Exercise 17. Answer the following questions on the text.

1. Which branches of industry are called “old ” and which are called “new” ones? 2. In what places is coal found in Great Britain? 3. Where were rich reserves of natural gas discovered? 4. How is the engineering developing in Great Britain? 5. What modern branches of engineering industry are developing in Great Britain? 6. Where is textile industry developed? 7. What can you say about light and food industries in Great Britain?

Exercise 18. Translate the following sentences using Infinitive Constructions.

1. Відомо, що багато “нових” галузей промисловості у Великобританії з'явились тільки після другої світової війни. 2. Я знаю, що металургійна промисловість дуже розвинена в Шотландії. 3. Він чув, що в Північному морі був знайдений природній газ. 4. Вважають, що Лондон і Брістоль є головними центрами авіаційної промисловості.

Task VII. Retell the text “Industry of Great Britain”

Key dates in science

1953 Francis Crick and James Watson discovered the structure of the DNA molecule, which forms living cells, later proved by Rosalind Franklin.

1957 The first satellite, the Russian Sputnik I, was launched.

1959 The integrated circuit was invented in the U. S. A.

1961 Vostok I, the first manned spacecraft, was launched. Yuri Gagarin became the first person to travel into space.

1969 An American astronaut, Neil Armstrong, became the first person to walk on the Moon.

1969 The Internet, in the form of ARPANET, an American military computer network, was born.

Lesson 16

Grammar. Умовні речення

Text 16A. Descending to New Ocean Depths

Text 16B. Types of Submersibles

Topic. Money

Three types of Conditional sentences

Умовні речення першого типу (First Conditional)
If + Present Simple	will + indefinite infinitive
If the weather is fine, Якщо погода буде гарною,	we will go for a walk. ми підемо на прогулянку.
Умовні речення другого типу (Second Conditional)
If + were (для всіх осіб), чи Past Simple	would/could/might + indefinite infinitive
If the weather were fine, Якби погода була гарною, (сьогодні, завтра)	we would go for a walk. ми б пішли на прогулянку.
Умовні речення третього типу (Third Conditional)
If + past perfect	would/could/might + perfect infinitive
If the weather had been fine, Якби погода була гарною (вчора),	we would have gone for a walk. ми б пішли на прогулянку.

Exercise 1. Define the type of conditional sentences and translate into Ukrainian.

1. If we look around, we can see that electricity is serving us in one way or another. 2. If we were free, I should help you with pleasure. 3. If we had tested this material, we should have used it in our work. 4. If ordinary gases are greatly compressed, they become liquids. 5. If supercomputers had not been used for thermodynamic calculations, designers would have spent all their lives on computation. 6. If you think that a computer never makes mistakes, you are wrong. 7. If extreme temperatures generated by atmospheric friction were not so high, a hypersonic craft would not require complicated cooling measures. 8. If we had been told about the lecture on reliability in spacecraft production, we should have come by all means. 9. Superconductivity can be obtained in some materials if the temperature is very low and close to absolute zero.

Exercise 2. Use the verb in brackets in the corresponding tense-form.

1. If you (to know) English well, you will be able to read books in the original. 2. If I get this book, I (to be) very happy. 3. You (to become) much stronger if you did your morning exercises regularly. 4. If she went to work in France, she (to learn) French very quickly. 5. If he (to see) her, he would have spoken to her. 6. I (to help) them if I had been at home. 7. You (to write) the test work well if you have learnt grammar. 8. If she (to ask) me yesterday, I should have told her about it. 9. If we had not been present at the lecture, we (not to understand) the new approach to the solution of the problem.

Exercise 3. Change the sentences according to the models:

Model 1: If I were free, I should help you. - Were I free, I should help you.

Model 2: If he had known about the lecture, he would have come. - Had he known about the lecture, he would have come.

1. If it were possible, we should begin this work at once. 2. If he had had all the necessary books, he would have made his report in time. 3. If the books had been available in our library, we could have done this work much earlier. 4. If there were no computers, space flights would be impossible. 5. If drivers were more attentive while driving, there would be fewer accidents on the road.

Exercise 4. Translate asyndetic (безсполучникові) conditional sentences.

1. Had he used new materials, the device would have been more reliable. 2. Were electric motors used, cars would not pollute the air, would be practically noiseless and very easy to control. 3. Had they applied the new method, the result would have been much better. 4. Were the design of cars improved, the fuel consumption would be greatly reduced. 5. Had a less explosive gas been used in dirigibles at the beginning of the century, they would have been in operation since that time. 6. Were it possible to learn how birds find their way, people would use the principle to develop a navigation system for aviation.

Exercise 5. Translate the sentences and remember the meaning of the verb “to provide" and the conjunction “provided”.

1. The experiments conducted provided very good results. 2. Ukrainian technological achievements that provided the launching of rockets are known all over the world. 3. A tire pressure display provides information for front and back pairs of tires. 4. Provided new composite materials are used, it will be possible to reduce overall aircraft weight. 5. Provided with a new vacuum-controlled carburetor this car model has several important advantages. 6. Superliners could develop a higher speed provided some special cooling measures were used. 7. An aircraft pilot can get all the information he needs provided he contacts a radio navigation station. 8. The work done provided us with new data. 9. Having measured the distance between two points, it is possible to calculate the time during which a car can cover it provided we know the car's average speed. 10. Our laboratory has been provided with the latest equipment.

VOCABULARY NOTES

Task I. Read and memorize the following words:

1. accurate - точний. Clocks in airport should be accurate.

2. craft - корабель. The harbour was full of all kinds of craft.

3. crew - команда. The crew was waiting for instructions from the ship's owner.

4. depth - глибина. The snow was one metre in depth.

5. descend - спускатися. The sun descended behind the hill.

6. design - проект. The building was poor in design.

7. due to - завдяки; через. The accident was due to careless driving.

8. explore - досліджувати. He explored the ocean depths.

9. find out - дізнатися. Please find out when the train leaves.

10. image - зображення. An image of a country garden came into his mind.

11. manned - пілотований людиною. Since the first manned space flight science and engineering have come a long way.

12. marine - морський. Marine plants grow on the sea bed.

13. particular - особливий. There was nothing particular in the letter.

14. precision - точність, правильність. She doesn't express her thoughts with precision, so people often misunderstand her.

15. pressure - тиск. I hope that the tyre pressure is right.

16. to progress - просуватися. The work is progressing steadily.

17. resistant - стійкий. The new material was wear-resistant.

18. sample - зразок. They were shown samples of silk and satins.

19. submersible - занурюваний апарат. Modern submersibles can re-main at the depth of 20,000 feet for eight hours.

20. submerge - опускатися; занурюватися. The submarine sub-merged, then rose to the surface.

21. transparent - прозорий. Ordinary glass is transparent.

Task II. Read and translate the text

TEXT 16A

Descending to New Ocean Depths

We know little about the ocean yet. The dream of exploring under the waves is almost as old as seagoing. Legend says that Alexander the Great submerged himself in a round glass container, and Leonardo da Vinci designed a submersible vehicle in his notebooks centuries before Jules Verne wrote “Twenty Thousand Leagues under the Sea”. If their dreams had been realized and such a craft had been constructed, mankind would have known about the secrets of Ocean much earlier. However, already during the Swiss National Fair in 1964 a submersible vehicle took thousands of people deep into Lake Geneva.

Not long ago, the crafts that penetrated the ocean depths were almost as primitive as the marine life they watched around them. However, non-military deep sea ships, so-called submersibles, were progressing rapidly.russian, French, Japanese and American scientists are developing crafts that can submerge deeper, stay longer and find out more than earlier apparatuses.

Soon, one of the most advanced crafts, a one passenger submerging ship, will be tested. It may be able to take explorers and technicians deeper than ever before (up to 3,300 feet) and perform difficult underwater tasks with extreme precision.

This new submersible is essentially a spherical transparent plastic hull mounted on a metal platform. It looks like an underwater helicopter and can manoeuvre itself in its water environment with some of the versatility of a helicopter due to the use of a cycloid rotor instead of conventional marine-propeller screws. It is expected that this apparatus will move around the ocean like a sports car.

However, the breakthrough that will make this particular craft quite different from other manned submersibles is a mechanical hand called the sensory manipulator system. Miniature video cameras on the "wrist" of the manipulator provide it with vision and microphones enable the submersible to "hear". This manipulator system is designed to lift up to 120 pounds and will also be able to perform such accurate scientific work as collecting samples of ocean-floor minerals and marine life. When demonstrated, it lifted crystal glasses, drew pictures and wrote with a pen.

Some scientists are trying to develop the world's deepest manned submersible. When completed, it will be capable of submerging to the depths of 21,000 feet. Its crew will be in a pressure-resistant titanium-alloy cabin. This craft will be driven by a battery-operated electric motor and will work for up to nine hours. It will record images with color television and stereo cameras and will collect samples by manipulating two robotic arms.

If such crafts are constructed on a large scale, we shall be able not only to spend our holidays enjoying the underwater life, but also grow and cultivate sea plants, fish and pearls. It will be possible provided scientists, designers and politicians from all over the world join their efforts and solve the most important problems in this field.

Notes to the Text

transparent plastic hull - прозорий пластмасовий корпус

versatility - свобода пересування

cycloid rotor - несучий гвинт циклоїдного типу

marine-propeller screw - корабельний гребний гвинт

breakthrough - радикальне рішення

sensory manipulator system - сенсорна система маніпулятора

Exercise 6. Answer the questions on the text.

1. What is the text about? 2. What is a submersible? 3. Who was the first to think of a submersible vehicle? 4. What writer wrote about a submersible? 5. What special systems will be used on a new submersible? 6. What are the characteristics of the manipulator system? 7. What kind of submersible is being designed at present? 8. What do you think of the future of such vehicles? 9. What is the name of the famous French scientist, an explorer of the ocean? 10. Have you seen his film? 11. Have you read his books?

Exercise 7. Indicate the sentences, corresponding the content of the text 16A. Correct the wrong ones.

1. We know very little about the ocean yet. 2. The dream of exploring the underwater life is very old. 3. It was Jules Verne who was the first to write about a submersible vehicle. 4. Only Japanese scientists are developing deep water submersible crafts. 5. A new submersible craft looks and moves like an underwater helicopter. 6. A new submersible is provided with a manipulator that is designed to lift 120 tons. 7. When demonstrated, it lifted crystal glass and drew pictures. 8. When completed, the world's deepest manned submersible will be capable of submerging to the depth of 21,000 feet. 9. This craft will be driven by a battery-operated electric motor.

Exercise 8. Choose the sentences of unreal condition. Translate them into Ukrainian.

1. If a scientific research is closely linked with practice, the results are always good. 2. If you looked at the equipment of 1946, you would notice the difference with that available at present. 3. If there is a pressure change in the tires, a transmitter signals to adjust the pressure. 4. If we were to make a journey in a plane to the nearest star, we should have to travel for several thousand centuries. 5. Were traffic controlled by computers, cars could travel with safety and speed. 6. Had submersibles been developed since the time of Alexander the Great, mankind would have used natural resources from the ocean floor and cultivated plants and fish there. 7. Had all submersibles had autonomous principle of operation, they would have become much more useful. 8. If fire-arms (вогнепальна зброя) had not been invented, the secret of Damascus steel would not have been lost. 9. If we could make a non-stop flight around the sun in an airplane at a speed about 300 km per hour, it would require 565 days to encircle it a the equator. 10. If the satellite speed is less than necessary, it will go down from the orbit and enter the atmosphere.

Exercise 9. Find out in the text 16A:

a) key words with the meaning deep sea ship, translate them;

b) word-combinations with under and expressions close in meaning, translate them;

c) the word marine and word combinations with this word, explain them and give the examples.

Task III. Read and translate the text.

TEXT 16B

Types of Submersible

Now most submersibles are connected with a support ship on the surface. This connection is an armored cable measuring an inch or two in diameter and weighing up to 10 tons and it transmits power and navigational commands to the submersible, as well as sends sensor data and television images back to the support ship. Cables allow submersibles to transmit data at a great speed, but they limit the range of territory studied and have many disadvantages in operation.

Autonomous underwater submersibles can move freely. Controlled by on-board microprocessors or by acoustic signals transmitted by a ship on the surface, battery-operated submersibles can cover much greater areas. They can operate under ice and in very deep water. Such three-ton unmanned crafts can submerge to the depth of almost 20,000 feet and stay there for up to seven hours. High quality images of the ocean bottom can be transmitted to the support ship in three to four seconds (because of the slow speed - about 5,000 feet per second through water - acoustic data transmission is much less quick than signals sent via cable which travel at the speed of light).

But even these most advanced submersibles have definite disadvantages: batteries are heavy, data transmission is slow and computer programs are primitive. Future submersibles may overcome those difficulties. Some may be propelled by nuclear power or by fuel cells that use oxygen from the sea water. Many of them will rely on signal-compression techniques to speed up acoustic data links.computerized systems will enable some submersibles to repair damaged telephone cables or oil platforms. If research work in this field continues to expand at its present rate, the number of radically different kind of more efficient crafts will appear very soon.

Notes to the Text

armored cable - броньований кабель

sensor data - інформація від датчиків

signal compression technique - техніка стиснення сигналу

acoustic data links - лінії передачі акустичних даних

Exercise 10. Translate into English the following word-combinations using active vocabulary of the text.

корабель підтримки, броньований корабель, передавати енергію і навігаційні команди, відсилати сенсорні дані та телевізійне зображення, з великою швидкістю, вільно рухатися, бортові мікропроцесори, акустичні сигнали, дно океану, переборювати труднощі, приводити в рух, телефонні кабелі, нафтові платформи.

Exercise 11. Answer the questions on the text.

1. How are most submersibles connected with a support ship? 2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of a cable connection? 3. What are battery-operated submersibles controlled by? 4. What are the disadvantages of even the most advanced submersibles?

Exercise 12. Speak about the possible ways of improving modern submersibles.

VOCABULARY NOTES

Task IV. Learn the following words and word-combinations

unit of account одиниця обліку

value цінність

circumstance обставина

currency гроші, валюта

in terms of з точки зору

relative to відносно

to fix встановити

oz (ounce) унція

to exchange обмінювати

coinage металеві гроші

price difference різниця між курсами

exchange rate валютний курс

predictability прогнозованість

to cease припиняти

note банкнота

to key набирати на клавіатурі

bank account банківський рахунок

cash готівка

free credit вільний кредит

to charge interest нараховувати відсоток

credit card holder власник кредитної картки

credit limit допустима межа кредиту

customer клієнт

to withdraw знімати з рахунку

teller machine банкомат

smart card мікропроцесорна картка

to display виставляти, показувати

transaction угода, операція

telephone charge плата за телефон

identity card ідентифікаційна картка

Task V. Read and translate the topic.

Money in the Modern World

The most difficult aspect of money to understand is its function as a unit of account. Money is difficult to define, because the value of anything changes with time and circumstances.

Sir Isaac Newton defined the pound sterling (Ј) in 1717 as 113 grains of pure gold. By the end of the nineteenth century the gold standard had spread around most of the trading world, with the result that there was a single world money. It was called by different names in indifferent countries, but all these supposedly different currencies were interconnected through their particular definition in terms of a quantity of gold.

The end of the gold standard began with the introduction of the agreement in 1946. This fixed the value of all world currencies relative to US dollar, which in turn was fixed to a specific value of gold (US $ 0. 35/oz). However, in 1971 the US government finally refused to exchange US dollar for gold, and other countries soon followed.governments printed as much paper money or coinage as they wanted, and the more that was printed, the less each unit of currency was worth.

The great advantage of the nineteenth-century gold standard was not just that it defined the unit of account, but that it operated through almost the entire world. A price in England was the same as a price in Australia or any other country.

Today we can determine price differences between countries by considering the exchange rate of the day.

The great advantage of having a single stable world money is that such money has very high information content. It tells people where to invest their time, energy and capital, all around the world, with much greater accuracy and predictability than would otherwise be possible.

Nowadays many specialists believe that within the next decade money, as we know it will probably cease to exist in technologically advanced countries. The familiar coins and notes will soon be replaced entirely by plastic money - plastic cards of various kinds. And the shops of the future will be linked directly to the network of banking computers. The shop-assistant will simply key in your bank account code number and the amount you have spent, and thank you politely.

Banks have invested huge amounts of money in new technology. Credit cards are issued by credit card companies such as Visa and MasterCard. These companies work closely with all the major banks. A credit card enables you to pay for goods or services immediately without cash or cheque. You are given free credit for an agreed period. At the end of this period you are charged high interest. Every credit card holder is given a credit limit.

Most banks provide their customers with banker's cards. Using PIN (personal identification number) you can use this card to withdraw cash form the ATMs (Automated Teller Machines).

Some banks have already introduced “first generation” smart cards. A smart card contains a computer “chip”. It can do all the things other cards can do but it can also store and display each transaction. In the near future you may be using these cards for “home shopping”, satellite TV, telephone charges, and as passports and identity cards.

Exercise 13. Match a line in A with a line in B.

Додатки

A

unit of account

bank account

value

grains

print

consider

cease

cash

withdraw

B

take into account

take out money from the bank

money in coin or notes

keeping one's money at a bank

stop, come to an end

unit of counting

worth of smth.

tiny, hard pieces

make books, pictures, etc.

Exercise 14. Read the text and try to find out the meaning of the following words and word-combinations:

unit of account, value, grains, print, consider, cease, cash, withdraw, bank account.

Exercise 15. Speak about:

1. The state of the economy at the moment. Is it strong or is it in recession?

2. The current rate of inflation in the country. Has the government reduced company taxes or personal taxes lately? Has public expenditure risen or fallen recently?

3. New technology and money.

Key dates in science

1975 The first home computer, the Altair, became available.

1981 The first reusable spacecraft, the Space Shuttle, was launched.

1990 The first transmission of high-definition television was made.

1992 The World Wide Web, invented by the English computer scientist Tim Berners-Lee, went online for the first time.

2000 Scientists announced the completion of the first draft of the human genome sequence.

Утворення англійських науково-технічних термінів за допомогою префіксів та суфіксів

Префікс або суфікс	Значення	Додається до	Приклад
a- an-	Не маючий не володіючий без	А) іменник В) прикметник	Symmetry-asymmetry isotropic-anisotropic
anti-	Протилежний	А) іменник В) прикметник	Aliasing-anti-aliasing parallel-antiparallel
auto-	Само автономно	іменник	Correlation-autocorrelation configuration-autoconfiguration
co-	Спільний	А) іменник В) прикметник	Function-cofunction axial-coaxial
cross-	Взаємний	А) іменник Б) прикметник В) дієслово	Correlation-cross-correlation Product-cross-product hatch-cross-hatch
De-	Повертати дію, вилучати	А) дієслово Б) абстрактні іменники, які походять від дієслів	Correlate-decorrelate Composition-decomposition
Dia-	Поперек через	А) іменник Б) прикметник	Meter-diameter Magnetic-diamagnetic
Dis-	Протилежний до, не	А) прикметник Б) дієслово В) абстрактний іменник	Charged-discharged Connect-disconnect Continuity-discontinuity
Holo-	Повний, сукупний	А) іменник Б) прикметник	Branch-holobranch Graphic-holographic
Homo-	одно	А) іменник Б) прикметник	Morphism-homomorphism Graphic-homographic
Hyper-	Понад, вище, в більшій мірі	А) іменник Б) прикметник	Text-hypertext Sonic-hypersonic
Hypo-	Під, нижче, в меншій мірі	А) іменник Б) прикметник	Function-hypofunction Central - hypocentral
In- Im- Il- Ir-	Протилежний до, не	прикметник	Homogeneous-inhomogeneous Reversible-irreversible
Infra-	Нижче, ніж	А) іменник Б) прикметник	Structure-infrastructure Red-infrared
Inter-	Між, усередині З одного до іншого	А) іменник Б) прикметник В) дієслово	Penetration-interpenetration Zonal-interzonal Connect-interconnect
Intra-	Усередині, серед	А) іменник Б) прикметник	Net-intranet Nuclear-intranuclear
Iso-	Однаковий у кількості або у розмірі, ідентичний у структурі	А) іменник Б) прикметник	Morphism-isomorphism Metric projection-isometric projection
Macro-	Великий, об'ємний	А) іменник Б) прикметник	Instruction-macroinstruction Scopic-macroscopic
Micro-	Маленький, мініатюрний	А) іменник Б) прикметник	Processor-microprocessor Scopic-microscopic
Mono-	одно	А) іменник Б) прикметник	Spacing-monospacing Chromatic-monochromatic
Multi-	Багато, різно	А) іменник Б) прикметник	Resolution-multiresolution Fractal-multifractal
Non-	не	А) прикметник Б) іменник	Uniform-nonuniform Linear-non-linear Metal-non-metal
Ortho-	Прямий, під прямим кутом	прикметник	Normal-orthonormal
Photo-	Світло, про використання світла	А) іменник Б) прикметник	Receptor-photoreceptor Metric-photometric
Poly-	Багато, різно	А) іменник Б) прикметник	Line-polyline Technical-polytechnical
Post-	Позаду, в часі, після	А) іменник Б) прикметник	Processing-postprocessing Script-postscript Graduate-postgraduate
Pre-	Попереду в часі, перед	А) іменник Б) прикметник	Processing-preprocessing Emtive-preemtive
Pro-	Вперед, перед, попереду	А) іменник Б) прикметник	File-profile Normal-pronormal
Pseudo-	Хибний, подібний до	А) іменник Б) прикметник	Color-pseudocolor Random-pseudorandom
Quasi-	Майже, так званий, подібний до	А) іменник Б) прикметник	Factor-quasifactor Complete-quasicomplete
Re-	Знову, повторювати	А) іменник Б) прикметник В) дієслово	Location-relocation Current-recurrent Generate-regenerate
Retro-	Назад, за, в зворотньому напрямку	А) іменник Б) прикметник	Projection-retroprojection Reflectivity-retroreflectivity Active-retroactive
Self-	Стосовно самого себе (об'єкта)	Прикметник	Checking-self-checking
Semi-	Наполовину, частково	А) іменник Б) прикметник	Conductor-semiconductor Systolic-semisystolic
Sub-	Під, підмножина, частина чогось, частково	А) іменник Б) прикметник	Set-subset Finite-subfinite
Tele-	На великій відстані, віддалений	Іменник	Vision-television Conferencing-teleconferencing
Trans-	Через, на стороні, поперек	А) іменник Б) прикметник В) дієслово	Position-transposition Atlantic-transatlantic Form-transform
Ultra-	Понад, поза, сильніший від	А) іменник Б) прикметник	Group-ultragroup Violet-ultraviolet
Un-	Протилежний до	Прикметник	Stable-unstable
Uni-	одно	Прикметник	Directional-undirectional
-able ible	Здатний бути, вартий бути, має бути	Перехідне дієслово-прикметник	Reverse-reversible Vary-variable
-ary	Зв'язаний з	Іменник-прикметник	Station-stationary
-ation	Дія переходить в стан	Дієслово-абстрактний іменник	Verify-verification
-er or	Діючий об'єкт, пристрій, що виконує дану дію	Дієслово-іменник	Convert-convertor Quantize-quantizer
-gram	Записаний або зображений об'єкт	Іменник	Tomo-tomogram
-graph	Той, що пише або малює	Іменник	Cardio-cardiograph
-graphy	Використання приладів для запису або малювання	Іменник	Radio-radiography
-iform	Має форму	Прикметник	Ram-ramiform
-ify	спричиняти до	Іменник або прикметник-дієслово	Simple-simplify
-ity	Стан або якість	Прикметник-абстрактний іменник	Addressable-addressability
-ive	Надає властивість того ефекту, який описується іменником	Іменник-прикметник	Construction-constructive
-ize	Спричинюючий до	Іменник або прикметник-перехідне дієслово	Vector-vectorize Digit-digitize Visual-visualize
-ly	Таким способом	Прикметник-прислівник способу дії	Intensive-intensively
-metry	Наука вимірювання	Іменник	Video-videometry Geo-geometry
-ness	Стан або якість	Прикметник-абстрактний іменник	Bright-brightness
-ous	Володіючий властивістю	Іменник-прикметник	Rigour-rigourous
-scope	Для спостереження і для вимірювання	Іменник	Micro-microscope Spectro-spectroscope
-scopy	Вказує на використання приладів спостереження	Іменник	Micro-microscopy Spectro-spectroscopy
-ward	В напрямку до	Іменник або прислівник-прикметник або прислівник способу дії	Back-backward
-wise	Таким способом, напрямок дії	Іменник-прикметник або прислівник способу дії	Clock-clockwise Column-column-wise

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