Analyze development of psychology

The first step - awareness. First of all, you need to learn to understand their emotion at a time.

The second step - the definition of the relevance of emotions.

The third step - the actual control.

There are several ways to manage emotions.

The first - the change of the object of concentration. Simply switch your attention to another object, and it will change your emotions experienced. The second way - a change of opinion. If you cannot change the situation in which you find yourself, you need to change your attitude towards it, then your emotions will change. The third way to control emotions can be called "physiological". Every emotion - this is a reaction to a specific event to which our body must adapt.

51. Define Types of conflicts in Psychology

- Conflict - is a manifestation of objective or subjective contradictions expressed in the confrontation between the parties.

Ralf Dahrendorf gives one of the broadest classifications of conflicts.

- According to source of origin (conflicts of interests, values, identification).

- Social consequences (successful, unsuccessful, creative or constructive, destructive or destructive).

- On the scale (local, regional, intergovernmental, global, micro, macro, and mega conflicts).

- According to forms of struggle (peaceful and non-peaceful).

- In terms of features origin (endogenous and exogenous).

- With respect to the subjects of the conflict (genuine, casual, false, latency).

- According to the tactics used by the parties (the battle, the game, the debate).

Most often in psychology describes the three types of conflicts: in the intrapersonal level, interpersonal and intergroup.

- F. Lyutens identifies 3 types of intrapersonal conflict: conflict of roles; conflict caused by frustration, the conflict ends.

- intergroup conflict - is, as a rule, conflicts of interest groups in the manufacturing sector.

- intergroup conflict generated mostly a struggle for scarce resources and spheres of influence within the organization, which consists of a set of formal and informal groups with very different interests.

- But the most numerous are the interpersonal conflicts. Organizations are manifested in different ways often a struggle for leadership is always limited resources.

52. Analyze human motivation system

* Motivation - a person's ability to meet their needs through any activity.

In psychology, decided to allocate the following types of human motivation:

* Extrinsic motivation - it is motivation, which is not related to the content of some activities, and due to external circumstances for the person (participation in competitions to receive the award, etc. ).

* Intrinsic motivation - the motivation is related to the content of the activities, but not to external circumstances (exercise, because it brings positive emotions, etc. ).

* Positive motivation - the motivation is based on the positive incentives (if I do not act up, parents will give me to play a computer game, and the like).

* Negative motivation - the motivation is based on negative incentives (if I do not act up, parents will not scold me, etc. ).

* stable motivation - the motivation is based on the natural human needs (quenching thirst, hunger, etc. ).

* unstable motivation - it is motivation, which requires constant external support (quit smoking, lose weight, etc. ).

* Individual motivation, aimed at maintaining self-control (thirst, hunger, pain avoidance, support temperature, etc. );

* Group motivation (care for the offspring, finding their place in society, the maintenance of the structure of society, etc. );

* Cognitive motivation (playing activity, exploratory behavior).

Demand is the basis of motivation. Demand affects the individual, prompting her to a particular behavior. The purpose of this behavior is that it will satisfy the raging need. In psychology, the goal needs called motive. In other words, if need be - the food, the motive - bread, cheese, hamburger, oysters and white wine on the ramp-up. The motif goes through three stages of implementation:

- awareness of the need, on which it is based ("I want you to respect me"),

- Self analyzed for the desired ("Am I able to be so that I began to respect")

- passing through the prism of personal characteristics, values, aptitudes, abilities, motive or taken to achieve or rejected.

53. Give an example of a successful speaker in history: explain your choice

The ability to effectively speak publicly is useful for a wide range of professional activities - and for politicians and lawyers, and teachers, and for sales managers, and executives in negotiations and presentations of any level.

Successful speakers - people who from the first minute they say is interesting and fully capture the public's attention. Their voice sounds rhythmically. They actively gesticulating. Successful speakers do not build long, complex sentences. They set out their thoughts briefly and simply. Their speech - not a boring hour monologue, and interactive communication with the audience, filled with examples, discussion, illustrations and presentation materials. For good speaker I carry modernity Russian President Vladimir Putin.

Listening to your opponent, he always looks in the eye, nods his head, showing his connection to the person. His gestures, movements, facial expressions are always aligned with those words, he says, strengthen their sense and do not contradict. He said emotionally, often changes the rate of speech, pitch and volume of voice, speaks quickly, pauses. In his arsenal are many examples of descriptive statistics, aphorisms. It is always correct when developing objections of his listeners, able to fend off tricky. It knows how to rock the audience, seeking advice, interested opinion.

Do not forget to thank the interlocutor of the question. Express their thoughts briefly and simply, convincingly.

54. Estimate benefits of interactions of Psychology and IT

The role of psychology in the study of the problem of creating artificial intelligence cannot be overestimated. First of all, the interest results of the study of human thinking for the purpose of modeling and playing on computer systems. In addition, actively studied problems of automation of human activity and the psychological characteristics of human communication with a computer, although many experts believe that the actual user communicates only with the programmer "through the computer. " Note that some of the results of computer science and cybernetics may be used in conducting psychological research. On the other hand, the terms of psychology play an increasingly important role in the study of the problem of creating artificial intelligence systems. At the same time, under artificial consciousness mean higher control system of the machine, the owner of knowledge about themselves and their surroundings. Thus, in the field of intelligent systems psychology and science, first of all - computer science is interrelated and can interact constructively. Highly relevant is the study of the psychological effects of the use of information technology. Computers and information systems are used in. all new areas of human activity, affecting mental processes and transforming not only individual action, but also human activity in general. From a psychological point of view, the interaction of man with the systems of computer converts activities through its mediation sign systems. Despite the variety of active Internet users, there are three main types of their activities: cognitive, gaming and communication. These activities correspond to the varieties of global change (transformation) of the person:

1. Enthusiasm for knowledge in programming and telecommunications, or, as an extreme option, hacking;

2. Passion for computer games and, in particular, games via the Internet or, as an extreme option, the so-called game addiction. ;

3. Passion for network communication or as a last resort. Alternatively, so-called Internet addiction - a kind of dependence on the internet. Only in extreme cases of this kind of personal transformation are entirely negative; Contrary to popular belief, they can lead to a positive development of personality.

55. Explain the modern perspectives of using IT-technologies in psychological practice

Modern requirements to the level of scientific research make it necessary to use information technologies at every stage of the growing volumes of psychological information, increased requirements for the use of mathematical methods of data processing and the volume of the test sample leads to the need to automate the individual components work of the psychologist, including not only routine operations (e. g. , testing), but also the organization of its practical and research work. Moreover, in psychology there is a gradual transition from the field of computer technology subsidiary within the scope of the mandatory funds, the same way as has already happened in many areas of practice. The main directions of development of information technologies in psychology: computer psych diagnostics; Organization of experiment and statistical analysis of results; the formation of databases and information systems. By providing a list you can add modeling of psychic phenomena and processes at the stage of research and the organization of primary data processing automation.

There are the following advantages of using automated systems for making and processing the results of psychological research: a substantial reduction in the number of errors made when transferring data from paper to the database and reduce the time to primary processing.

Thus, in the field of intelligent systems psychology and science, first of all - computer science is interrelated and can interact constructively.

56. Describe the Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Mode Instrument

In the 1970s Kenneth Thomas and Ralph Kilmann identified five basic forms of behavior in a conflict situation, which differ in the degree of interaction and assertiveness. They argue that people tend to prefer any one style of conflict resolution, but added that different situations may not be the most useful variety of styles. Test Thomas-Kilmann conflict allows you to determine which form of behavior you tend to the resolution of conflict situations.

Forms of behavior in a conflict situation in the theory of Thomas and Kilmann:

Competition: People who are prone to this form of behavior take a tough stance and know what they want. They usually operate from a position of strength based on such things as position, rank, competence and the ability to persuade. This style can be useful in emergencies when you need to immediately make a decision; when a decision does not like; or protection from a man who is trying to exploit the situation for their own purposes. However, if this form of behavior is used in situations where there is no urgent need to make a decision, people can stay a feeling of depression, frustration and resentment.

Collaboration: People inclined to cooperate in solving the conflict, trying to take into account the needs of all parties to the conflict. These people can be highly assertive but unlike the opponent, they effectively work together and understand the importance of each person. This style is useful when you need to bring together different points of view to achieve the most optimal solution; when early in the team already had conflicts; or, when the situation concerns very important things to make concessions.

The trade-off: People who prefer to resolve conflicts of this type, try to find a solution that will satisfy everyone, at least in part. It is expected that each member of the team lost something, including one who suggested a compromise. Compromise is useful when the price is above the price of concessions to the conflict, when two identical in strength opponent come to a standstill, and when the deadline is approaching work.

Accommodation: The main feature of this form of behavior in conflict resolution is a willingness to consider the needs of others at the expense of their own needs. Compliant person often knows when to give way to others, but it can be persuaded to obey, even when it is not justified. Such a person is not very sure of himself, but always ready to cooperate. This style is suitable when the subject of the conflict is more important to the other party when the agreement is worth more than a victory, or when you want to get lost favor. However, you cannot return the favor, and as a result, this approach is not advisable to use if you want to achieve the best results.

Avoiding: People who are prone to this form of behavior, looking for ways to overcome this conflict. The main features of this style is the transfer of decision-making on the subject of the conflict, making a wrong decision, and not wanting to offend anyone's feelings. This style can be justified in the case when the victory is not possible, in principle, when the differences are small or when the other person is better able to address the issue. However, in many situations this is a very weak and ineffective approach.

Once you understand the difference in the behaviors of conflict resolution, you can choose the most appropriate approach (or set of approaches) for the situation you are in. In addition, you can think about your own instinctive approach, and find out how you can change it if necessary.

Ideally you can adopt an approach that is more appropriate in a given situation, solve problems, take into account the legitimate interests of other people and improves the disturbed working relationship.

57. Explain emotion-focused coping with stress

Emotion-focused coping involves trying to reduce the negative emotional responses associated with stress such as embarrassment, fear, anxiety, depression, excitement and frustration. This may be the only realistic option when the source of stress is outside the person's control.

Drug therapy can be seen as emotion focused coping as it focuses on the arousal caused by stress not the problem. Other emotion focused coping techniques include:

o Distraction, e. g. keeping yourself busy to take your mind off the issue.

o Emotional disclosure. This involves expressing strong emotions by talking or writing about negative events which precipitated those emotions (Pennebaker, 1995) This is an important part of psychotherapy.

o Praying for guidance and strength.

o Meditation, e. g. mindfulness.

o Eating more, e. g. comfort food.

o Drinking alcohol.

o Using drugs.

o Journaling, e. g. writing a gratitude diary (Cheng, Tsui, & Lam, 2015).

o Cognitive reappraisal. This is a form of cognitive change that involves construing a potentially emotion-eliciting situation in a way that changes its emotional impact (Lazarus & Alfert, 1964).

o Suppressing (stopping / inhibition of) negative thoughts or emotions. Suppressing emotions over an extended period of time compromises immune competence and leads to poor physical health (Petrie, KJ, Booth, RJ, & Pennebaker, 1988).

Critical Evaluation

A meta-analysis revealed emotion-focused strategies are often less effective than using problem-focused methods in relation to health outcomes. In general people who used emotion-focused strategies such as eating, drinking and taking drugs reported poorer health outcomes. Such strategies are ineffective as they ignore the root cause of the stress. The type of stressor and whether the impact was on physical or psychological health explained the strategies between coping strategies and health outcomes. In addition, Epping-Jordan et al. (1994) found that patients with cancer who used avoidance strategies, e. g. denying they were very ill, deteriorated more quickly than those who faced up to their problems. The same pattern exists in relation to dental health and financial problems.

Emotion-focused coping does not provide a long term solution and may have negative side effects as it delays the person dealing with the problem. However, they can be a good choice if the source of stress is outside the person's control (e. g. a dental procedure). Gender differences have also been reported: women tend to use more emotion-focused strategies than men.

58. Explain problem-focused coping with stress

Problem-focused coping targets the causes of stress in practical ways which tackles the problem or stressful situation that is causing stress, consequently directly reducing the stress.

Problem focused strategies aim to remove or reduce the cause of the stressor, including:

o Problem-solving.

o Time-management.

o Obtaining instrumental social support.

In general problem-focused coping is best, as it removes the stressor, so deals with the root cause of the problem, providing a long term solution. Problem-focused strategies are successful in dealing with stressors such as discrimination However, it is not always possible to use problem-focused strategies. For example, when someone dies, problem-focused strategies may not be very helpful for the bereaved. Dealing with the feeling of loss requires emotion-focused coping.

Problem focused approached will not work in any situation where it is beyond the individual's control to remove the source of stress. They work best when the person can control the source of stress (e. g. exams, work based stressors etc. ).

It is not a productive method for all individuals. For example, not all people are able to take control of a situation, or perceived a situation as controllable. For example, optimistic people who tend to have positive expectations of the future are more likely to use problem-focused strategies, whereas pessimistic individual are more inclined to use emotion-focused strategies

59. Give a systemic analysis of Artificial Intelligence

The concept of artificial intelligence is usually used to refer to the ability of a computer system to perform the tasks inherent in human intelligence, for example, problems of inference and learning.

The main feature of intelligent systems is that they are based on knowledge, or rather, on some of their submission. Knowledge is understood to be stored (by computer) information, formalized in accordance with certain rules, which the computer can be used in inference on certain algorithms.

When comparing the operations that make up the work of the machine, and operations as the units of human activity revealed significant differences - in the psychological sense "operation" reflects the way to achieve results, the characteristic of the process, while with regard to engine performance, this term is used in the logical-mathematical sense (characterized by the result).

The works on artificial intelligence is constantly used the term "goal. " In psychology, "target" is a constitutive feature acts from operations (and activities in general). While in artificial systems "purpose" refers to a finite situation sought by the system. Signs of this situation should be clearly identified and described in a formal language. The objectives of the human activity of a different nature. The ultimate situation may reflect different subject. This reflection can be characterized by varying degrees of clarity, distinctness. Moreover, for human characteristic not only achieving ready purposes but also the formation of new ones.

Also, the work of artificial intelligence, is characterized not only by the presence of operations, programs, "targets", and evaluation functions. And artificial systems have some sort of "value orientation". If people in the activity is the use of not only constant, but situationally emerging and rapidly changing assessments is also important difference between the verbal and logical and emotional assessments. The difference between man and machine at the level of activity in the existence of needs and motives.

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