24. satellite TV супутникове телебачення

25. nearly приблизно, майже

26. business deal ділова угода

27. to replace замінити

Task V. Read and translate the topic.

English Language

Today English is one of the most widespread languages in the world. But in Shakespeare's time only a few million people spoke English and the language was not very important in Europe and was unknown to the rest of the world. The exporting of language began in the seventeenth century, with the first settlements in North America. Above all, it is the great growth of population in the United States, that has given the English language its present standing in the world.

People who speak English fall into one of three groups: those who have learned it as their native language; those who have learnt it as a second language in a society that is mainly bilingual; and those who are forced to use it for a practical purpose - administrative, professional or educational. One person in seven of the world's entire population belongs to one of these three groups.

English as a mother tongue is spoken throughout the continent of North America (the USA and Canada), in the British Isles, Australia and New Zealand. English as a second language is spoken in Canada (in the province of Quebec), Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Finland, India, Pakistan, South Africa and some other countries.

The usage of English is growing at a very great pace and today there are about 1 billion English speakers in the world. The statistics of English are astonishing. Three quarters of the world's mail and its telexes and cables are in English.computer program instructions and the software itself are often supplied only in English. More than 80 percent of all the information stored in the more than 100 million computers around the world is also in English.

German was once the language of science. Today more than 80 percent of all scientific papers is published first in English. Over half of the world's technical and scientific periodicals are in English, which is also the language of medicine, electronics and space technology.

English prevails in transportation and mass media. Pilots and air traffic controllers speak English at all international airports. Five the largest broadcasting companies in the world (ABC, BBC, CBC, CBS and NBC) transmit in English. It is also the language of satellite TV.

Nearly half of all business deals in Europe are conducted in English. It is the language of sports and the official language of the Olympics and Miss Universe Competition.

English is replacing the dominant European languages of diplomacy such as French and German. It is the official language of such international organizations as UNESCO, NATO and the UNO.

Exercise 18. Translate the following words and word-combinations into English.

широко поширена мова; в Європі; бути невідомим; перші поселення; передусім; ріст населення; значимість, ділитися на.; рідна мова; друга мова; двомовний; бути вимушеним; одна людина із семи; все населення; належати до.; цією мовою розмовляють; на всьому континенті; Австралія і Нова Зеландія; провінція Квібек; Ісландія і Норвегія; Швеція і Фінляндія; зростати швидкими темпами; дивовижні статистичні дані; ѕ; телеграма; програмне забезпечення; 80%; мова науки; наукові праці; періодичні видання; медицина; електроніка; космічна технологія; переважати; засоби масової інформації; пілоти і авіадиспетчери; міжнародні аеропорти; радіотрансляційні компанії; супутникове телебачення; ділові угоди (справи); олімпійські ігри; конкурс краси “Міс Всесвіту”; європейські мови; мова дипломатії

Exercise 19. Translate the following sentences into English using the active vocabulary from the topic.

1. Ми вивчаємо англійську мову в університеті. 2. Українська мова - рідна мова для мене, а англійська мова - іноземна. 3. Перші англійські поселення з'явилися в Північній Америці в 17 столітті. 4. Передусім ми повинні читати багато книжок в оригіналі. 5. Населення цієї країни - двомовне. 6. Він вимушений сказати їй правду. 7. Цей словник належить їй. 8. До якої партії він належить? 9. Ці статистичні дані - невірні. 10. Статистичні дані про англійську мову - дивовижні. 11. Комп'ютерне програмне забезпечення дається в основному англійською мовою. 12. Англійська мова переважає (поширена) в засобах масової інформації. 13. Ця мова також поширена в усіх міжнародних аеропортах.

Exercise 20. Answer the following questions on the text.

1. What was the standing of English language in Shakespeare's time? 2. When did the exporting of English begin? 3. What groups do people who speak English fall into? 4. What group do we belong to? 5. How many English speakers are there in the world? 6. In what countries is English spoken as the mother tongue? 7. In what countries is English spoken as a second language? 8. What facts from the text are the following figures associated with? (a few million; 1 billion; ѕ; 80%; 100 million; 5; over half; nearly half) 9. What do these abbreviations stand for? (CBS; NBC; ABC; BBC; CBC; UNESCO; NATO; UNO)?

Task VI. What is the most important for you in learning a language? (Choose from the given list the items which are more or less important for you)

learning grammar;

learning vocabulary;

speaking and being corrected;

speaking and not being corrected all the time;

listening;

reading;

writing;

pronunciation practice.

Task VII. Reproduce the topic in your own words.

Key dates in science

c. 235 BC Archimedes, a Greek scientist, invented the Archimedes' screw, which could move water upwards. It was used for bailing out water from flooded ships and in irrigation systems.

c. 10 BC The Roman architect Vitruvius described a crane.

c. 200 The earlier known use was made of cast iron - to make a Chinese cooking stove.

c. 635 Quill pens were used for writing.

c. 700 The Catalan forge was used in Spain for smelting iron. It was an early version of the modern blast furnace.

c. 950 Gunpowder was used by the Chinese to make fireworks and signals.

LESSON 4

Grammar. Пасивний стан часів групи Indefinite

Text 4A. The Internet.

Text 4B. Programming Languages

Topic. Leisure Time

Відмінювання дієслова to tell в часах групи Indefinite Passive

To be + P II (III форма дієслова)
Present	Past	Future
I am told He She is told It We You are told They	I was told He She was told It We You were told They	I He She It will be told We You They

Exercise 1. Open the brackets using the infinitives in Present, Past or Future Indefinite Passive.

1. My question (to answer) yesterday. 2. Many houses (to burn) during the Great Fire of London. 3. His new book (to finish) next year. 4. Flowers (to sell) in shops and in the streets. 5. Bread (to eat) every day. 6. The letter (to receive) yesterday. 7. I (to ask) at the lesson yesterday. 8. I (to give) a very interesting book at the library last Friday. 9. Many houses (to build) in our town every year. 10. This work (to do) tomorrow. 11. This text (to translate) at the last lesson. 12. These trees (to plant) last autumn. 13. This bone (to give) to my dog tomorrow. 14. We (to invite) to a concert last Saturday. 15. Lost time never (to find) again. 16. Rome (not to build) in a day.

Exercise 2. Use underlined verbs in the Passive Voice. Make all necessary changes in the sentences.

1. It took her a long time to write the composition, but at last she wrote it. 2. Don't put the cup there: somebody will break it. 3. Why weren't you at the birthday party? - They didn't invite me. 4. We met many difficulties, but all the same we finished the work in time. 5. We will leave you behind if you are not quick. 6. I spent all my money on books last month. 7. I don't think we will do all this work today: there is too much of it. 8. It is a very funny thing that when I start doing this, somebody always stops me. 9. Don't leave these sweets on the table: somebody will eat them. 10. The elephant broke the branch of the tree. 11. The bees attacked the bear when it tried to take their honey.

Exercise 3. Change the sentences into the Active Voice.

1. My pen was taken by somebody. 2. He was exhausted by his hard work. 3. I was promised a new computer by my parents. 4. I am sure I will be asked by police about this accident. 5. The leading role will be performed by my favourite actress. 6. His decisions are always approved by her. 7. Our cafe is visited by a lot of people. 8. The agreement will be reached by them tomorrow. 9. The garage is cleaned by him twice a week. 10. The way I dress is always criticized by her.

Exercise 4. Translate into English using the verbs in the Passive Voice.

1. Нам показали дуже дивну картину. 2. Чому з нього завжди сміються? 3. Нам усім дали квитки на виставку. 4. Лекції цього відомого професора завжди слухають дуже уважно. 5. Усіх запросили до великого залу. 6. На станції їх зустрів гід і відвіз у готель. 7. На ваших заняттях багато уваги приділяється вимові. 8. Чи запросять мене на ваш вечір? 9. Його знали як видатного актора, але, коли він помер, його забули. 10. Вам повернуть гроші наступного понеділка. 11. Чому вода така холодна? - Тому, що її тримали в холодильнику.

VOCABULARY NOTES

Task I. Read and memorize the following words. Translate the sentences.

network - мережа. The existing search programs are very simple and popular networks of sites.

to connect - з'єднувати, сполучати. If you ring the operator, he will connect you with the airport.

to exchange - обмінювати. John exchanged books with Peter.

current - поточний. A newsreel shows current events.

advantage - перевага. Tony's university education gave him an advantage over boys.

to estimate - оцінювати. I don't know enough about him to form a true estimate of his abilities.

touch - дотик. I felt a touch on my shoulder.

access - доступ. Students need easy access to books.

link - зв'язок. There is a link between smoking and lung diseases.

up-to-date - сучасний. In this part of the city you can see ancient and up-to-date buildings next to each other.

to navigate - орієнтуватися. He was the first to navigate the Northern Ocean.

to incorporate - об'єднувати. The firm incorporated with others.

to contain - містити (в собі). This atlas contains forty maps.

to collaborate - співробітничати. The police and the army collaborated to catch the terrorists.

to receive - отримати. He received the news in silence.

considerable - значний. This computer is bought at a considerable expence.

require - потребувати, вимагати. We require extra help.

Task II. Read and translate the text.

Text 4A.

The Internet

The Internet is a magnificent global network with millions and millions of computers and people connected to one another where each day people worldwide exchange an immeasurable amount of information, electronic mail, news, resources and, more important, ideas.

It has grown at a surprising rate. Almost every one has heard about it and an increasing number of people use it regularly. The current estimate is that over 70 million people are connected, in some way, to the Internet - whether they know it or not.

With a few touches at a keyboard a person can get access to materials almost everywhere. One can have access to full-text newspapers, magazines, journals, reference works, and even books. The Web is one of the best resources for up-to-date information. It is a hypertext-based system by which you can navigate through the Internet. Hypertext is the text that contains links to other documents. A special program known as “browser” can help you find news, pictures, virtual museums, electronic magazines, etc. and print Web pages. You can also click on keywords or buttons that take you to other pages or other Web sites. This is possible because browsers understand hypertext markup language or code, a set of commands to indicate how a Web page is formatted and displayed.

Internet Video conferencing programs enable users to talk to and see each other, exchange textual and graphical information, and collaborate.

Internet TV sets allow you to surf the Web and have e-mail while you are watching TV, or vice versa. Imagine watching a film on TV and simultaneously accessing a Web site where you get information on the actors of the film. The next generation of Internet-enabled televisions will incorporate a smart-card for home shopping, banking and other interactive services. Internet-enabled TV means a TV set used as an Internet device.

The networks are also influencing business practices in marketing, advertising, and hiring. Consumers are reporting their needs directly to companies, and they are sending suggestion for changes in product design. Unemployed workers are turning to electronic employment services, which list job requirements and benefits in a far wider geographic area than was possible before the Internet.

In addition, the electronic discussion groups are creating a new style of social relations. People of similar interests are talking to each other using only text on a screen. Physical features such as age, appearance, and social class are hidden behind the screen. From their homes, e-mail users are finding new friends to discuss movies, hobbies, family life, health problems, fashion, travel, and politics. These discussions can be private (if the message is sent to an individual e-mail address) or quite public (if everyone in the group receives the message).

Politicians are paying attention to the political debate in electronic discussion groups, because the Internet is a good place to learn which issues really interest the voters. In some cases, politicians are changing their position in response to the opinions on the Internet.

Notes to the Text

keyboard - клавіатура

2. full-text - повнотекстовий

3. reference work - довідник

4. WWW (World Wide Web) - всесвітня мережа

5. “browser” - браузер, вікно перегляду

6. to format - форматувати

7. video conferencing program - відеоконференція

8. to surf the Web - подорожувати по мережі

9. e-mail - електронна пошта

10. a smart-card - інтелектуальна картка

11. interactive - інтерактивний, діалоговий

12. hiring - здача внайми чи напрокат

Exercise 5. Answer the questions:

1. What is the Internet? 2. What is the Internet used for? 3. What is World Wide Web? 4. What is hypertext? 5. What is browser? 6. What do Internet video conferencing programs offer to Internet users? 7. What are the basic recreational applications of the Internet? 8. What are the advantages of fibre-optic cables? 9. How can networks on different continents be connected via satellites?

Exercise 6. Which of the listed below statements are true / false?

There are still not so many users of the Internet.

There is information on all sorts of topics on the Internet, including education and weather forecast.

You can access information available on the World Wide Web through the Web browser.

You need a computer (hardware) and a special program (software) to be a WWW user.

Films and pictures are not available on the Internet.

Exercise 7. Find the equivalents in the text:

1. Інтернет - це величезна всесвітня мережа з мільйонами комп'ютерів, з'єднаних один з одним для обміну інформацією, електронною поштою, новинами, ресурсами та ідеями. 2. Натиснувши кілька клавіш на клавіатурі ти можеш отримати доступ до матеріалів майже повсюди. 3. WWW - це система, яка базується на гіпертексті і за допомогою якої ти можеш подорожувати по Інтернету. 4. Гіпертекст - це текст, який вміщує зв'язки з іншими документами. 5. Спеціальна програма, відома як “браузер”, може допомогти тобі шукати новини, картинки, віртуальні музеї, електронні журнали і друкувати веб-сторінки. 6. Програми для Інтернет відеоконференцій дозволяють користувачам розмовляти і бачити один одного, обмінюватися текстовою і графічною інформацією та співпрацювати. 7. Комп'ютерні мережі можуть бути з'єднані разом телефонними лініями або волокнисто-оптичними кабелями. 8. Мережі на різних континентах можуть також бути з'єднані через супутники.

Exercise 8. Translate into Ukrainian paying attention to the active vocabulary of the text.

1. There is information on all sorts of topics on the Internet, including the arts, business, news, politics and weather forecast. 2. People can communicate through e-mail, discussion groups and chat channels. 3. The World Wide Web (WWW) is a part of the Internet. 4. You can access information available on the WWW through the Web browser. 5. You need a computer (hardware) connected to a network that is a part of the Internet, and a special program (software) to be a WWW user. 6.millions of people around the world use the Internet. 7. People send e-mail messages with the help of the Internet, a system that lets computers connect by telephone lines. 8. E-mail is the easiest means of Internet connection, and doesn't require additional knowledge and skills.

Exercise 9. Find in the text sentences in the Indefinite Passive.

Exercise 10. Translate the sentences and define tense and voice of the predicate.

1.computers were first introduced in 40's and 50's. 2. Now DOS isn't commonly used PC operating system. 3. DOS was developed by a company named Microsoft. 4. Today the use of hardware devices such as the printer or mouse are controlled and managed by operating systems. 5. Microsoft Corporation is oriented to produce as many programs as needed to meet people's needs. 6. A new shortcut feature is used to cut long programs very short to save disk space. 7. More than half the information that is transferred across the Internet is accessed through the WWW. 8. A new car model was much spoken about. 9. His experience in the field of materials science can be relied upon. 10. The new discovery was often referred to. 11. Laser was dreamt of by mankind for centuries. 12. The appearance of laser was followed by the fabrication of ultra thin silicon fibers servicing as lightwave conductors (світлопровід).

Exercise 11. Questions for group discussion:

Has anyone in your group experience working on the Internet?

Ask them 1) about the difficulties they had;

2) useful information retrieved;

3) fun they got;

4) why so few people have experience working on the Internet.

Exercise 12. Speak about:

The Internet and its influence on our daily life.

Can it help people from different countries to learn English?

Task III. Read and translate the text.

Text 4B

Programming Languages

The only language computers can understand directly is called machine code. It is known to consist of the 1s and 0s (binary code) that are processed by the CPU. However, machine code as a means of communication is very difficult to write. That is why it is neces_sary to use symbolic languages that are easier to understand. Then, by using a special program, these languages can be translated into machine code.

Basic languages, in which the program is similar to the machine code version, are known as low-level languages. In these languages, each instruction is equivalent to a single machine code instruction, and the program is converted into machine code by a special pro_gram called an assembler. These languages are considered to be still quite complex and restricted to particular computers.

To make the program easier to write and to overcome the problem of intercommunication between different types of machines, higher-level languages were developed such as BASIC, COBOL, FORTRAN, Pascal, Ada, C and others. A higher-level language is a problem oriented programming language, whereas a low-level language is machine oriented. This means that a high-level lan_guage is a convenient and simple means of describing the information structures and sequences of actions to be performed for a particular task.

A high-level language is independent of the architecture of the computer which supports it. This has two advantages. Firstly, the person writing the program does not have to know anything about the computer the program will be run on. Secondly, programs are portable, that is, the same program can (in theory) be run on differ_ent types of computer. Programs written in one of these languages should be converted by means of a compiler into a lower-level lan_guage or machine code so that the CPU could understand it.

C, a high-level programming language, seems to be very popu_lar today because it is small, so it is not too hard to learn, it is very efficient and portable so one can use it with all kinds of computers. A lot of software engineers use C to write commercial applications programs for mini, micro and personal computers. There are also various versions of C - C++ and Objective C, which represent a new style of programming.

At present there is a tendency towards an even higher level of programming languages, which might be called specification lan_guages, and an increasing use of software development tools.

People communicate instructions to the computer in symbolic languages and the easier this communication can be made, the wider the application of computers will be. Scientists are reported to be already working on Artificial Intelligence and the next generation of computers may be able to understand human languages.

Notes to the text

machine code - машинний код, система машинних команд

CPU - Central Processing Unit - центральний процесор

symbolic language - мова символів

low-level language - мова низького рівня

high-level language - мова високого рівня

compiler - компілятор

software - програмне забезпечення

specification language - мова специфікацій

Artificial Intelligence - штучний інтелект

Exercise 13. Answer the questions:

1. What is machine code? 2. What do you know about low-level languages? 3. For what purpose were high-level languages developed? 4. What is the difference between low-level and high-level languages? 5. What are the advantages of a high-level language? 6. Are you familiar with C (one of the high-level programming languages)? 7. What is a modern tendency in programming languages? 8. What do you think about Artificial Intelligence?

Exercise 14. Fill in the gaps with the words given below.

programming, compiler, programmed, program, assembler, language, programmers, portable, low-level, machine code

1. A computer. is a set of instructions that tells the computer what to do. 2. Converting an algorithm into a sequence of instructions in a programming language is called. 3. Most computer. make a plan of the program before writing it. 4. Coding is the translation of the logical steps into a programming. 5. In the next century computers will be. in natural languages like English or French. 6. A. is a special program that converts a program written in a high-level language into a program written in a lower level language. 7. It is difficult to use … …, which is the only language un_derstood by the processor. 8. A special program called. converts a program written in a low-level language into machine code. 9. If the same program can be used for different computers, it is called. 10. In a. language each instruction has a corresponding machine code equivalent.

Exercise 15. Speak about the new programming language you have heard of or read about.

VOCABULARY NOTES

Task IV. Learn the following words and word-combinations.

1. entertainment розвага

2. average середній

3. pastime приємне проведення часу

4. obviously очевидно

5. media засіб

6. emulate наслідувати приклад

7. influential agent фактор впливу

8. luxury розкіш

9. to afford дозволити собі

10. incessantly безперервно

11. violent насильницький

12. recreational розважальний

13. to broadcast live транслювати безпосередньо

14. to compete конкурувати

15. martial arts games ігри військової стратегії

16. to alter змінювати

17. perception сприйняття

18. challenging важкий, але цікавий

19. to drill навчати

20. academic науковий

21. confidence впевненість

22. motivation зацікавленість

23. in conclusion на закінчення

24. fun жарт, забава

25. content зміст

26. impressionable вразливий

27. to be exposed to зазнавати дії

28. to expand one's mind розширювати розумові можливості

Task V. Read and translate the topic.

Music, Television, and Video Games as a Way of Spending Leisure Time

The young people of today are surrounded by technology and entertainment. It is estimated that the average teenager watches from three to five hours of television a day! Listening to music is also a time consuming pastime among young people. Obviously these media have a big influence on youth's behavior. They attempt to emulate their favorite rock stars by dressing in a similar style and the way they act, imitating their favorite heroes. Television, video games, and music are very influential.

Television is especially influential on the people of today. Thirty years ago, not every home had a television; they were considered a luxury that only the rich could afford. Now, most households have two televisions and teenagers watch them incessantly. Many youth's programs are extremely violent and a teenager can learn violent behavior from watching these programs.

One can also use the Internet for recreational purposes. Many TV and radio stations broadcast live on the WWW.You can even visit museums, gardens, cities throughout the world, learn foreign languages and meet new friends. And, of course, you can play computer games through WWW, competing with partners from other countries and continents.

Young people today spend hours playing video games. The most popular are the martial arts games. The violence in these video games can alter their perception of reality. It can give them the idea that violence is an acceptable way to deal with problems and conflicts. But not all video games, television, and music for youth is negative, some can have a positive affect on young people. There are many examples of educational and positive video games. For example, there is an entire business dedicated to developing more challenging and interesting software for children's use. Playing computer games can give a teenager intellectual confidence and can help increase his or her motivation level.

In conclusion, television, music, and video games are all things that are fun and sometimes educational for youth. However, these media can be a bad influence on young people, depending on the content. These are all so powerful that they should be used to teach young people how to solve problem and help them expand their minds.

Exercise 16. Translate into English.

Слухати музику, великий вплив, поведінка молоді, наслідувати улюблених героїв, предмет розкоші, змінювати сприйняття реальності, прийнятний спосіб справлятися з проблемами і конфліктами, позитивний вплив, освітні програми, конкурентноздатне і цікаве програмне забезпечення, мотиваційний рівень, залежно від змісту, дуже вразливі, розширювати розумові можливості.

Exercise 17. Answer the questions.

1. What are obvious advantages of television? 2. In what way can we follow the latest developments in science and politics besides television? 3. Can television be considered only a source of entertainment? 4. Is it true that television begins to dominate our lives? 5. What TV programs are most often criticized? Why? 6. What TV programs are the most popular with young people? 7. Do you enjoy watching the commercials (the advertise-ments in programmes)? 8. What part does television play in your life?

Key dates in science

1000 The optical properties of lenses were first observed by the Arab physicist Ibn al-Haytham.

1088 The first known clock, which was powered by water, was invented in China by Han-Lien.

1090 Compasses were first used by the Chinese and the Arabs to navigate at sea.

1202 The Italian scholar Leonardo Fibonacci published his Liber Abaci, the first European book to suggest the use of the Hindu-Arabic decimal number system.

1230 In China, gunpowder was first used as an explosive, to make bombs for attacking city walls.

1286 The first pair of glasses was made in Italy, probably by an Italian physicist named Salvino Degli Armato.

Lesson 5

Grammar: Часи групи Continuous Active

Функції it, one, that

Text 5A. Environmental Protection must be Global.

Text 5B. Killer Rain.

Topic. Environmental Protection in Ukraine.

Відмінювання дієслова to work у Present Continuous Active

Стверджувальна ф-ма	Заперечна форма	Питальна форма
I am working He She is working It We You are working They	I am not working He She is not working It We You are not working They	Am I working? he Is she working? It we Are you working? they

Exercise 1. Translate into Ukrainian and explain the use of the tense.

1. I am at my English lesson. I am sitting and doing my exercises. My friend is not sitting, he is standing at the blackboard and looking at me. 2. It is getting cold now, isn't it? Look out. Is it raining now? 3. What are you doing? - I am translating a text. 4. It is getting late. Let us go home. 5. At the present moment I am laughing because I am so happy. 6. You must leave this place at once, my car is waiting for you at the corner of the street. 7. You are lying to me! 8. Oh, that's nonsense: you are always talking nonsense. 9. You don't really know anything about her, and you're always talking scandals against her. 10. I don't know what you are talking about. 11. Why are you looking at me so? 12. What are you doing on your computer? - I'm sending some e-mails. 13. Wait a minute, I'm trying to think. 14. Look, the train's moving. We're off. 15. You're going to the theatre! Great! I can't believe it! 16. James always goes to work by car. Today he is going by bus, because his car isn't working. 17. John is never satisfied. He's always complaining. 18. Jim is very untidy. He is always leaving his things all over the place.

Exercise 2. Choose the correct form of the verb.

1. We (are translating, translate) a technical text now. 2. We usually (are not translating, do not translate) stories. 3. She (does not look, is not looking) through all the newspapers every evening. 4. I (watch, am watching) television every day. 5. The students often (have, are having) interesting discussions after lectures. 6. Where is Ann? She is in the coffee shop. She (has, is having) a cup of coffee. She always (has, is having) a cup of coffee in the evening. 7. Listen to that man! Do you understand what language he (speaks, is speaking)? 8. Hurry up! We (do not have, are not having) much time left. - I (am coming, come)! 9. She (tries, is trying) to lose weight, I think. She always (has, is having) light lunches. 10. I am sad. That is why I (cry, am crying). 11. She (cooks, is cooking) breakfast now. Will you please call back? 12. The bell (rings, is ringing). I'll answer it. 13. He (is eating, eats) all the time but she never (is getting, gets) fat. 14. You are young. Young people (are doing, do) a lot of foolish things. 15. She (waits, is waiting) for you. - Yes, I know. 16.come here a minute, will you? - Oh, what (do you want, are you wanting)? Can't you see I (am watching, watch) the telly? 17. Ron is in London at the moment. He (stays, is staying) at the Park Hotel. He (is always staying, always stays) there when he's in London. 18. Usually I (am enjoying, enjoy) parties but I (do not enjoy, am not enjoying) this one very much.

Exercise 3. Translate the sentences.

1. Зараз у нас урок англійської мови. Викладач стоїть біля дошки і пояснює нову граматику. Студенти уважно слухають і записують. 2. Що ти тут робиш? - Я чекаю на Френка. 3. Вони зараз обідають. 4. Ти постійно читаєш газети! 5. Дивись! Той чоловік вітає нас. 6. Я телефоную тобі, щоб запросити тебе на свій день народження. 7. Вони весь час сперечаються. 8. Хтось стукає в двері. 9. Зараз він живе в готелі. 10. Подивись, жовте листя падає на землю. 11. Дивись, літак летить дуже низько. 12. Я слухаю тебе, чую тебе дуже добре і розумію все. 13. Я дивлюся на цю картину, але не бачу в ній нічого особливого. 14. Хіба ти не дивишся новий фільм по телевізору? - Ні, я проглядаю сьогоднішні газети. 15. Ми збираємось працювати разом. 16. Я збираюсь задати вам декілька запитань. 17. Що ти шукаєш? - Свій конспект. 18. Він працює. Не турбуй його.

Відмінювання дієслова to work у Past Continuous Active

Стверджувальна форма	Заперечна форма	Питальна форма
I He She was working It We You were working They	I He She was not working It We You were not working They	I he Was she working? it we Were you working? they

Exercise 4. Translate into Ukrainian and explain the use of the tense.

1. They were reading from five till seven yesterday. 2. The child was not sleeping when his mother came in. 3. The cold tap was dripping the whole night. 4. It was raining all day yesterday. 5. My mother was feeling fine when I got home. 6. I wasn't feeling at my best at the party so I didn't enjoy it. 7. I was typing when he rang. 8. At ten he was having breakfast. 9. The sun wasn't shining that day. 10. She wasn't driving the car when the accident happened. 11. They were having dinner when he knocked at the door. 12. Was it still raining when you arrived at the airport? - No, it wasn't. 13. What were you doing at this time the day before yesterday? - I don't remember exactly, but I was not working. 14. He was not writing the letter. He was sitting at the desk and thinking. 15. Suddenly I woke up. It was raining.

Exercise 5. Put the verbs in brackets into Past Indefinite or Past Continuous.

1. He (to try) to open the door when we (to see) him in the corridor. 2. What you (to think) about when I (to ask) you a question? 3. He (to stare) up at the ceiling, when I (to enter) his room. 4. They (to speak) about the latest events when she (to interrupt) them. 5. Why she (to sit) the whole day at home? 6. He (to sit) in the arm-chair and then (to begin) reading a book. 7. You (to see) her the day before yesterday? - Yes, she (to stand) in the corridor speaking with her friends. 8. She (to eat) while she (to read). 9. I (to break) a plate when I (to lay) the table. 10. When he (to arrive) his wife (to talk) on the phone. 11. He (to watch) while she (to mix) the paint. 12. He (to feel) that it (to get) warm and took off his jacket. 13. He (to think) over his plans for the future when he (to hear) some noise. 14. When we (to join) the party they (to dance). 15. She (to know) so much about Europe that it was hard to believe that it was only from books, not from personal experience. She (to dream) about a trip to Europe all those years.

Exercise 6. Translate the sentences.

1. Коли він дивився телевізор, задзвонив телефон. 2. Коли ми вийшли з дому, йшов сильний дощ. 3. Коли я зустрів її, вона поспішала на роботу. 4. Що він робив вчора о сьомій? - Він працював над доповіддю. 5. Коли він прийшов додому, його сім'я обідала. 6. Вчора о десятій ми обговорювали це питання. 7. Куди ти йшов, коли я побачив тебе вчора? - Я йшов у бібліотеку. Я працював у бібліотеці з п'ятої до восьмої години. 8. Вчора на занятті ми прочитали цікаву статтю. Потім викладач задавав нам питання, а ми відповідали на них. Ми обговорювали цю статтю весь урок. 9. Де ти був вчора? Я приходив до тебе, але тебе не було вдома. - Я провідав свого друга. Весь вечір ми грали в шахи. 10. Вчора був вихідний. Я пізно прокинувся і пізно поснідав. Я визирнув у вікно і побачив, що іде сніг. Оскільки погода була поганою, я вирішив залишитися вдома і нікуди не йти. Весь вечір я дивився телевізор і читав журнали.

Відмінювання дієслова to work у Future Continuous Active

I He She It will be working We You They	I He She It will not be working We You They	I he she Will it be working? we you they

Exercise 7. Translate into Ukrainian and explain the use of the tense.

1. I will be speaking to him tomorrow morning. 2. I'll be seeing them when it's all over. 3. She will be waiting for you outside. 4. What will you be doing this time next week? 5. By then I'll be sitting comfortably at home. 6. Will you be seeing her again next week? 7. She will be complaining and crying again. 8. There will be snowing during the day. 9. The President will be giving a press conference tomorrow morning. 10. There is no point complaining about the hotel room - we'll be leaving tomorrow in any case. 11. She will be waiting for you in the car. 12. When the hands of the clock are close to eleven, our train will be approaching Paris.

Exercise 8. Translate into English.

1. Він буде здавати екзамен в травні. 2. Не телефонуй мені ввечері - я працюватиму. 2. О шостій ми вечерятимемо. 3. Він зустрічатиме мене на вокзалі, коли я приїду? 4. Ти підеш з нами в кіно? - Ні, не піду. Я буду готуватися до іспиту весь вечір. 5. В неділю я відпочиватиму цілий день. 6. Я чекатиму на тебе з третьої до четвертої години. 7. В цей час післязавтра я летітиму до Варшави. 8. Що ти робитимеш завтра о сьомій годині вечора? 9. Ми не чекатимемо на тебе дуже довго. 10. Що ви будете робити, коли він повернеться?

Exercise 9. Translate the sentences with one in different functions.

1. One must study a lot to become an engineer. 2. We must write only one exercise now. 3. Engineer is one of the most important professions, it is the one that is taught at technical institutes. 4. One cannot translate such an article without a dictionary in the first year. 5. One must have a very good knowledge of general engineering subjects to become a good engineer. 6. One must pass all exams well to enter the University. 7. Last summer I read many English articles, and my friend read some German ones. 8. This summer we will spend in the country, the last one we spent in the city. 9. We translated many texts, but there is one more text to translate. 10. One can take this journal from the library.

Exercise 10. Translate the sentences with it in different functions.

1. It is autumn. It is the 3^rd of October. It is dark in the morning and it is difficult to get up. 2. It is a new subject. It is very important for our future speciality. We'll study it for two years. It will be our future speciality, but we do not know much about it in first year. 3. It is known that the language of general engineering subjects is the basis for the study of special subjects. 4. It seems that he works a lot. 5. It is said that the chemistry laboratory of our university is good. 6. The student finds it difficult to translate such a text without a dictionary. 7. It was not easy to study at the university. 8. It is important to understand the fundamentals of this science. 9. It was A. S. Popov who invented the radio. 10. It is the knowledge of general engineering subjects that is the basis of engineering training.

Exercise 11. Translate the sentences with that (those) in different functions.

1. That student studies in our group. 2. Do you know those girls? They are from our university. 3. The professor that lectures on mechanics is the dean of our faculty. 4. It is known that the knowledge of general engineering subjects is the basis for the study of special subjects. 5. We know that the study of general engineering subjects is necessary for future engineers. 6. That higher education in this country is excellent is known to everybody. 7. The aim of today's foreign policy is that peace in the world should be permanent. 8. The programme for the first-year students differs from that of the third-year students. 9. There are many interesting articles in this journal, read those on your speciality. 10. It is the high qualification of future specialists that will determine the scientific and technological progress of any country.

VOCABULARY NOTES

Task 1. Learn the following words. Translate the sentences.

1. pollution - забруднення. Noise pollution is a growing threat to our health.

2. evident - очевидний, явний. It is evident that he was young.

3. reach - досягати. Everyone wants to reach a place comfortably and fast.

4. tremendous - величезний. It took the steam engine more than a century to develop its tremendous capacity to the full.

5. to suffer - страждати. He didn't suffer much in the accident.

6. however - проте, однак. It's raining hard. However, I think we should go out.

7. use - застосування. To prepare metals for practical use requires much knowledge and experience.

8. to eliminate - усувати, знищувати. Some people were eliminated from the competition.

9. considerable - значний. We had considerable difficulty in finding the house.

10. purpose - мета. This tool can be used for various purposes.

11. scale - масштаб. The machine system made it possible to include science in production on a large scale.

12. success - успіх. I tried to get in, but without success.

13. to carry out - виконати. He carried out his promise.

14. at present - тепер. At present we cannot take part in carrying out this experiment.

15. to determine - визначати. Atomic weights of 9 elements were wrongly determined.

16. growth - ріст. The population growth greatly enlarged the movement of passengers in big cities.