Analyze development of psychology

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1. Analyze development of psychology

Psychology is the scientific study of human mind and behaviour: how we think, feel, act and interact individually and in groups.

Psychology is concerned with all aspects of behaviour and with the thoughts, feelings and motivations underlying that behaviour. It is both a thriving academic discipline and a vital professional practice.

Psychology has come a long way of development, there was a change of understanding of the object, the object and purpose of psychology. Here are the main stages of its development.

Stage I - Psychology as a science of the soul. Such a definition of psychology was given more than two thousand years ago. The presence of the soul trying to explain all the strange phenomenon in human life.

Stage II - Psychology as a science of consciousness. There in the XVII century with the development of the natural sciences. The ability to think, feel, wish to call consciousness. The main method of studying the thought of watching a man himself and a description of the facts.

Stage III - Psychology as the science of behavior. There in the XX century. The task of psychology - to experiment and observe that it is possible to see directly, namely the behavior, actions, reactions of the person (the motives that cause actions, not taken into account).

Stage IV - psychology as a science that studies the objective laws, mechanisms and manifestations of the psyche.

Psychology is both one of the oldest and one of the youngest sciences. Already in the V century BC. e. Greek thinkers were interested in many of the issues on which today works as a psychologist - memory, learning, motivation, perception, dreams, pathological behavior. But although the forerunner of psychology was the science of antiquity, it is believed that the modern approach began to take shape in 1879.

2. Explain structure of Psychology

Modern psychological science consists of a series of relatively independent scientific disciplines or branches, which form its structure. We list a few of them. The central place it occupies in the general psychology. General psychology is the foundation of all the psychological knowledge, it studies the general laws of organization and functioning of the mind, develops methodology and theory of psychology. Comparative psychology studies the laws of the psyche in the phylogeny. Age psychology studies the laws of human mental development in ontogenesis, the main stages of its development, critical and sensitive periods. In psychology stand out: the psychology of childhood, adolescence psychology, psychology of adolescence, adulthood psychology, psychology of aging and old age. Differential Psychology explores the individual psychological differences between people. It may be differences in temperament, character, abilities, cognitive styles, behavior and motivate others. Engineering psychology is developing guidelines for harmonization of technical devices (cars, appliances and so on. N. ) The characteristics of the mental processes, functions and properties of a person seeking to ensure maximum reliability and efficiency of monitoring and control systems and reduce the cost of human labor. Work Psychology examines the psychological foundations and structure of work, its dynamics and mechanisms of regulation. This discipline examines the psychological factors of the efficiency and quality of work. Social psychology studies the psychological mechanisms of influence of society (community) on the behavior and human consciousness, explores the interaction of people in the groups, collectives and position of the person in them, issues of leadership and subordination. The important issues of social psychology is the study of the psychological mechanisms of formation of public opinion, the problem of mass communications. Legal psychology - a branch of psychology that studies the relationship between human rights and law. Its main problem - the study of offender, the formation of motivation of the crime, the psychological basis of re-offenders. Clinical Psychology - specialized generalist, has interdisciplinary character and take part in solving the complex problems in health care, education and social assistance.

3. Describe methods in Psychology

To solve the problems of psychology, the following methods:

The method of the experiment - the main method of psychology; characterized in that the researcher creates a special circumstance, stimulating expression of a certain psychic phenomena.

Laboratory experiment is characterized by the use of special laboratory equipment, which makes it possible to accurately record the number and quality of external influences and resulting mental reactions.

In a natural experiment saved for the person's usual conditions of its activities, but it is specially organized in accordance with the purpose of the experiment. The test is usually unaware of the experiment and therefore do not experience voltage characteristic under laboratory conditions.

Methods of observations suggest an explanation of mental phenomena in the course of specially organized his perception. The method of observation are adjacent: the method of product research activity that allows you to determine a person's ability, level of knowledge and skills; method of questioning, and in particular the methods of clinical interview.

Test Method - a method of diagnosing mental capacity of an individual.

Psychological test - a brief, standardized, as a rule, time-limited test of reference for the establishment of specific individual characteristics of the subject.

Biographical method of research is to identify the key factors in the formation of the individual, of his life, the crisis periods of development, especially in socialization.

Psychological modeling. It is expressed in the sign of imitation psychic phenomena or the organization of various human activities in an artificially constructed environment.

Comparative genetic method - a method of studying mental laws by comparing the individual phases of the mental development of individuals.

4. Compare: experiment and observation in Psychology

The method of observation - a method of study, consisting of intentional and purposeful perception of the real world. It requires activation of all psycho. Processes of personality, special attention and thinking. The object of observation can be: individual behavior in a variety of its external manifestations that implement the conscious and unconscious ext. mental states, feelings and aspirations.

Experiment feature is that the researcher himself creates the necessary conditions, as needed, and naturally there is the phenomenon under investigation. Creating conditions, the researcher is able to clearly identify the factors that act at the moment of psychological phenomena, it changes in the course of research that can reveal the reasons which led it.

A laboratory experiment conducted in special laboratories using appropriate instrumentation.

The natural field experiment carried out in normal circumstances so that the subjects did not suspect that they are studying.

5. Explain why Psychological Knowledge is important

The role of psychology in the life of every human being relevant at all times. Community - this is one of the most important tools that only a man can have. It should take care of their people skills. Quite a lot of trivial examples that characterize the lack of education of the person.

Educated person is evaluated not only in appearance but also in terms of eloquence.

Psychology plays an important role in everyone's life. Without mental attitude is impossible to achieve any goal. Theoretical and practical approaches of psychology help ensure and achieve incredible results in your life.

Before you start an exercise conceived plan, make sure that the end justifies the means. It is necessary to know their talented and weaknesses, and only then to use psychology to the task.

And with regards to working with people, it implies a deep psychological knowledge. Taking into account the individuality of each person, it is necessary to pick up the keys to the confidential communication very carefully. The ability to get along with people and to negotiate - a talent that should be acquired as a result of hard work on himself and on his skills.

Success means go all the way to the end. Diligence - is a character trait that distinguishes man among the crowd, and the knowledge of psychology will create a solid foundation for effective communication with people. One of the problems of communication - it is internal barriers, which can be broken.

And if you can not work with people who may want to work with technology or nature.

6. Analyze: Psychology as a science of soul

Psychology as a science has developed over many centuries. First psychological knowledge developed in the depths, as a philosophy, natural sciences and other sciences. This period in the development of psychology covers about 2. 5 thousand. Years and continues to VI. BC. until the middle of the XIX century. Later psychology began to develop as an independent science. .

There are three definitions of the subject of psychology: the science of the soul, of consciousness, of the behavior. The soul - the subject, it would seem, is so uncertain that hardly can be a scientific category. However, psychology is a concept of fundamental importance, not least because that the name of science "psychology" is literally translated as "the doctrine of the soul. ". His name and the first definition of psychology is obliged to Greek mythology.

The Greek myth of Psyche and Eros and was a classic example of true love, the highest realization of the human soul. Therefore Psyche - death, gained its immortality - has become a symbol of the soul who seeks his ideal.

As for the word "psychology", formed from the Greek word "psyche" (soul) and "logos" (teaching science), it appeared for the first time only in the XVIII century the German philosopher Christian Wolff.

Primitive same ideas about the psyche emerged in primitive religions "and beliefs of people in mythology, in the artistic folk art. The soul was seen as something ethereal, mysterious and unknown. The soul determines the life and activity of the animal and the human, and the death of a dream, or are explained according to its permanent or temporary absence. In the primitive world reigned mythological understanding of life where the body populated souls, but human life is ruled by the gods, who are endowed with certain style of behavior: cunning, wisdom, revenge and envy. With the transition to a higher stage of development of society has come to understand themselves as part of the world, created by the gods.

Antiquity marked a new stage in the history of mankind: Steps have been taken to understand and describe the human psyche.

7. Explain Research Methods in Psychology

Lab experiment. This type of experiment is conducted in a well-controlled environment - not necessarily a laboratory - and therefore accurate and objective measurements are possible. Field Experiment. These are conducted in the everyday (i. e. natural) environment of the participants but the situations are still artificially set up. Case Study are in-depth investigations of a single person, group, event or community.

Correlation means association - more precisely it is a measure of the extent to which two variables are related. If an increase in one variable tends to be associated with an increase in the other then this is known as a positive correlation. If an increase in one variable tends to be associated with a decrease in the other then this is known as a negative correlation. A zero correlation occurs when there is no relationship between variables. Interviews. Unstructured (informal) interviews are like a casual conversation. There are no set questions and the participant is given the opportunity to raise whatever topics he/she feels are relevant and ask them in their own way. Structured (formal) interviews are like a job interview. There is a fixed, predetermined set of questions that are put to every participant in the same order and in the same way.

Questionnaires can be thought of as a kind of written interview. They can be carried out face to face, by telephone or post. The questions asked can be open ended, allowing flexibility in the respondent's answers, or they can be more tightly structured requiring short answers or a choice of answers from given alternatives.

Observations. Covert observations are when the researcher pretends to be an ordinary member of the group and observes in secret.

Overt observations are when the researcher tells the group he or she is conducting research (i. e. they know they are being observed).

Natural: Here spontaneous behavior is recorded in a natural setting.

Controlled: behavior is observed under controlled laboratory conditions

Participant: Here the observer has direct contact with the group of people they are observing.

Non-participant. The researcher does not have direct contact with the people being observed. Content Analysis is a research tool used to indirectly observe the presence of certain words, images or concepts within the media (e. g. advertisements)

8. Describe Classification of Research Methods in Psychology (7 vopros)

Lab experiment. This type of experiment is conducted in a well-controlled environment - not necessarily a laboratory - and therefore accurate and objective measurements are possible. Field Experiment. These are conducted in the everyday (i. e. natural) environment of the participants but the situations are still artificially set up. Case Study are in-depth investigations of a single person, group, event or community. Correlation means association - more precisely it is a measure of the extent to which two variables are related. If an increase in one variable tends to be associated with an increase in the other then this is known as a positive correlation. If an increase in one variable tends to be associated with a decrease in the other then this is known as a negative correlation. A zero correlation occurs when there is no relationship between variables. Interviews. Unstructured (informal) interviews are like a casual conversation. There are no set questions and the participant is given the opportunity to raise whatever topics he/she feels are relevant and ask them in their own way. Structured (formal) interviews are like a job interview. There is a fixed, predetermined set of questions that are put to every participant in the same order and in the same way. Questionnaires can be thought of as a kind of written interview. They can be carried out face to face, by telephone or post. The questions asked can be open ended, allowing flexibility in the respondent's answers, or they can be more tightly structured requiring short answers or a choice of answers from given alternatives. Observations. Covert observations are when the researcher pretends to be an ordinary member of the group and observes in secret. Overt observations are when the researcher tells the group he or she is conducting research (i. e. they know they are being observed).

Natural: Here spontaneous behavior is recorded in a natural setting.

Controlled: behavior is observed under controlled laboratory conditions

Participant: Here the observer has direct contact with the group of people they are observing.

Non-participant. The researcher does not have direct contact with the people being observed. Content Analysis is a research tool used to indirectly observe the presence of certain words, images or concepts within the media (e. g. advertisements)

9. Describe Neuroscience and Behaviour

Neuroscience is a relatively young, exciting, and fundamentally interdisciplinary field devoted to the study of the nervous systems. Problems range from investigation of the evolution of nervous system in basal vertebrates to the application of neuroscience to education and law. Neuroscientists also seek to develop neurologically plausible models of human thinking, affect and behavior.

Neuroscience creates a context for scholarly conversation about the nature of mind, brain, and behavior. It engages experts in collaboration across diverse fields, including biological sciences, chemistry, computer science, engineering, linguistics, mathematics, medicine, philosophy, physics and psychology. Reflecting the interdisciplinary nature of the major, the curriculum includes flexibility such that it can be customized to best prepare students for a variety of future careers.

Behavior or behaviour (see spelling differences) is the range of actions and mannerisms made by individuals, organisms, systems, or artificial entities in conjunction with themselves or their environment, which includes the other systems or organisms around as well as the (inanimate) physical environment.

Behavioral science is the systematic analysis and investigation of human and animal behaviour through controlled and naturalistic observation, and disciplined scientific experimentation. It attempts to accomplish legitimate, objective conclusions through rigorous formulations and observation. [1] Examples of behavioural sciences include psychology, psychobiology, criminology and cognitive science.

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