14. precise - точний. Precise calculations are very important for the experiment.

15. to require - вимагати. The situation there requires my presence.

16. to separate - відділяти. Two towns are separated by the river.

17. to launch - запускати. The rocket was launched last month.

18. satellite - супутник. The signal came from satellite.

19. to land - висаджуватися. The plane landed safely.

20. long-term - довгостроковий. No one knows about firm's long-term plans.

21. to conduct - проводити. She conducts her business very success-fully.

22. investigation - дослідження. He was engaged in investigation.

23. inconceivable - неймовірний. It seemed inconceivable that men should travel to the moon.

24. to witness - бути свідком. He witnessed the accident.

25. vehicle - транспортний засіб. Buses, tractors, bicycles are vehicles.

26. to remedy - вилікувати, виправити. 1) Your disease can be remedied. 2) This cannot remedy the situation.

27. annihilation - знищення. Annihilation of biological weapons is a big problem.

Task II. Read and translate the text.

Text 2A

Sсience and Technological Progress in Modern Society

From its early beginning in the sixteenth century the developments of science have influenced the course of western civilization more and more. And today it plays a most dominant role. We live in a world that materially and intellectually has been created by science.

One merely needs to mention the telephone, the radio, the television, the automobile, and the airplane, or any of the countless devices invented by the application of science. There is hardly an article used in the homes, in the places of work, or in the places of enjoyment that has not been modified by technology based on science. The means of communication that bind the continents into a single community depend on scientific know-how. Without modern sanitation it would be impossible to have large centres of population; without modern industry and agriculture, it would be impossible to feed, to clothe and to provide the “abundant life” to this large population.

There is, however, another part of the story. It is a story of expanding intellectual horizon - the impact of science on the mind of a man. Fundamentally, science is an intellectual enterprise, an attempt to understand the world in a particular way.

Over the past 150 years the range of human knowledge has been doubled every 12 or 15 years. In 1930 man knew 4 times as much as he did in 1900; by 1960 his knowledge had grown sixteenfold, and by the year 2005 it can be expected to be a hundred times what it had been a century previously.

The second part of the twentieth century has brought a number of technical innovations which are still very young but which are taken so much for granted that it is as if they have always existed.

In the 50-ies of the last century hardly anyone would probably have believed that we should be able to sit at home and watch astronauts walking in space or that people could be kept alive by the heart of a dead man.

The transistor was not invented until 1948. This piece of electronic equipment found wide use in space technology, computers, transistor radios, medical instruments, television sets - in fact, wherever precise control and modulation of electrical signals was required, however, the invention of ICs (integrated circuits) in 1958 brought in a new era of change in the field so fundamental, that it already has the characteristics of a second industrial revolution.

A mere 12 years separated the launching of the satellite Sputnik I in 1957 and man's first landing on the Moon in 1969. The first long-term orbital station Salyut launched in 1971 opened a new era in space research, providing the possibility of conducting investigations in the field of astrophysics, space technology, medicine, biology, etc. under conditions inconceivable on the earth. Another period of 10 years and in 1981 we could witness the launching of a typically new cosmic vehicle - the Shuttle. 2004 went into history as the year when the USA's Mars vehicles “Spirit" and “Opportunity” landed this mysterious planet.

It is not difficult to continue with other examples but the point is clear. Events such as these are characteristic of the rate of technological development in the second half of the 20^th century and the beginning of the 21^st century. Science occupies a central position in modern society. It dominates man's whole existence. Research and innovations in technology should improve society's living and working conditions and remedy the negative effects of technical and social changes.

Recent developments of nuclear weapons, satellites, space platforms and intercontinental ballistic missiles have attracted public attention throughout the world. They make wars of annihilation possible and demand the necessity of coming an understanding with the other nations. It is not merely a matter of peace, but, poses the question of the very survival of the human race.

Notes to the Text

1. taken for granted - вважаються доведеними

2. to keep alive - підтримувати життя

3. integrated circuit - інтегральна схема

4. nuclear weapon - ядерна зброя.

5. ballistic missile - балістична ракета.

6. survival - виживання.

Exercise 7. Answer the following questions:

1. What devices invented by the application of science are used in everyday life? 2. What is science? 3. How quick has the range of human knowledge increased? 4. Where were transistors used? 5. What did the invention of Ics give? 6. What countries have succeeded in conquering space? 7. What should research and technology do? 8. What developments have attracted public attention throughout the world?

Exercise 8. Find English equivalents of Ukrainian word-combinations:

Проводити дослідження, привернути увагу людей, забезпечити заможне життя, точний контроль, на матеріальному рівні, неймовірні на землі, розумова діяльність, виживання людства, менш очевидний, збільшитись у два рази, знайти широке застосування.

On the material level, survival of the human race, to double, precise control, inconceivable on earth, to find wide use, to provide the abundant life, intellectual activity, less obvious, to conduct investigations, to attract public attention.

Exercise 9. Give your own idea as to these statements.

Science very little affects everyday life.

Men of intelligence and good will are deeply concerned about the problem of directing the power of science.

The things that happen in nature are not accidental things.

Science is motivated by curiosity of a researcher.

The greatest achievements of medical knowledge and care have improved human happiness.

Exercise 10. Read the text and entitle it.

The highest mountain in the world is Mount Everest - 29.002 feet high. The largest ocean is the Pacific having a total area of 63. 986.000 square miles. The Atlantic Ocean, the next largest, is only 31. 530.000 square miles, the Indian Ocean with 28. 350.000 square miles comes third. The longest river is the Nile which is more than 4.000 miles longer or about twice the distance by air from London to Beirut. The biggest island is Greenland which belongs to Denmark and is about 840.000 square miles in extent. The largest lake is the Caspian Sea. Geographers consider it as a lake because it is not connected with any of the great oceans. It has an area of about 170.000 square miles. Which is the deepest sea? So far, as we know at present the greatest depth is in the Pacific Ocean near the Philippines and goes down to 37.000 feet, which is much more than the height of Everest. The biggest volcano is in Ecuador, South America. It is still active and 19. 612 feet high. There is another one between Argentina and Chile and it is more than 3.000 feet higher.

Task III. Read and translate the text.

Text 2B

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

MIT is an independent university located in Boston area. It was founded in 1861 by William Barton Rogers, a distinguished natural scientist, who believed that teaching, research, and the application of knowledge must be combined to real-world problems. MIT held its first classes in 1865 after having delayed opening because of the Civil War. There were approximately 15 students enrolled at that time.

Today MIT has about 9,700 students, a faculty of approximately 1,000 and several thousand research staff. The institute is broadly organized into five academic Schools - Architecture and Planning, Engineering, Humanities and Social Science, Management and Science - and a large number of interdisciplinary programs, laboratories, and centers. A unique feature of MIT is that undergraduates join with graduate students, faculty, and staff to work on research projects throughout the institute.

Most academic activities take place in a group of interconnected buildings designed to permit easy communication among the Schools and their departments. Across the street from this set of buildings there are athletic fields, the student center, and many of the dormitories.

The main purpose of the academic program at MIT is to give students a sound command of basic principles, the habit of continued learning and the confidence that comes from a thorough and systematic approach to learning. This results in continued professional and personal growth, especially in today's rapidly changing world.

The two essential parts of all MIT educational programs are teaching and research. They provide experience in theory and experiment for both students and teaching staff.

Each student pursues a degree in one of the departments. Undergraduate courses at MIT lead to the degree of Bachelor of Science. The academic programs require four years of full-time study for the Bachelor of Science. Degrees are awarded on the basis of satisfactory completion of general institute and departmental requirements in each program.

There is enough flexibility to allow each student, in collaboration with the advisor, to develop an individual program in accordance with his or her own interests and preparation.

Notes to the Text

1. to foster - сприяти

2. faculty - викладацький склад

3. Humanities - гуманітарні науки

4. Science - природничі науки

5. undergraduate - студент останнього курсу

6. dormitory - гуртожиток

7. habit - звичка

8. continued learning - безперервне навчання

9. to result in - приводити до

10. to pursue - намагатися отримати

11. collaboration - співробітництво

Exercise 11. Translate into English.

видатний вчений-натураліст, застосування знань, приблизно, дослідницький персонал, міждисциплінарні програми, гуманітарні та соціальні науки, унікальна особливість, об'єднатися з, дослідницький проект, навчальна діяльність, факультет, комплекс корпусів, спортивні майданчики, головна мета, ґрунтовні знання, впевненість, ретельний, особистий ріст, забезпечити досвід, вести до, навчання на денному відділенні, задовільний, вимоги факультету, гнучкість, керівник, відповідно до

Exercise 12. Match the words (1-6) with their definition (a-f).

1. To delay a.complete and careful

2. Staff b. process of gaining knowledge or skill by doing and

seeing things

3. Confidence c. the group of workers who do the work of an organization

4. Thorough d. belief that one is right or that one is able to perform

5. Experience e. working for the normal number of hours or days in job,

course of study

6. Full-time f. to do something later than planned

Exercise 13. Give the comprehensive answers to these questions:

1. What is the organizational structure of Massachusets Institute of Technology?

2. What are the features of educational programs?

VOCABULARY NOTES

Task IV. Learn the following words and word-combinations

1. Civil engineering цивільне будівництво

2. entrance exams вступні екзамени

3. to be enrolled бути зарахованим

4. experience досвід

5. to do one's best робити все можливе

6. to graduate from the University закінчити університет

7. term семестр

8. workshop майстерня

9. teaching aids засоби навчання

10. double period “пара”

11. facilities засоби, апаратура

12. descriptive geometry нарисна геометрія

13. groupmate одногрупник

14. to take interest in виявляти інтерес до

15. proverb прислів'я

16. enjoyment задоволення, радість

Task V. Read and translate the topic.

I am a Student

I am a first-year student at Lutsk National Technical University, Civil Engineering Department. In July I took my entrance exams and was enrolled in the University. Of course, it was not an easy experience, but I did my best. I worked hard at my subjects and, as a result I passed all my exams successfully. My special field is Civil Engineering. When I graduate from the University I'll work at a building site.

As in most higher schools in Ukraine the academic year in our university is divided into two terms. Studying begins on September 1 and finishes in June. After each term we have our examination session. Each term is followed by a holiday.

Our University has four buildings. They are located in different parts of our town. There are many lecture halls, classrooms, specialized rooms, laboratories, workshops. Specialized classrooms are equipped with proper teaching aids and other facilities.

My lessons usually begin at 8. 30, but sometimes we don't have the first double period. As I live far from the University I go there by trolley-bus. It takes me half an hour to get to the University. When I'm in a hurry I take a route taxi. I should say that it is rather expensive and I try to go out of home earlier.

I live with my parents in a comfortable three-room flat. It is in a new residentional district. On my days off I help about the house, do my room, go shopping, etc.

We study many subjects at the university. Here are some of them: Higher Mathematics, Descriptive Geometry, Business Ukrainian Language, History of Ukraine. I take a great interest in the history of our country, because there are still so many facts from our history, which I have never heard of about.

As a rule, our lessons are over at three o'clock. After dinner we work at the library. But you are wrong if you think that I and my groupmates study and study and study all day long. We find time for some enjoyment as well. As the old English proverb says “All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy”.

Exercise 14. Answer the following questions:

1. What department do you study at? 2. How many entrance exams did you take? 3. Where can you work after graduation? 4. When do you have your examination sessions? 5. What teaching facilities does your university have? 6. How many periods do you have every day? 7. How do you get to the university? 8. Do you live in the hostel or with your parents? 9. What subjects do you study? 10. How do you spend your free time?

Exercise 15. Translate into English the following sentences.

1. Після успішного складання вступних іспитів я був зарахований до університету. 2. Екзаменаційна сесія проводиться в січні та червні. 3. Кабінети та лабораторії добре обладнані. 4. Ми не маємо занять в понеділок. 5. Мені необхідно 40 хвилин, щоб дістатись до університету. 6. Коли я поспішаю, я їду маршрутним таксі. 7. Я живу в гуртожитку. Він розташований недалеко від університету. 8. Двічі на місяць я їжджу додому. Я повертаюсь в Луцьк в понеділок після обіду. 9. Ми маємо багато нових і цікавих предметів. 10. Я маю багато друзів серед моїх одногрупників.

Key dates in science

c. 700 BC The Ayurveda, an early medical text, was written in India.

c. 600 BC The Greek philosopher Thales of Miletus described the magnetic properties of lodestone, a form of iron ore, which later became known as magnetite.

c. 530 BC Pythagoras, a Greek mathematician, made various important discoveries, including Pythagora's theorem.

c. 400 BC The pulley was invented in Greece.

c. 335 BC The Greek philosopher Aristotle made many important scientific observations, including how levers work.

c. 300 BC Gears were first used in Egypt.

Lesson 3

Grammar. Минулий та майбутній часи групи Indefinite (Simple) Active

Займенники many, much, little, a little, few, a few.

Text 3 A. Is there an End to the Computer Race?

Text 3 B. From the History of Computer.

Topic. English Language

Відмінювання стандартного дієслова to work у Past Indefinite

Стверджувальна форма	Заперечна форма	Питальна форма
I He She It worked You We They	I He She It did not work You We They	I he she Did it work? you we they

Відмінювання нестандартного дієслова to write у Past Indefinite

Стверджувальна форма	Заперечна форма	Питальна форма
I He She It wrote You We They	I He She It did not write You We They	I he she Did it write? you we they
Відмінювання дієслова to work у Future Indefinite
Стверджувальна форма	Заперечна форма	Питальна форма
I He She It will work You We They	I He She It will not work You We They	I he she Will it work? you we they

Exercise 1. Form the Past Indefinite of the following verbs.

deliver, earn, spread, hesitate, clash, entitle, claim, be, predict, blow, get, drop, hear, expect, come, have, look, change, know, ask, leave, stand, understand.

Exercise 2. Make the following sentences interrogative. Translate them into Ukrainian.

1. World War II started in 1939 and ended in 1945. 2 Last spring they planted a lot of fruit trees in their garden. 3. It rained yesterday. 4. He got up, took a shower and had breakfast. 5. She sang a new song at the concert. 6. It often snowed last winter. 7. I went to the door when the bell rang. 8. She smiled and showed us into the room. 9. Somebody knocked at the door. 10. Tom opened the door and saw a stranger.

Exercise 3. Make the following sentences negative.

1. Frank liked porridge when he was a child. 2. The man understood us because he spoke English. 3. We knew what to do. 4. My father worked yesterday. 5. He promised us something. 6. Our team won the championship and got the medals. 7. She spoke English well. 8. He saw the new film on TV. 9. Our family went to the Crimea last June.

Exercise 4. Translate into English the following sentences.

1. Він не знав, куди йти. 2. Ми не зустрілися тому, що він спізнився. 3. Я не зрозумів, чому він мені не відповідає. 4. Вона не зателефонувала нам вчора. 5. Він не засміявся і навіть не посміхнувся. 6. Вони не записали нашу адресу. 7. Я не знайшов цю книгу в бібліотеці. 8. Він не позичив гроші своєму другові. 9. Ми не святкували її день народження тому, що вона не хотіла. 10. Він не губив свої речі навіть коли був маленьким. 11. Його брат не вступив до університету минулого року тому, що не склав іспити. 12. Що ти робив вчора? - Я нічого не робив. 13. Ми поставили йому запитання, але він не відповів. 14. Вона сіла за столик і замовила каву. 15. Де ти купив цю книжку? - Я купив її в книжковому магазині за рогом. - Скільки вона коштувала? - Вона коштувала 5 гривень.

Exercise 5. Make the following sentences interrogative and negative.

1. He'll stay at home this evening. 2. It will rain tomorrow and the day after tomorrow. 3. The meeting will begin at nine. 4. The weather will change soon. 5. The summer will be hot this year. 6. Soon it will get quite dark. 7. The lecture will begin at 8. 30. 8. Our group will go to the theatre next month. 9. The boy will tell us everything. 10. They will translate text tomorrow.

Exercise 6. Open the brackets using Present Indefinite or Future Indefinite.

1. He (to tell) you everything when he (to come). 2. He (to get angry) when he (to see) my work. 3. He (to come) as soon as I (to ask) him. 4. You (to understand) people better when you (to grow) older. 5. He (to wait) till you (to come). 6. If he (to go) to the airport by car he (to catch) a plane. 7. She (to recognize) him when she (to see) him again. 8. If you (to be) in Kyiv you (to come) to visit us? 9. They (to be) surprised if they (not to get) this job.

Exercise 7. Translate into English the following sentences.

1. Я впевнений, що з нами нічого не трапиться в горах. 2. Якщо ти хочеш, ми підемо до театру сьогодні ввечері. 3. В мене немає годинника. - Не хвилюйся, я скажу тобі котра година. 4. Я не дивитимусь цей фільм, бо він дуже нудний. 5. Дуже скоро комп'ютери будуть розміром з коробку з-під сірників. 6. Думаю, їй сподобаються ці квіти. 7. Давай завтра підемо до зоопарку. - Я подумаю про це. 8. Ти підеш додому пішки? - Ні, я не піду пішки тому, що поспішаю.

VOCABULARY NOTES

Task I. Read and memorize the following words. Translate the sentences.

1. invention - винахід, відкриття. Fax machines were a wonderful inventon at the time.

2. to require - вимагати; наказувати, потребувати. This condition requires urgent treatment.

3. seach - пошуки, дослідження. The seach for a cure goes on.

4. ordanary - звичайний; простий, нормальний. The meal was very ordinary.

5. available - придатний, дійсний; досяжний. Further information is available on request.

6. storage - пам'ять, зберігання даних. The part of a computer which stores information is called storage or memory.

7. to expect - чекати; розраховувати, сподіватися. We are expecting a rise in food prices this month.

8. hardware - апаратне забезпечення. The hardware inside the machine expresses arithmetic and logical relations.

9. to compute - обчислювати. A digital computer is a machine which computes by using digits or numbers.

10. to perform - виконувати. The computer can perform different kinds of operations.

11. to display - показувати. After performing calculations a computer displays a result.

12. to compare - порівнювати. I'll compare my results with yours.

13. to calculate - обчислювати. I'll show you how to calculate by using a computer.

14. to record - записувати. The instructions are recorded in the order in which they are to be carried out.

15. to process - обробляти, опрацьовувати. The basic job of computers is the processing of information.

16. beam - промінь. A beam of electrons causes phosphor materials to give coloured light from which the picture is formed.

17. capable - здатний. A system capable of transmitting long distance messages was developed at the end of the 20^th century.

18. available - доступний. The TV sets people saw at the New York fair in 1939 were not available for a long time because of World War II.

19. penetrate - проникати.computer penetrates almost into all spheres of our modern society.

20. speed - швидкість. By further development of computers we mean not only quantity, but also high speed.

Task II. Read and translate the text.

Text 3A.

Is there an End of the Computer Race?

Today the word “electronics” is in general usage.millions of people have electron watches. There are a lot of various radio and TV sets, video cassette recorders and CD players in our houses. In factories and plants we are surrounded with electronically controlled machines and instruments, we are carried by airplanes, ships, trains and cars with built-in electronic devices, and satellites circle the globe. In other words, we are living in an electronic world.

And the center of this world is a tiny silicon plate of a few square millimeters, an integrated circuit, or a chip, as it is more commonly known. The integrated circuit is undoubtedly one of the most sophisticated inventions of man, science and technology. It is in the heart of every electronic device and the more cassette recorders, TV sets and computers we need, the more integrated circuits are required.

When we speak about a further development of computers we mean not only quantity, but also high technology and high speed. As the operation of an integrated circuit depends on microscopic “components”, the purity of all materials and the cleanness at the plant they are produced at must be of the highest quality. A continuous search is going on in laboratories throughout the world for more perfect, reliable and high speed electronic circuits.

In the past it took scientists and researchers a whole lifetime to make a few thousand calculations, whereas for a modern computer this task is a matter of a few seconds. At present computers capable of performing billions of operations a second are required. Supercomputers are different from ordinary computers. The ordinary computer does the computations operation by operation, while the supercomputer operates like a brain: all operations are being done simultaneously.

In the next few years engineers will complete the work on computers of above 2 billion operations a second. It will take a few more years to produce a 10-billion operations computer. The fifth-generation computers performing 100 billion operations a second will become available in the near future. Is there an end to this race?

According to some researchers, we are close to what can be regarded as a true physical limit. But other specialists think that photons will make the operation a thousand times faster. This means that in the future it will be possible to expect the appearance of photon computers and that computations will be done by means of light. Light has several advantages over electronics: light beams are faster, travel in parallel lines and can pass through one another without interference. Already, the optical equivalent of a transistor has been produced and intensive research on optical-electronic computers is being carried out in a number of countries around the world. In a few decades a new age of light may replace the still youthful electronic age. The race is going on.

Notes to the Text

1. silicon plate - кремнієва пластина

2. integrated circuit - інтегральна схема

3. chip - кристал

4. sophisticated - складний

5. high technology - передова технологія

6. it takes … (one year) - вимагається. (один рік)

7. video cassette recorder - відеомагнітофон

8. CD player - програвач компакт дисків

Exercise 8. Answer the following questions.

1. What is this text about? 2. What new things appeared in people's everyday life after World War II? 3. What is at the center of all these things? 4. What applications of computers do you know? 5. Where else may computers be used? 6. How does an ordinary computer operate? 7. What is the speed of a new supercomputer? 8. What is the task of engineers in the field of computer development? 9. What types of computers do you know? 10. What are the prospects in the development of computers?

Exercise 9. Translate the following word-combinations.

computer race, electronically controlled machines and instruments, to process data, to do useful work, in daily use, to do a lot of operations, fast and accurately, a software programmer, high speed, electronic device, further development of computers

Exercise 10. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian paying attention to the active vocabulary of the text.

1. Nowadays an integrated circuit is the main component of everyday devices. 2. Supercomputers are in general usage now. 3. The operation of integrated circuits depends on their microscopic component quality. 4. Some researchers think that we are close to a physical limit in increasing computer operation speed. 5. Supercomputers are similar to ordinary computers. 6. By the beginning of the 21st century the electronic age may replace the light age. 7. It is possible to expect the appearance of optical-electronic computers in the future. 8. Hardware is less expensive than software. 9. There are two kinds of computers in current use: the analogue computer and the digital computer. 10. Invention of electronic computers is one of the greatest achievements of mankind. 11. Electronic newspapers add all kinds of new features, like audio and video clips. 12. A program is a set of instructions on a special computer language. 13. Robert Noyce invented the integrated circuit. 14. We got the words abacus and calculate from Latin “calculus”. 15. The microprocessor chip became the heart of the computer. 16. The input and output devices supplied information and received it from the computer. 17. The Ukrainian Academician S. O. Lebedev in 1950 constructed the first electronic digital computer. 18. Vacuum tubes were bulky, energy consuming and generated large amounts of heat. 19.computers will have an enormous impact on science and technology. 20.computers will operate more rapidly, reliably and precisely. 21. A hybrid computer will be a machine which will combine some of the properties of digital and analogue computers.

Exercise 11. Choose the right form of the verbs.

1. In 1833 an English inventor and mathematician Charles Babbage, professor of Cambridge University (to design) the first computer. 2. Lord Byron's daughter (to compose) the mathematical programme for his machine. 3. Ada' s mathematical abilities (to become) apparent when she (to be) only fifteen. 4. She (to study) mathematics with one of the most well known mathematicians of her time, Augustus de Morgan. 5. In 1842 lady Lovelace (to discover) a paper on the Analitical Engine. 6. First generation of computers (to prevail) in the 1940s and for much of the 1950s. 7. They (to use) vacuum tubes for calculation, control, and sometimes for memory as well. 8. In the late 1950s, the transistor (to become) available to replace the vacuum tube. 9. A transistor (to be) only slightly larger than a kernel of corn. 10. They (to generate) little heat and enjoyed long life. 11. The early 1960s (to see) the introduction of integrated circuits, which (to incorporate) hundreds of transistors on a single silicon chip. 12. The integrated circuits (to make) computers even smaller, less expensive and more reliable. 13. The most recent jump in computer technology (to come) with the introduction of large-scale integrated circuits.

Exercise 12. Fill in the gaps with the words from the list.

a) operation, operate, operator, operational, operationally, operating

1. A computer can perform mathematical … very quickly. 2. One of the first persons to note that the computer is malfunctioning is the computer …. 3. The job of a computer is to … the various machines in a computer ins-tallation. 4. The new machines in the computer installation are not yet ….

b) acceptance, accepts, accepted, acceptable, acceptably

1. A computer is a device which … processes and gives out information. 2. The students are still waiting for their … into the Computer Science program. 3. It is … to work without a template (шаблон, лекало) if the flowcharts (блок-схема) are not kept on file.

c) solution, solve, solvable, solver

1. It may take a lot of time to find a … to a complex problem in programming. 2. A computer can … a problem faster than any human being. 3. A computer has often been referred to as a problem ….

d) remark, remarkable, remarkably

1. Today's computers are … faster than their predecessors. 2. Systems analysts will often make … about existing programs so as to help make the operations more efficient. 3. There have been … developments in the field of computer science in the last decade.

e) communication, communicate, communicable, communicative, communicably

1. A computer must be able to … with the user. 2. Fibre optics is a new development in the field of …. 3. Some people working in computer installations aren't very … because they are shy.

f) calculation, calculate, calculating, calculated, calculator, calculable, calculus (диференційне обчислення)

1. A computer can do many kinds of … quickly and accurately. 2. … is a branch of mathematics for making … without the use of a … machine. 3. A computer can … numbers much faster than a manual …. 4. Some problems aren't … without logarithm tables.

g) mechanic, mechanism, mechanize, mechanical, mechanically, mechanistic, mechanics, mechanization, mechanized

1. Today's computer are less … than they used to be. 2. The … devices in a computer system operate more slowly than the electromagnetic devices. 3. The … of the brain is very complicated but unlike a computer it isn't ….

h) necessity, necessitate, necessary, necessarily, necessities, need, needed

1. Because it is expensive to set up a computer department it is … to budget well for the basic … of the installations. 2. A good programmer isn't … going to be a good systems analyst. 3. Students lack of understanding of the basic concepts in computer science may … the instructor to restructure the course.

i) dependence, depend on, dependable, dependably, dependent, dependency, depending

1. The length of time a programmer takes to make a program will vary … on the complexity of the problem and his ability and experience. 2. One can always … a computer to obtain accurate answers because it's probably the most … machine in the world today.

j) technology, technological, technologically.

1.computer … is a fast growing discipline. 2 The … improvements of computers are reducing man's workload.

Exercise 13. Make up the sentences from two parts.

1. Nowadays electronic devices	airplanes, ships, trains and cars having built-in electronic circuits and instruments.
2. We are surrounded	is being used more widely at home and in office.
3. There are	without electronically controlled machine-tools.
4. A personal computer	with electronics everywhere in everyday life and at plants and factories.
5. People are carried by	scientific research without computers.
6. The modern production is unthinkable	are in general usage.
7. It is impossible to imagine	electronic watches we wear, telephone, radio, and TV sets we speak, listen to and watch.

Exercise 14. Translate into English.

1. Комп'ютер - це прилад для математичного розв'язання задач. 2. Сучасні комп'ютери можуть дуже швидко вирішувати складні завдання. 3. Комп'ютери можуть виконувати роботу тисяч людей. 4. Наша промисловість випускає декілька типів цифрових комп'ютерів. 5. В найближчому майбутньому середня школа та вищі навчальні заклади будуть забезпечені сучасними комп'ютерами. 6. Електроніка є основою сучасної автоматики. 7. Кібернетика тісно пов'язана з іншими галузями знань. 8. ЕОМ використовуються в промисловості, медицині, науково-дослідній роботі, банках і під час прогнозування погоди. 9. Августа Ада Байрон - дочка славнозвісного поета. Вона зробила математичне забезпечення для першого комп'ютера. У шістнадцятирічному віці вона мала глибокі знання з математики. 10. ЕОМ відкриває великі перспективи для людської творчості, про які могли говорити хіба що фантасти. 11. Цифрова обчислювальна машина за один день може виконати такий обсяг роботи, з яким команда обчислювачів не впорається й за рік.

Exercise 15. Fill in the gaps with much, many, little, a little, few, a few and translate the following sentences into Ukrainian.

A. 1. … people know that the first programmer in the world was Lord Byron's daughter. 2. In the past astronomers spent all their lives to make … hundred thousand calculations. 3. A calculator makes these calculations in … seconds. 4. In the next … years a new generation computer will be developed. 5. … people read that the first electric light illuminated the laboratory of Vasily Petrov, a St. Peterburg physicist, in 1862. 6 There is some mercury in the tube, put …. more.

B. 1. Scientists collected … information about the Moon, its atmosphere and surface. 2. Our Government pays … attention to space exploration. 3. … young specialists take part in scientific research. 4. We have … time for this work that is why we must work hard. 5. There is … water in this lake. 6. We had … time for experiments and we made only … of them. 7. This scientist works … at the problem of using semiconductors. 8. There is … light in the laboratory. 9. There are … different devices there.

Task III. Read and translate the text.

Text 3B.

From the history of computer.

The educated man of 200 years ago did not need to know anything about science. The educated man of 25-30 years ago did not need to know anything about computers. But the educated man of today needs to have some significant knowledge of science and a little significant knowledge about computers.

The computer is no doubt the most amazing achievement of mankind. It is a data storage system created by man. A human tells the machine what to do, when to do it and how it should be done.

The word computer comes from a Latin word which means to count.

Nearly one hundred and fifty years ago there were no such things as computers. Knotted ropes, marks in clay, the abacus are all methods of keeping track of numbers.

In 1833 an English inventor and mathematician Charles Babbage, professor of Cambridge University designed the first computer. The mathematical programme for his machine had been composed by Lord Byron's daughter.

The first programmed computer which operated successfully was built in 1939 by H. H. Aiken, professor of Harward University.

In our country the first electronic digital computer MACM was constructed by the Ukrainian Academician S. O. Lebedev in 1950.

Such computers as BESM, Minsk, Ural, Razdan-3, M-20, M-220, Nairi-3, Stela, Dnipro were created in our country.

Nowadays computers greatly increase man's thinking capabilities of planning, analyzing, computing and controlling. Hundreds of computers are already in daily use. They penetrate almost into all spheres of our modern society, from nuclear energy production and missile design to the processing of bank checks, weather forecasting, manufacturing, research and medical diagnoses.

There are three kinds of computers: digital, analogue and hybrid. An analogue computer computes by physical analogue of numerical measurements. A digital computer computes by using numbers or digits. A hybrid computer is a machine which combines some of the properties of digital and analogue computers.

Invention of electronic computers is one of the greatest achievements of mankind. The significance of it can be compared with the invention of the steam engine and the utilization of atomic energy.

Exercise 16. Give synonyms to the words in bold type.

1.computer penetrates almost into all spheres of our modern society. 2. BASIC is considered to be one of the easiest programming languages to learn. 3. A digital computer computes by using numbers or digits. 4. A hybrid computer is a machine which combines some of the properties of digital and analogue computers. 5.computer is a data storage system created by man. 6.computer is a million times faster than humans in performing computing operations.

Exercise 17. Make up sentences.

Computer	Is was	a machine which performs sequence of operations. a universal information processing machine. the most amazing achievement. now widely used in many fields. a million times faster than humans. used in chemical plants, power stations. a data storage system created by man. built in 1939 by H. H. Aiken.

Task IV. Retell the text.

VOCABULARY NOTES

Task V. Learn the following words and word-combinatiuons.

1. widespread широко поширений

2. settlement поселення

3. above all передусім

4. growth ріст

5. standing значимість

6. native language/ mother tongue рідна мова

7. mainly головним чином

bilingual двомовний

to be forced бути вимушеним

10. entire весь, цілий

11. to belong належати

12. throughout the continent на всьому континенті

13. usage використання

14. pace темп, швидкість

15. statistics статистичні дані

16. astonishing дивовижний

17. cable телеграма

18. to supply давати, постачати

19. to store накопичувати

20. to prevail переважати

21. air traffic controller авіадиспетчер

22. broadcasting company радіотрансляційна компанія

23. to transmit передавати