text and answer the questions.

1. What is this text about? 2. What does the word “laser” mean? 3. What is a laser, is it a device or some phenomenon? 4. Who was the first to write about lasers? 5. What writer from this country wrote a book about a laser? 6. What is its principle of operation? 7. What light is produced by a la_ser? 8. What can be done by means of a laser? 9. What materials can be treated with a laser? 10. What is the most promising use of lasers? 11. What prevents putting into effect the projects to use lasers more widely in space?

Task III. Read and translate the text.

Text 13B

Optical Technology

One of the most interesting developments in telecommunication is the rapid progress of optical communication where optical fibers are replacing conventional telephone wires and cables. Just as digital technologies greatly improved the telephone system, optical communication promises a considerable increase in capacity, quality, performance and reliability of the global telecommunication network. New technologies such as optical fibers will increase the speed of telecommunication and provide new, specialized information service. Voice, computer data, even video images, will be increasingly integrated into a single digital communication network capable of processing and transmitting virtually any kind of information.

It is a result of combining two technologies: the laser, first demonstrated in 1960, and the fabrication 10 years later of ultra-thin silicon fibres which can serve as lightwave conductors. With the further development of very efficient lasers plus continually improved techniques to produce thin silicon fibres of incredible transparency, optical systems can transmit pulses of light as far as 135 kilometers without the need for amplification or regeneration.

At present high-capacity optical transmission systems are being installed between many major US cities at a rapid rate. The system most widely used now operates at 147 megabits (thousand bits) per second and accommodates 6,000 circuits over a single pair of glass fibres (one for each direction of transmission). This system will soon be improved to operate at 1. 7 gigabits (thousand million bits) per second and handle 24,000 telephone channels simultaneously.

A revolution in information storage is underway with optical disk technology.

The first digital optical disks were produced in 1982 as compact disks for music. They were further developed as a storage medium for computers. The disks are made of plastics coated with aluminium. The information is recorded by using a powerful laser to imprint bubbles on the surface of the disk. A less powerful laser reads back the pictures, sound or information. An optical disk is almost indestructible and can store about 1,000 times more information than a plastic disk of the same size.

One CD-ROM disk (650 MB) can replace 300,000 pages of text (about 500 floppies), which represents a lot of savings in databases.

The future of optical storage is called DVD (digital versatile disk). A DVD-ROM can hold up to 17 GB, about 25 times an ordinary CD-ROM. For this reason, it can store a large amount of multimedia software and complete full-screen Hollywood movies in different languages. However, DVD-ROMs are “read-only” devices. To avoid this limitation, companies also produce DVD rewritable drives.

Besides, it is reported that an optical equivalent of a transistor has been produced and intensive research on optical electronic computers is underway at a number of US companies as well as in countries around the world.

It is found that optical technology is cost-effective and versatile. It finds new application every day - from connecting communication equipment or computers within the same building or room to long-distance transcontinental, transoceanic and space communications.

Notes to the text

video image - синтезоване (телевізійне) зображення

silicon fiber - кварцове волокно

lightwave conductor - світлопровід

storage medium - носій даних; середовище для зберігання (інформації)

floppy - гнучкий диск

database - база даних

digital versatile disk - цифровий, універсальний диск

8. multimedia - мультимедіа (обробка даних різних типів: текстових, відео-, аудіо-, графічних, мультиплікаційних)

software - програмне забезпечення

DVD - цифровий відеодиск

rewritable drive - дисковод з перезаписом

Task IV. Speak about:

the advantages of optical fibers application in communication technology;

practical application of optical technology.

VOCABULARY NOTES

Task V. Learn the following words and word-combinations

to deny заперечувати

cell phone стільниковий телефон

to exchange обмін

permanent постійний

wireless бездротовій

mobile connection мобільний зв'язок

cell network subscriber клієнт мережі

to take a picture сфотографуватися

to take movie зняти фільм

to augment збільшувати, додавати

communication facilities засоби комунікацій

installation установка, установлення

wealthy багатий

long-range communication дальній телефонний зв'язок

to compete конкурувати, змагатися

supplement додаток

competition конкуренція

loss втрата

counter компенсувати (тут)

microwave transmitter мікрохвильовий передавач

boon дарунок, зручність

benefit користь, вигода

on-line film library онлайнові бібліотеки фільмів

sound-bites звукові файли

terrestrial земний

Task VI. Read and translate the topic.

Developing the Telecommunications

We cannot deny the role of telecommunications in our life. The Internet, phones, telegraph, cell phones, radio, television are all the means of communication or telecommunication. Nowadays we live in information era, when information is the key and engine of progress. Our society needs perfect means of information exchange that is why all types of telecommunication are under the permanent developing.

Currently hundreds of millions of people use wireless communication means. Cell phone is no longer a symbol of prestige but a tool, which lets to use working time more effectively. Considering that the main service of a mobile connection operator is providing high quality connection, much attention in the telecommunication market is paid to the spectrum of services that cell network subscriber may receive. Today we can easily connect to the Internet using our cell phone or to take a picture or to take a short movie, using our video cell phone.

Late in the nineteenth century, communication facilities were augmented by a new invention - telephone. In the USA its use expanded slowly and by 1900 the American Telephone and Telegraph Company controlled 855,000 telephones. After 1900, telephone installations extended much more rapidly in all the wealthier countries. The number of telephones in use in the world grew at almost 100 per cent per decade. But long-distance telephone services gradually developed and began to compete with telegraph business. A greater contribution to long-range communication came with the development of wireless technology. Before the outbreak of the First World War wireless telegraphy was established as a means of regular communication with ships at sea and provided a valuable supplement to existing telegraph lines. In the next few years the telephone systems of all the chief countries were connected with each other by radio. Far more immediate was the influence that radio had through broadcasting and by television, which followed it at an interval of about twenty-five years.

Telephones are as much a part of infrastructure of our society as roads or electricity, and competition will make them cheaper. Losses from lower prices will be countered by higher usage. Most important of all, by cutting out the need to install costly cables and microwave transmitters, the new telephones could be a boon to the remote and poor regions of the earth. Even today, half the world's population lives more than two hours away from a telephone.

Satellite phones are not going to deliver all their benefits at once.

Lots of other new communication services - on-line film libraries, personal computers that can send video-clips and sound-bites as easily as they can be used for writing letters, terrestrial mobile-telephone systems cheap enough to replace old sets - are already technically possible.

Notes to the Text

1. high-definition television - телебачення високої чіткості

2. World Wide Web - глобальна система серверів

3. on - line - оперативно доступний

4. first draft - перша версія

Exercise 16. Translate into English

Роль телекомунікацій; стільниковий телефон; засоби зв'язку; інформаційний обмін; бути в процесі розвитку; символ престижу; використовувати робочий час ефективно; оператор мобільного зв'язку; зв'язок високої якості; асортимент послуг; підключитися до Інтернету; фотографуватися; зняти фільм; встановлення телефонів; конкурувати з телефонним бізнесом; втрати від низьких тарифів; внаслідок відсутності необхідності; мікрохвильові передавачі; віддалені райони; супутникові телефони; онлайнові бібліотеки фільмів; надіслати відеокліпи та звукові файли.

Exercise 17. Answer the following questions on the text.

1. What means of telecommunications do you know? 2. Why do we try to develop all types of telecommunications? 3. Can we connect to the Internet using our cell phone today? 4. What was invented late in the nineteenth century? 5. What technology made a great contribution to a long-range communication? 6. Was there wireless telegraphy as a means of regular communication before the outbreak of the First World War? 7. What new telecommunication services do you know?

Key dates in science.

1896 Antoine Beckuerel, a French physicist, discovered radioactivity.

1903 The American Wright brothers made the first powered aircraft flight.

1905 German-born physicist Albert Einstein published scientific works in-cluding the Special Theory of Relativity.

1911 Marie Curie, a Polish scientist, won the Nobel prize for her work on radioactivity.

1911 Ernest Rutherford, a New Zealand-born scientist, showed that atoms have a central nucleus.

1926 John Logie Baird, a Scottish engineer, transmitted the first black and white television picture across the Atlantic.

Lesson 14

Grammar. Герундій.

Text 14A. A New Era for Aircraft.

Text B. The Return of the Dirigibles

Topic. The Economy of the USA

Форми герундія

	Active	Passive
Indefinite Perfect	writing having written	being written having been written

Exercise 1. Find Gerund in the following sentences. Translate the sentences.

1. On detecting danger on the road the computer signals the driver. 2. Detecting an object in front of a car in the dark is the purpose of the “night vision system”. 3. One of the main problems of a driver on the road is keeping the speed constant and watching the cars ahead. 4. A new device for monitoring and adjusting air pressure in tires has recently been developed. 5. Before starting a car one must examine it carefully. 6.computers are widely used for controlling all kinds of processes. 7. Alexander Bell's being a teacher of deaf people influenced his interest in sound and its transmission. 8. Samuel Morse's hobby was experimenting with electricity. 9. Driving a car in the city is difficult. 10. Taking a cold shower in the morning is very useful.

Exercise 2. Define the forms and functions of Gerund.

1. One of the best ways of keeping the speed steady is using a computer for this purpose. 2. Newton's having made a mistake in his calculations has no influence on his theory. 3. On being turned on the radar will warn the driver of stationary or slow-moving objects on the road. 4. Upon being heated the molecules begin moving very rapidly. 5. The white line in the centre of the road is one of the most effective means of controlling traffic. 6. On graduating from the University S. P. Korolev began working in the field of rocket design. 7. The function of a car computer is detecting and summing up the information about the road conditions. 8. Monitoring and adjusting air pressure in tires is one of the new developments of the car designers. 9. It is difficult to solve some of the present-day scientific and technological problems without using supercomputers. 10. On seeing a red light on a panel and on hearing a warning sound the driver should decrease the speed. 11. By picking up infrared rays emitted by objects ahead of the car an image-processing system produces different images of objects. 12. On studying for half an hour before an exam one should switch over to some other activity. 13. I remember having been shown the letter. 14. He entered the room without being noticed.

Exercise 3. Supplement the sentences with Gerund.

For example: Do you mind (I, open) the window? - Do you mind my opening the window?

1. Did your uncle agree to (you, come) to see me? 2. I don't like the idea of (Mary, go) home alone in the dark. 3. I'm afraid of (John, lose) the way. 4. Please forgive (I, ask) such a personal question. 5. Please excuse (we, call) you by your first name. 6. Our teacher won't like (we, come) late to classes. 7. I can't insist on (you, stay) a little longer. 8. Please, excuse (we, come) a little late without (inform) you beforehand. 9. I don't like (she, read) my letters. 10. Excuse (I, interrupt) you. 11. What do you say to (he, join) us?

Exercise 4. Translate the phrases “Love is…”, paying attention to the translation of Gerund.

1. Love is playing the game, when you already know the score. 2. Love is sending your feelings by fax. 3. Love is pulling together when things get rough. 4. Love is being a good listener when you've got your own troubles. 5. Love is always looking on the bright side of life. 6. Love is trying to understand her kind of music. 7. Love is knowing when he needs a little space. 8. Love is spending hours choosing his Valentine card. 9. Love is trying to make our world a better place. 10. Love is playing ball with your son. 11. Love is telling her that her name is music to your ears. 12. Love is worth saving. 13. Love is giving thanks for every day you've known each other. 14. Love is not living in the past. 15. Love is helping a child to feel wanted.

VOCABULARY NOTES

Task I. Learn and memorize the following words and word-combinations. Translate the sentences.

1. to display - виставляти. The goods were displayed in a shop window.

2. airfield - аеропорт. Boryspil airfield is an international air gate.

3. to match - підходити (відповідати). The wallpaper and paint don't match.

4. to cover - покривати (долати). I want to cover 100 miles before it gets dark.

5. overall - загальний. The overall weight the plane “Mriya” can lift is 250 tones.

6. to accommodate - вміщати. The bus accommodates 30 passengers.

7. ordinary - звичайний. It was an ordinary experiment.

8. to withstand - витримувати. Children's furniture must withstand kicks and blows.

9. stress - напруження. The vehicles passing over put stress on the material of the bridge.

10. velocity - швидкість. The velocity of the car was increased.

11. resistance - опір. Heat-resistance of this alloy is very low.

12. skin - обшивка. The skin of a plane was damaged.

13. route - маршрут. The length of the route has increased by 3 km.

14. reliable - надійний. He was recommended as a reliable person.

16. to overcome - долати. He will overcome all difficulties.

17. heat-insulating - теплоізоляційний. Heat-insulating materials are widely used in aircraft building.

18.computation - обчислення.computer computations are more accurate.

19. to lighten - робити легшим. The weight of a plane was lightened.

20. to substitute - замінювати. Natural substances are substituted by artificial ones.

21. conventional - звичайний. The conventional conclusion of a letter is “Sincerely yours”.

22. to exceed - перевищувати. The cost will not exceed $50.

23. fuel - паливо. Wood, coal, oil and gas are different kinds of fuel.

24. extreme - надзвичайний. Extreme temperatures are to be achieved in thermonuclear reactor.

25. friction - тертя. They try to reduce friction.

26. measure - міра (засіб). An hour is a measure of time.

27. coolant - охолоджувальна рідина. Coolants are used in metal-cutting.

28. to vaporize - випаровувати. Water vaporizes when boiled.

29. to inject - впорскувати. The fuel is injected within milliseconds.

jet - реактивний. He piloted jet planes.

Task II. Read and translate the text.

Text 14A

A New Era for Aircraft

Aviation experts expect that today's aircraft will begin to be replaced with some new form of supersonic transport in a few years' time. A 21^st century hypersonic aircraft may open a new age of aircraft design.

The designers displayed the project of such a supersonic passenger liner among the prospective models at one of the latest Aerospace Salon held on the old Le Bourget airfield in Paris. An elongated fuselage with a sharp nose and without a horizontal stabilizer makes it look more like a rocket. The speed matches the looks. This plane will fly at a speed five to six times above the speed of sound, it will cover the distance between Tokyo and Moscow in less than two hours. The diameter of the fuselage will be 4 meters and the overall length 100 meters, with the cabin accommodating 300 passengers. The future superplanes of such a class will have no windows, but the passengers can enjoy watching the panorama of the Earth on the TV monitor at the front of the cabin. They will fly so fast that ordinary aircraft windows would make the structure too weak to withstand the stresses at such a speed. At high velocities the air resistance in the lower atmosphere is so great that the skin is heated to very high temperature. The only way out is to fly higher. Therefore, airliners' routes will mainly lie in the stratosphere.

In general, to build a reliable hypersonic plane one has to overcome a whole set of technological and scientific difficulties. Apart from creating highly economical combined engines and heat-insulating materials, designers have to make such an amount of thermodynamic computations that can't be performed without using supercomputers. One of the ways to make planes as economical as possible is lightening the aircraft by substituting new composite materials for conventional metal alloys. Accounting for less than 5 per cent of the overall aircraft weight now, the percentage of composite material parts will exceed 25 per cent in new generation models. An extensive use of new materials combined with better aerodynamics and engines will allow increasing fuel efficiency by one-third.

Because of the extreme temperatures generated by the atmosphere friction, a hypersonic craft will also require complicated cooling measures. One possibility is using cryogenic fuels, such as liquid hydrogen, as both coolants and propellants. The fuel flowing through the aircraft's skin would cool the surfaces as it vaporizes before being injected into combustion chamber.

Specialists in many countries are currently working on new propeller engines considered much more economical and less noisy than jets. The only disadvantage is that propeller planes fly slower than jet planes. However, it has recently been announced that specialists succeeded in solving this problem. As a result a ventilator engine with a propeller of ten fibre-glass blades has been built, each being five meters long. It will be mounted in the experimental passenger plane.

Notes to the text

hypersonic aircraft - надзвуковий літак

Le Bourget airfield - аеропорт Ле Бурже

elongated - подовжений

the looks - зовнішній вигляд

apart from - крім

heat-insulating materials - теплоізоляційні матеріали

accounting for - складаючи

by one-third - на одну третину

propellant - реактивне паливо

ventilator engine - турбовентиляторний двигун

fibre-glass blade - лопать зі скловолокна

propeller engine - пропелерний двигун

Exercise 5. Answer the following questions.

1. What is this text about? 2. What aircraft was displayed in Paris? 3. What are the characteristics of the new liner? 4. What are the difficulties in building a hypersonic plane? 5. What kind of cooling will a hypersonic craft require? 6. What engines are considered more economical and less noisy than jets? 7. What is the disadvantage of propeller planes? 8. What kind of engine has been built for propeller plane?

Exercise 6. Find Ukrainian equivalents for the following word-combinations.

A new form of supersonic transport, prospective model, elongated fuselage, without horizontal stabilizer, cover the distance, less than two hours, overall length, overall aircraft weight, at high velocities, lower atmosphere, the skin is heated, the only way out, one of the ways, combined engines, combined with, as economical as possible.

Єдиний вихід, комбіновані двигуни, менше двох годин, без горизонтального стабілізатора, нижні шари атмосфери, один із шляхів, подовжений фюзеляж, загальна вага літака, обшивка нагрівається, на великих швидкостях, загальна довжина, по можливості економно, перспективна модель, новий тип надзвукового транспорту, в поєднанні з, долати відстань.

Exercise 7. Find the Gerund in the function of adverb, translate the sentences.

1. Flying from Los Angeles to Tokyo on board a new supersonic craft will take two hours. 2. On examining the car before starting on a long journey a driver can be sure that he will get to his destination without accidents. 3. By summing up the information about the speed and distance of various objects on the road, the computer detects all possible dangers. 4. A superliner of a new kind will be capable of flying at five times above the speed of the sound. 5. The only way of overcoming the great air resistance at high velocities is flying higher. 6. At low speeds the engine can use turbines for compressing the air before mixing it with fuel in the combustion chamber. 7. In the future, in switching over to the new Earth satellite a driver can be sure of coming safely to his destination. 8. Cryogenic fuels will vaporize before being injected into combustion chamber. 9. In flowing over the aircraft's surface the fuel cools its skin. 10. On reaching its cruising speed the supersonic liner will fly at 100.000 feet above the Earth. 11. By using supercomputers it is possible to avoid making mistakes in extremely complicated thermodynamic computations. 12. A new carburetor offers easier starting in cold weather. 13. By using the automatic guidance system a driver will be able to make long journeys without concentrating on the road conditions. 14. It is impossible to solve economic problems without using the achievements of the scientific and technological progress.