Exercise 8. Find the Gerund in pairs of sentences, translate the sentences.

1. Overcoming these difficulties is not easy as it may seem. Overcoming these difficulties the designers can increase the fuel efficiency. 2. Setting a problem the scientist makes the first step to its solution. Setting a problem is the first step to its solution. 3. Covering the distance between Tokyo and Moscow in less than two hours this superliner develops a speed five times above the speed of sound. Covering the distance between Tokyo and Moscow on board a superliner requires about two hours. 4. Putting the discovery into practice the engineers will solve a complicated technological task. Putting the discovery into practice sometimes requires more effort than making it. 5. I have no objection to your criticizing me. Criticizing the work of our sports club, he said that it was not satisfactory.

Exercise 9. Make up sentences and translate them into English, using the Gerund.

Вибачте, що я.

. прийшов пізно, зробив помилку, сказав неправду, пропустив урок, пішов раніше, не вивчив правила, не допоміг вам, не подзвонив вам вчора, не відповів на питання, не прийняв участі в дискусії.

Task III. Read and translate the text.

Text 14B

The Return of the Dirigibles

When it comes to technology, people are not inclined to return to the past. Yet, some exceptions do exist. Such is the attitude at present towards dirigibles. Having abandoned the skies more than 40 years ago, they have suddenly begun to reappear. Designers have once again sat down to design this kind of transportation. Their use can still be limited, but there is no doubt that dirigibles are coming back.

Why is dirigible attractive? What do you do with it? As its cruising speed is about 60 miles per hour, it is too slow to be used as a passenger carrier. But it is cheaper to operate than a helicopter, comfortable and capable of flying for several days. The craft's large size and staying power (dirigibles have remained in skies for as long as a week) make it ideally suited for exploration.

Their use in countries that have large territories and are rich in forests and are planning to explore and exploit new regions is most promising. They may be used to make a geological survey and to make maps, to look for off-shore oil and minerals, to take tourists to roadless, but beautiful places, to deliver heavy loads to remote regions and bring the products back. They have a potential use as a flying platform. In general, their possibilities are endless. They do not need expensive runways required by cargo planes.

Besides, the technological possibilities of manufacturing these crafts have changed. In 1920 and 1930s the dirigibles were manned by a big crew. Today being equipped with electronic control they can be operated by three pilots.

The modern dirigibles have one more important advantage over older models - that of complete safety in flight, for, instead of hydrogen, they are filled with helium which does not burn. The craft is 200 feet long and is made of superstrong materials.

In the future it may be possible to build a dirigible with a metal hull that could carry hundreds of passengers and transport cargo around the world. In fact, it is probably as a cargo vehicle that the dirigible will have the best chance to find its use.

Vocabulary notes

to incline - бути схильним

exception - виняток

to abandon - залишати

cruising speed - крейсерська (експлуатаційна) швидкість

to exploit - розробляти

survey - межування

off-shore - поза національним регулюванням, зарубіжний

8. cargo - вантаж

9. hull - корпус

Exercise 10. Translate into English.

Повертатися до минулого, винятки, відношення, з'явитися знову, проектувати, без сумніву, миль за годину, пасажирський транспортний засіб, здатний літати, ідеально пристосований для досліджень, нові регіони, геологічна зйомка, перспективний, бездоріжжя, важкі вантажі, віддалені регіони, злітно-посадочна смуга, пілотовані, абсолютна безпека, перевозити сотні пасажирів, знайти застосування

Exercise 11. Match the words (1-6) with their definition (a-f).

1. Exception a. far away in space or time

2. To suit b. measure and map out the position, size, boundaries of an

area of land, a country, coast

3. To explore c. something that does not follow the rule

4. Survey d. all the people working on a ship, plane

5. Remote e. to travel into or through (a country) for the purpose of

learning about it

6. Crew f. to satisfy, meet the needs of, be convenient to or right for

Exercise 12. Give comprehensive answers to the questions.

1. Why did dirigibles reappear?

2. What are the possibilities of dirigibles?

VOCABULARY NOTES

Task IV. Learn the following words and word-combinations.

free enterprise system cистема вільного підприєм-

ництва

gross domestic product (GDP) валовий внутрішній продукт

freight перевезення вантажів

corn кукурудза, маїс (амер.)

petroleum нафта

trading partners торгові партнери

to face problems зіткнутися з проблемами

recession спад

8. from the ground up з нуля

to drop behind відставати

to triple потроювати

genetic engineering генна інженерія

to do well досягати успіхів

to retain the share зберігати акції, пай

to amount складати (суму)

oats овес

sorghum сорго

to rank класифікувати

the spirit of enterprise дух підприємництва

to encourage заохочувати

to pursue interests переслідувати інтереси

willingness готовність

stock оборотні виробничі фонди; акції

Task V. Read and translate the topic.

The Economy of the USA

The U. S. A is a highly developed industrial country. Its economy is based on free enterprise system. The nation's gross domestic product (GDP) is about $6 trillion.

The U. S. has highly developed transport system: 6, 200,000 km of streets and roads, 240,000 km of railroad lines. Airlines have 18 % of all passenger traffic and 1 % of the freight. 15 % of the freight traffic travels on waterway. The U. S. has 75 automobiles for every 100 people.

U. S. export includes aircraft, computers, plastic materials, metals and paper, corn and wheat. The leading imports are automobiles, clothing, shoes, toys, petroleum, iron, steel, paper, and medicines. Canada and Japan are the country's chief trading partners. In 1993, Mexico, Canada and the U. S. signed the North American Free Trade Agreement.

The U. S. economy has faced problems from time to time. The problems include recession, depression and inflation.

The American economy had to be built from the ground up. What was achieved is amazing. By 1900, the U. S. has become the greatest industrial nation, and its citizens enjoyed the highest standard of living in the world. By the post-war era, the U. S. was producing 50 % of the “gross world product”.

Today, the American economy no longer dominates the world as it did then. But with 5 % of the world's population and 6 % of its land area, the US still produces 25 % of the world's industrial products, agricultural goods, and services. America has not dropped behind other nations: its gross national product (GNP) has tripled since the end of the WWII.

America remains the world leader in a great many. Among these are biochemical and genetic engineering, aerospace research, computer and information services. America's private industries are doing quite well. American firms which sell passenger aircraft or computers retain the largest share of the world market. The best selling car in the world is a Ford (the Escort).

Foreign investments in the US amounted to $164 billion.

The US is also the world's leading agricultural nation. It grows 20 % of all the world's wheat, oats and sorghum. America not only feeds her own people but a great many other people in the world as well. The US is a world leader in agricultural production. About a third of the world's food exports come from US farms. Beef cattle ranks as the most valuable product. There are 2,100,000 farms in the US.

Many reasons have been offered to explain why the US has been able to go from a small economy to the leading industrial nation. One reason is the size and the natural resources. The spirit of enterprise and initiative has certainly played an important role. The America system of government, too, has encouraged citizens to pursue their own economic interest. Typically American constant willingness to experiment and social and geographical mobility have also played a part. Many Americans prefer to be their own bosses. 10 million Americans own their own business, and 42 million own a part of business through stock.

Exercise 12. Answer the following questions on the text.

What is American economy based on? 2. What is its gross domestic product now? 3. What can you tell about the US transport system? 4. What does US export? 5. What problems has the US economy faced from time to time? 6. What success had the US achieved by 1900? 7. What branches does America remain the world leader in? 8. Is the USA a world leader in agricultural production as well? 9. What are the main reasons explaining why the US has been abe to go from a small economy to the leading industrial nation?

Exercise 13. Translate the following word-combinations.

national economy, free enterprise system, transport system, railroad lines, passenger traffic and freight, corn and wheat, chief trading partners, recession and inflation, from the ground up, the efforts of private business, the highest standard of living, to dominate the world, to retain the largest share, world's leading producer, goods and services, gross world product, natural resources, most valuable product, spirit of enterprise, willingness to experiment, through stock

Task VI. Reproduce the topic in your own words.

Key dates in science

1936 The first helicopter flight was made in Germany by the Focke Fa-61.

1938 Nuclear fission was discovered by Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassman. Lise Meitner explained the discovery in 1939.

1941 Frank Whittle invented the turbojet aircraft engine in England.

1945 The USA tested the atomic bomb in New Mexico, USA, and used it on Hiroshima, Japan.

1948 Three American scientists, John Bardeen, Walter Brattain and William Shockley, invented the transistor, making miniature electronics possible.

Lesson 15

Grammar. Об'єктний інфінітивний комплекс.

Суб'єктний інфінітивний комплекс.

Text 15A. Superconductivity.

Text 15B. New Hope for Energy.

Topic. Industry in Great Britain.

Об'єктний інфінітивний комплекс

А	Підмет	Присудок	1. Іменник у загальному відмінку (чи) 2. Особовий займ. в обєктн. відмінку	Інфінітив (з часткою to)	Другорядні члени речення
	They They	want want	Helen her	to do to do	this work this work
Б	Підмет	Присудок	1. Іменник у загаль - ному відмінку (чи) 2. Особовий займ. в обєктн. відмінку	Інфінітив (без частки to)	Другорядні члени речення
	I I	saw saw	the man him	cross cross	the street the street

Exercise I. Translate into Ukrainian the followig sentences with Objective Infinitive Complex.

A 1. He wanted the letter to be sent immediately. 2. We expect the result of the examinations to be announced tomorrow. 3. I ordered the carpets to be cleaned. 4. We would like the project to be put into practice as soon as possible. 5. I didn't want the trees to be planted in front of the house. 6. All knew this to be true. 7. She thought him to be a famous singer. 8. She could not admit him to be worth thinking of again. 9. I expect her to behave quite differently. 10. I know your brother to be an excellent mathematician. 11. What makes you think so? 12. If you need my help, let me know. 13. Nobody noticed him enter the lecture-room. 14. I heard the teacher explain this rule. 15. Let them stay. 16. He felt somebody touch his shoulder.

B 1. We know Morse to have been a painter by profession. 2. Scientists expect lasers to solve the problem of controlled thermonuclear reaction. 3. Designers expect dirigibles to be used for exploration of new territories. 4. Japanese designers believe a new ceramic engine to replace the conventional one. 5. Engineers suppose a new “night vision” system to enable drivers to see better after dark. 6. Scientists believe new laser devices to be widely used in medicine. 7. We know the first digital optical disks to have been produced as disks for music. 8. They believed him to be capable to do this work. 9. We know the cybernetics to be an important branch of modern technology. 10. We thought him to have taken part in their experiment. 11. Did you want the plan to be improved? 12. The engineer expected the work to be done in time. 13. We expect you to show good results. 14. The discovery showed the atomic nucleus to be a vast source of energy. 15. Everybody knows him to be writing a new book.

Exercise 2 Complete the following sentences using Objective Infinitive Complex.

I want (he, to do) the work without delay. 2. They advised (I, to see) the exhibition. 3. I expected (she, to come) to the party. 4. She wanted (her daughter, to behave herself). 5. They expect (she, to invite) them to dinner. 6. They wanted (we, to join) the sports club. 7. It is very cold and we do not expect (the weather, to change). 8. Everybody believed (she, to become) a first-class pianist. 9. We would like (they, to take part) in the conference. 10. We permit (she, to be) more polite. 11. They want (we, to call) on them today. 12. I suppose (he, to be) about fifty. 13. She saw (her neighbour, to open) the door of his flat. 14. I noticed (Henry, to go up) to the stranger. 15. I heard (she, to cry out) loudly.

Exercise 3. Translate these sentences with Objective Infinitive Complex. Pay attention to the verbs which introduce this complex into the sentences. After you have read and translate these sentences, analyze the verbs of which of the four groups are characteristic for each of the style:

verbs denoting physical perception (фізичне сприйняття);

verbs denoting mental perception (розумову діяльність);

verbs denoting will and emotions (бажання, емоції);

verbs denoting causation (спонукання до дії)

1. Everybody knows Tsiolkovsky to be one of the greatest scientists of his time. 2. We know his discoveries to have produced great changes in the field of cosmonautics. 3. Our teacher wanted this work to be done in time. 4. We want atomic energy to be used for peaceful construction. 5. Gravitation makes water run down a hill. 6. We saw the delegation enter the building of our University. 7. We noticed the temperature fall very quickly. 8. We heard him sing. 9. We know electrochemistry to owe its birth to the discoveries of Volta. 10. Everybody knows these terms to exist unchanged and to be used constantly in science. 11. It was a stroke of luck that his employer knew him to have desire of learning and allowed him to read the books and attend scientific lectures. 12. Faraday expected electrochemistry to be widely used in industry. 13. All progressive mankind wants atomic energy to be used for peaceful construction. 14. The members of this scientific group want the new device to be tested immediately. 15. They wanted this apparatus to be adjusted carefully by the operator.

Exercise 4. Translate these sentences into English using the Objective Infinitive Complex.

А. 1. Я хочу, щоб всі це прочитали. 2. Мені б хотілося, щоб лікар оглянув його. 3. Я не хочу, щоб вона знала це. 4. Я не хочу, щоб ти одержав погану оцінку. 5. Мені б не хотілося, щоб вони спізнилися. 6. Вам би хотілося, щоб я розповів вам цю історію? 7. Вона знала, що він дуже добра людина. 8. Всі знали, що вона прогресивний учений 9. Хочете, я дам вам свій словник? 10. Ми розраховуємо, що ви нам допоможете.

Б. 1. Я чув, як він відчинив двері. 2. Я не помітив, як він поклав лист на стіл. 3. Я бачив, як він поставив свою валізу біля дверей. 4. Ми спостерігали, як він зійшов з потяга і пішов в напрямку до нас. 5. Вона відчула, що хтось дивиться на неї. 6. Вона примусила його займатися англійською мовою. 7. Погана погода змусила нас повернутися додому. 8. Хвороба змусила його залишитися дома. 9. Нехай вони сьогодні роблять все, що їм заманеться. 10. Я не чув, що він це казав.

Суб'єктний інфінітивний комплекс

А	1. Іменник у загаль- ному відмінку 2. Особовий займ. в називному відмінку	Дієслово-присудок (в пасивному стані)	Інфінітив	Другорядні члени речення
	Mary (She)	is known (is heard)	to sing	well.
Б	1. Іменник у загаль- ному відмінку 2. Особовий займ. в називному відмінку	Дієслово-присудок (в активному стані)	Інфінітив	Другорядні члени речення
	Mary (She)	seems (appears, proves,turns out)	to know	English.
С	1. Іменник у загаль- ному відмінку 2. Особовий займ. в називному відмінку	Дієслово-присудок (словосполучення)	Інфінітив	Другорядні члени речення
	Peter (He)	is likely (is sure, is unlikely, is certain)	to win	the prize

Exercise 5. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.

1. The lecture was said to be very interesting. 2. The members of the committee are reported to come to an agreement. 3. The English delegation is believed to come at the end of the month. 4. She seems to know English and French. 5. He proved to be a good teacher. 6. This school is considered to be the best in the town. 7. The weather appears to be improving. 8. The doctor happened to be there at the time of the accident. 9. She seems to be waiting for you. 10. Lake Baikal is said to be the deepest in the world. 11. This picture proved to be the best at the exhibition. 12. These two scientists happened to work at the same problem. 13. Glass is said to have been invented 2000 years ago. 14. Coal is known to play an important part in the development of all branches of industry. 15. The students of our technical higher school are known to have their industrial training in specially equipped laboratories, work shops and enterprises. 16. Coal is supposed to have been used by Romans.

Exercise 6. Translate these sentences into English using Subjective Infinitive Complex.

1. Кажуть, що він пише новий роман. 2. Повідомляють, що інженери прибули до Києва. 3. Кажуть, що цей підручник друкується у Львові. 4. Сподіваються, що студентські збори почнуться сьогодні вранці. 5. Вважають, що цей метод має певні переваги. 6. Здається, він уже виконав цю роботу. 7. Відомо, що студенти вже провели цей експеримент. 8. Доведення цієї теореми виявилося досить простим. 9. Здається, він використовує цей пристрій у своїх експериментах. 10. Кажуть, що вони проводять дослідження в галузі надпровідності.

VOCABULARY NOTES

Task I. Read and memorize the following words. Translate the sentences.

prominent - видатний. Marie Curie, the prominent woman-scientist, has become the first person to receive a Nobel Prize twice.

benefit - користь, вигода. I've done it for his benefit.

to master - оволодівати. It takes years to master a new language.

to disappear - зникати. The sun disappeared behind the cloud.

either … or - чи. чи. Either he does the job or I do it.

suffiicient - достатній. Such sum of money was not sufficient for a new pair of shoes.

current - струм. We know of the existence of a current owing to its effects.

to make contribution - робити внесок, вклад. He made a valuable contribution to the development of science.

compound - сполука, суміш. The composition of a compound may be shown by means of two methods, known as synthesis and analysis.

previously - заздалегідь, раніше. Previously he didn't have experience of this kind of work.

unbelievable - неймовірний. It was unbelievable to see him there.

to tend - мати тенденцію, бути схильним. She tends to talk quickly.

to fabricate - виробляти, виготовляти. Those cars had to be fabricated by the end of the year.

wire - дріт, провід. The stream of electrons moving along the wire from atom to atom is called an electric current.

moreover - крім того, до того ж. The price is too high, and moreover, the house isn't in a suitable position.

to lack - потребувати, відчувати нестачу. She lacked suitable equipment for her experiments.

largely - головним чином. He left his job largely he was bored.

Task П. Read and translate the text.

Text 15A.

Superconductivity.

According to the prominent scientist V. L. Ginzburg the latest world achievements in the field of superconductivity mean a revolution in technology and industry. Recent spectacular breakthroughs in superconductors may be compared with the physics discoveries that led to electronics and nuclear power. They are likely to bring the mankind to the threshold of a new technological age. Prestige, economic and military benefits could come to the nation that first will master this new field of physics. Superconductors were once thought to be physically impossible. But in 1911 superconductivity was discovered by a Dutch physicist Onnes, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1913 for his low-temperature research. He found the electrical resistivity of mercury wire to disappear suddenly when cooled below a temperature of 4 Kelvin ( - 269⁰C). Absolute zero is known to be 0?K. This discovery was a completely unexpected phenomenon. He also discovered that a superconducting material can be returned to the normal state either by passing a sufficiently large current through it or by applying a sufficiently strong magnetic field to it, but at that time there was no theory to explain this.

For almost 50 years after K. Onnes's discovery theorists were unable to develop a fundamental theory of superconductivity. In 1950 physicists Landau and Ginzburg made a great contribution to the development of superconductivity theory. They introduced a model which proved to be useful in understanding electromagnetic properties of superconductors. Finally, in 1957 a satisfactory theory was presented by American physicists, which won for them in 1972 the Nobel Prize in physics. Research in superconductors became especially active since a discovery made in 1986 by IBM scientists in Zurich. They found a metallic ceramic compound to become a superconductor at a temperature well above the previously achieved record of 23?K.

It was difficult to believe it. However, in 1987 American physicist Paul Chu informed about a much more sensational discovery: he and his colleagues produced superconductivity at an unbelievable before tempera-ture 98?K in a special ceramic material. At once in all leading laboratories throughout the world superconductors of critical temperature 100?K and higher (that is, above the boiling temperature of liquid nitrogen) were obtained. Thus, potential technical uses of high temperature superconduc-tivity seemed to be possible and practical. Scientists have found a ceramic material that works at room temperature. But getting superconductors from the laboratory into production will be no easy task. While the new superconductors are easily made, their quality often uneven. Some tend to break when produced, others lose their superconductivity within minutes or hours. All are extremely difficult to fabricate into wires. Moreover, scientists lack a full understanding of how ceramics become superconductors. This fact makes developing new substances largely a random process. This is likely to continue until theorists give a fuller explanation of how superconductivity is produced in new materials.

Notes to the Text

spectacular breakthroughs - захоплюючі події, досягнення (переворот)

threshold - поріг, початок

a random process - випадковий (безладний процес)

IBM - компанія Ай Бі Ем

Exercise 7. Answer the questions.

1. What is this text about? 2. What is the phenomenon of superconductivity? 3. Who was the first to discover the phenomenon? 4. What scientists do you know who have worked in the field of superconductivity? 5. What materials are the best superconductors? 6. Is it possible to return superconducting materials to the normal state? 7. How can it be done? 8. In what fields of science and technology can the phenomenon of superconductivity be used?

Exercise 8. Translate the word-combinations into Ukrainian.

prominent scientist, world achievements, a revolution in technology and industry, powerful high-speed computers, electrical performance, alternative current, to turn the new materials into useful products, strong magnetic field, unique properties, to explain this theory, a fundamental theory of superconductivity, to make a great contribution, electromagnetic properties, special ceramic material, superhard alloys.

Exercise 9. Say whether these statements are true or false. Supply your answers with the phrases: Quite right. Right you are. That's quite correct. I'm afraid it's not quite true. Just on the contrary. As far as I remember.

1. The latest achievements in superconductivity mean a revolution in technology and industry. 2. Superconductors were once thought to be physically impossible. 3. The achievements in superconductivity cannot be compared with the discoveries that led to electronics and nuclear power. 4. The electrical resistivity of mercury wire disappears when cooled below 4?K. 5. A superconducting material cannot be returned to the normal state. 6. Landau and Ginzburg introduced a model which was useful in understanding electromagnetic of superconductors. 7. Scientists from IBM found a ceramic material that became a superconductor at a temperature of 23?K. 8. Potential technical uses of high temperature superconductivity are unlikely to be possible and practical.

Exercise 10. Translate the sentences with the Subjective Infinitive Complex. into Ukrainian

A 1. Students of Cambridge are supposed to wear gowns at lectures. 2. The first pocket-size color television sets were reported to have been developed. 3. Today's aircraft is expected to be replaced by a new model of hypersonic aircraft in a few years. 4. Intensive research on optical-electronic computer is said to be going on in a number of US companies. 5. A method for recording information on crystal by means of a laser is known to have been developed by a Ukrainian researcher. 6. The annual output of personal computers is expected to reach millions in the near future. 7. The laser is known to be a device producing an intensive beam of light by amplifying radiation. 8. Optical technology has been found to be cost-effective. 9. The optical equivalent of a transistor is reported to have been produced.

B. 1. Our present-day life seems to be quite impossible without telephone, radio, and television. 2. Nowadays the principle of radio operation seems to be quite simple. 3. The term “radar” is known to be composed of the first letters of “radio, detection and ranging”. 4. It happens to reflect its basic principle, to have been polluted since the Baikal plant has begun its work.

Exercise 11.compare the pairs of sentences. Translate them into Ukrainian.

1. Designers report a new manned craft to be able to submerge to the depth of 21,000 feet. A new manned craft is reported to be able to submerge to the depth of 21,000 feet.

2. We know radio navigation stations to be located at different places around the world to guide the pilots. Radio navigation stations are known to be located all over the world to guide the pilots.

3. People considered dirigibles to be too slow and unreliable, that is why they were not used for a long time. Dirigibles were considered to be slow and unreliable.

4. Experts expect the new submersible craft to move round the ocean floor like a sports car. The new submersible craft is expected to move round the ocean floor like a sports car.

5. Scientists in many countries consider propeller engines to be much more economical. Propeller engines are considered to be much more economical.

6. We know propeller planes to fly slower than jet planes, therefore a new ventilator engine with a propeller has been built. But as propeller planes are known to fly slower than jet planes a new ventilator engine with a propeller has been built.

Exercise 12. Translate these sentences. Find the sentences with the Subjective Infinitive Complex.

1. The phenomenon of superconductivity appears to have been discover-ed as early as 1911. 2 Before 1911 superconductivity was assumed to be impossible. 3. Recent discoveries in superconductivity made scientists look for new conducting material and for practical applications of the phenome-non. 4. The latest achievements in the field of superconductivity are certain to make a revolution in technology and industry. 5. Recommendations from physicists will allow the necessary measures to be taken to protect the air from pollution. 6. Lasers are sure to do some jobs better and at much lower cost than other devices. 7. M. Faraday supposed a light beam to reverse its polarization as it passed through a magnetized crystal. 8. Superconductors are likely to find applications we don't even think of at present. 9. A Dutch physicist found a superconducting material to return to normal state when a strong magnetic field was applied. 10. Properties of material obtained in space prove to be much better than those produced on Earth. 11. There are prospects for lasers to be used in long distance communication and for transmission of energy to space stations. 12. The electrical resistivity of a Mercury wire was found to disappear when cooled to - 269⁰ C. 13. Additional radio transmitters let the pilot make his approach to an airport by watching his flight instruments. 14. There seems to be a lot of alloys and compounds that become superconductors under certain conditions.

Exercise 13. Change the following sentences according to the model and translate them into Ukrainian.

Model: We know that copper, silver, aluminium and other metals are good conductors of electricity. - Copper, silver, aluminium and other metals are known to be good conductors of electricity.

1. We know that superconductor diodes are used in different branches of industry. 2. We know that electrons flow out of the semiconductor easily under special conditions. 3. It appeared that superconductors possess some unexpected properties. 4. It is known that semiconductors are of p-type and n-type. 5. It is known that this scientist and many of his co-workers made a great contribution to superconductor physics. 6. It is supposed that the electron moves with great velocity.

Exercise 14. Make up sentences out of the two parts.

1. Recent achievements in superconductivity research are	1. fundamental theory to explain this unexpected phenomenon.
2. They may be compared with	2. found the electrical resistivity of mercury to disappear when cooled to the temperature of 4 Kelvin.
3. Superconductivity is known to	3. to the development of superconductivity theory.
4. While carrying out his low temperature research he	4. have been discovered by a Dutch physicist.
5. For 59 years after the discovery there was no	5. of great importance for science and technology.
6. In the 1950s Russian and American physicists made a great contribution	6. since the discovery of a superconductive metallic ceramics.
7. Research in the field of superconductivity became especially active	7. physics discoveries that led to the development of electronics and nuclear power.

Exercise 15. Translate the following sentences. Pat attention to the words in bold type.

1. The climate in this part of the world is the most suitable for people to live in. It is neither too hot, nor too cold. 2. Many lasers give off invisible radiation either infrared or ultraviolet. 3. There is the tropical zone on either side of the Equator. 4. It is possible to divide all countries into classes: developed and developing countries. Various criteria may be used to include a particular country in either of the two categories. 5. Such satellites can contain either television cameras or photographic equipment for transmitting pictures to Earth. 6. Semiconductors are neither good conductors nor good insulators. 7. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed. 8. Matter can neither appear nor disappear by itself. 9. The greatest part of matter on the Earth is either liquid or gas. 10. Silicon and germanium can be made either p-type or n-type semiconductor. 11. Matter can exist in either of the four states - solid, liquid, gaseous or plasma states.

Task Ш. Read and translate the text

Text 15B.

New Hope for Energy.

Recently some ceramic materials have been found to be superconductors. Superconducting ceramics are substances which can transmit electric currents with no loss of energy at temperatures much higher than conventional superconductors (that is, at the temperature of liquid nitrogen).

One use for the new superconductors would be to replace those that need the extreme cold of liquid helium - huge superconducting electromagnets used in nuclear magnetic resonance research, atomic particle acceleration and research reactors.

Other types of electromagnets made with superconductors could be used to lower the cost of electric generation and storage. Such uses may take 10 years of research, a quicker use will probably be in electronics.

Researchers now estimate that tiny but immensely powerful high speed computers using superconductors may be three to five years away. Further off are 300 m. p. h. trains that float on magnetic cushions which now exist as prototypes but may take at least a decade to perfect. Power lines that can meet a city's electric needs with superconductor cables may be even further in the future.

Meanwhile, scientists around the world are trying to turn the new materials into useful products. Among the most notable is a micron-thin film to transmit useful amounts of electric current without losing superconductivity. The film could be used in the microscopic circuitry of advanced computers as high-speed pathway between computer chips.

Several nations are known to be very active in superconductor research. For example, the United States is spending millions of dollars on such research, much of it for military uses: projectile accelerators, lasers, ship and submarine propulsion.

Notes to the text

1. nuclear magnetic resonance research - дослідження ядерного магнітного резонансу

atomic particle acceleration - прискорення елементарних частинок

research reactor - дослідницький ядерний реактор

electric storage - акумулювання електроенергії

m. p. h. (miles per hour) - миль за годину

magnetic cushion - магнітна подушка

power line - лінія елктропостачання

circuitry - схема

high-speed pathway - високошвидкісна магістраль

projectile accelerator - акселератор реактивного снаряду

propulsion - приведення в рух

Exercise 16. Fill in the gaps with the following words: conduct, superconductivity, superconductor, superconductive. Translate the sentences.

1… at high temperatures was almost discovered in 1979. 2 The Ukrainian scientists found an oxide of metal they were experimenting with to … electric current. Moreover, the lower the temperature, the less resistance the material had. 3. The resistance continued to fall in liquefied nitrogen to continue the experiments, they needed liquid helium. To obtain it was quite a problem at that time. So the experiments were stopped. 4. But it was this compound of copper, lanthanum (лантан) and oxygen that proved to be a … for which the Swiss physicists were honored with a Noble Prize in 1987. 5 Later neither efforts nor money were spared for to study of the … materials. Moreover, there were no longer any problems with helium.

Task 1V. Speak about the latest achievements in conductivity research.

VOCABULARY NOTES

Task V. Learn the following words and word-combinations.

coal-mining добування вугілля

Cumberland Mountains Камберлендзькі гори

mouth гирло (річки)

electroengineering електротехніка

machine-tool industry верстатобудування

electric power industry електроенергетика

knitting wear трикотажні вироби

hosiery трикотажна білизна

rural сільський

Task VI. Read and translate the topic.

Industry of Great Britain

Great Britain is known to be a highly developed industrial country. There are so-called “old ” branches of industry which appeared in the period of industrial revolution and “modern ” branches that appeared only after the Second World War.

Coal-mining is said to be a traditional, “old ” branch of industry. It is to be found in Wales, in the Cumberland Mountains, in the South of Scotland, and in the northern part of England.

Metal industry, including production of steel and non-ferrous metals, is known to have been developing in Scotland, Liverpool, Manchester, Birmingham, Sheffield, in Wales and other areas of the country.

In 1967 rich reserves of natural gas were discovered in the North Sea near the eastern shores of Great Britain. Natural gas is known to be a good raw material for chemical industry. Chemical industry, especially production of synthetic fibres and plastics, is being developed on a large scale in Wales, in Liverpool, in the mouth of the Thames, in Scotland, in the south of England.

Engineering is the main branch of industry in Great Britain. London, Birmingham, Coventry are known to be the most important centres of motor-car construction. The Greater London, Bristol are the leading centres of aviation industry; Glasgow, Newcastle, Belfast are the biggest ship-building centres.

Among the modern branches are electroengineering, electronic, machine-tool industries which can be found in the Greater London, Leeds, Sheffield, Manchester, Birmingham, Liverpool and many other cities and towns of Great Britain. Halifax is known to be a machine-tool construction centre producing equipment for electric power industry.

Textile industry with the centres in Yorkshire and Lancashier is considered to be one of the oldest in Great Britain. The production of cotton fabrics is reported to be cut in recent years. But the popularity of natural fibres seems to grow again.

Light industry and first of all clothing, footwear, knitting wear and hosiery are developed in Leeds, Nottingham, Manchester, London, Glasgow, Belfast. Light industry goods are of good quality.

Nottingham, Lester and Derby are known to be the most important centres of footwear industry. Many enterprises of food industry are situated in the large industrial centres and also in some rural areas.