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LITERATURE IN RUSSIA
Russian literature has a long history and is popular in all over the world. Why is it so? We should turn back the hands of time in order to answer this question. Actually, we should turn back that moment when Russian literature barely entered the international scene. What was the reason of it? How was it developing further? How does literature look like in Russia today? And who is the hero of the modern Russian literature? We are going to observe these questions in my essay.
GOLDEN AGE OF RUSSIAN LITERATURE
The period of time which enriched Russian literature and made it a wide-spread through all over the world was the nineteenth century. This very century is called the Golden Age of Russian literature and century when Russian literature became world-famous.
The 19th century is the time of formation of Russian literary language and most of all A.S. Pushkin contributed this process.
But the 19th century began with a flourishing of sentimentalism and romanticism formation (Krylov, E.A. Baratynsky, V.A. Zhukovsky, A.A. Fet). F.I. Tiutchev's writings completed the "Golden Age" of Russian poetry.
A.S. Pushkin and N.V. Gogol created the fundamental types of art which will be popular through all over the 19th century. It is an artistic type of "a superfluous man", a model of which is in the novel Eugene Onegin by A.S. Pushkin, and so-called type "a little man", which is presented by N.V. Gogol in his short novel "The Overcoat".
Gogol
CARACHTERS OF `GOLDEN AGE' IN RUSSIAN LITERATURE
As for literary characters of Golden Age's poetry, individual liberty is important for them. The brightest representative is Tatyana Larina (Eugene Onegin). She didn't need society ball every evening. She would prefer to spend her evening in privacy and think about some philosophical reflections. The second one was Alexandr Chatsky (Woe from Wit). It's a man who openly expressed disagreement with common rules of a conservative upper class. It captured people desires to change the organization of society and forced men of education to found broederbonds. The fact is a lot of literators were there.
REPRESENTATIVES OF GOLDEN AGE IN RUSSIAN LITERATURE
The first representative of Golden Age poetry was A.S. Griboyedov. He was one of the strict critics of aristocratic circles. He is recognized as homo unius libri, a writer of one book, whose fame rests on the verse comedy Woe from Wit or The Woes of Wit. This very verse comedy gave a lot of catch phrases which you would hear in Russian culture from time to time. For example,
Who are they to judge us?
Happiness takes no account of time.
I'd like to serve, but not to be a servant
A.S. Griboyedov
They wrote works where despised the upper class for its vanity, selfishness, hypocrisy and immorality. V.A. Zhukovsky enriched Russian classics by a heart-to-heart romance and a reverential dreaming. He tried to avoid prosiness and show a lofty sensible world which we didn't notice. He also wrote some prose, the best known example of which is the 1809 short story "Marina roshcha" ("Mary's grove"), about the ancient past of Moscow; it was inspired by Nikolay Karamzin's famous story "Bednaya Liza" ("Poor Liza," 1792). He also composed the lyrics for the national anthem of Imperial Russia, "God Save the Tsar!".
V.A. Zhukovsky
One of the brightest representatives of Golden Age's Russian poetry is a famous poet A.S. Pushkin.
He was the father of Russian literary language. His works greatly changed the world of Russian literature. His first poem was Ruslan and Lyudmila in 1920. His novel in verse Eugene Onegin was called an encyclopedia of Russian life. Romantic poems of Pushkin The Bronze Horseman (1833), The Fountain of Bakhchisarai, The Gypsies were the first in Age of Russian romanticism. Most writers and poets considered Pushkin was their teacher. They continued his traditions of making literary writing. Lermontov was one of them.
Lermontov used philosophical conceptions in his works. During all of his creative career he admired the Decembrist movement, asserted human rights and freedoms. Poems of Lermontov were full of oppositional appeals and criticism of imperial power. His writings were the poem Demon, Borodino (which is a long poem that we should learn by heart at secondary school), a short poem Death of the poet and my favourite novel A Hero of Our Time. The Golden Age also had a dramatic genre. For example, it's Chekhov plays. Since that time many theatres through all over the world have been producing it. Chekhov used a subtle satire and laughed at human vices, expressed disdain for vices of the nobility. His short novels are Ward No. 6, Fat and thin, The Complaints Book, The Chameleon.
Development of the poetry had dropped by the end of century. Exactly that time it's worth to mention Nekrasov writings. He started to develop social issues in poetry. His poem Who is Happy in Russia? is famous. But it's not the only poem of him where Nekrasov pondered a difficult and unrelieved life of the country.
The beginning of nineteenth century had crucial changes in art. It marked the period when Russian literature went out on the world stage. Literature started to claim the high principles of human freedom. At that very period of time the society began to read between lines. That worried the government. But in spite of that fact that Russian literature developed in the tough conditions, it managed to arve out a high place in the foundation of Global art.
CONTRIBUTION TO THE WORLD LITERATURE
Russia's output of great literature over two centuries is nothing short of miraculous. Having endured tyranny under their czarist regime, as well as great suffering during two world wars and under Josef Stalin, it seems unlikely that they would have time for sure monumental, soul-searching novels. But the Russian literary tradition rivals most if not all countries, and its consistent ambition to define (and even redefine) social conditions has kept even it's oldest works relevant in the public sphere. Here are only a few of the greatest novels in Mother Russia's storied history.
1. Mikhail Lermontov - A hero of our Time (1840)
Previously to Lermontov's groundbreaking novel, Russian literature had been populated by short prose works and dominated by the poetry of Eugene Pushkin. But once Lermontov introduced his character Pechorin, he would go on to set a benchmark for the complexity of characters in Russian fiction. A flawed, non-Romantic figure who must live up to ideals he can't uphold, Lermontov proclaimed the end of the Romantic era and ushered the great era of realist fiction.
2. Nikolay Gogol - Dead Souls (1842)
Gogol's novel about a man who tries to trick landowners into buying their dead serfs (dead souls), who are technically still alive until the next Russian census, is a satirical picaresque similar in style to Cervantes but which stands alone for its odd and grotesque caricatures of Russian provincial life. Although Gogol was a self-professed conservative, the younger generations used it to argue against the ills of 19th century Russian society.
3. Ivan Goncharov - Oblomov (1859)
Goncharov tied together the social and personal issues of the day with this novel about a member of the gentry grown who is caught between the idyllic life of pre-emancipation serfdom and the new, more liberated Russia. Combining the romance of Pushkin and the rising school of realism, Oblomov is one of the best records of Russia's great societal transition.
4. Ivan Turgenev - Fathers and Sons (1862)
Fathers and Sons did what many other Russian novels did: pit the younger generation against the old. When Bazarov, a strict nihilist, challenges the well-established mores of Provincial life, he lures the naive towards his radical ideas. But when his beliefs get challenged by the unexpected appearance of passionate love and spirituality, he suffers a crisis that will force him to rethink his entire worldview.
5. Fyodor Dostoevsky - Crime and Punishment (1867)
The first of Dostoevsky's major novels, this presumably simple tale about a murder and its aftermath has remained one of the great preservers of 19th century urban life in Russia, describing everything from poverty, religion, family and of course, evil. When Raskolnikov, a former student enamored by Napoleonic ideals of superiority, decides to commit a murder against a old pawnbroker, it provokes one of the greatest personal transformations ever portrayed in literature.
6. Lev Tolstoy - War and Peace (1863-1869)
The Great White Whale of Russian literature, War and Peace is a 1,300 page work that includes hundreds of subplots and characters all intertwining during the failed Napoleonic invasions of 1812. It has been criticized for its narrative looseness, but the transition from innocence to experience of its 5 main characters beautifully details the personal and historical happenings of early 19th century Russia.
7. Mikhail Sholokhov - Quiet Flows the Don (1928-1940)
While War and Peace was influenced in part by the glories and ironies of war, Sholokhov decided to forgo any elevation of battle and depict in all of its brutality and sorrow the decline of the Cossack civilization in this four-novel series. The novel was at first controversial for its antagonizing of the Bolshevik invaders during the revolutionary war, but Sholokhov's emphasis on Cossack life and cosmology is as humanizing as it is painfully elegiac.
8. Mikhail Bulgakov - The Master and Margarita (1966)
The Master and Margarita was like nothing written before it. Published posthumously more than two decades after the death of the author, this bizarre but fantastical twist of Goethe's Faust tells the story of a figure named Woland-presumably the devil-who wreaks havoc on Soviet Moscow. Hilarious, fantastical and ridiculous, Bulgakov's novel is still celebrated today in Russia, and is considered by some to be the founding text of magic realism.
21ST CENTURY
The end of the twentieth century century has proven a difficult period for Russian literature, with relatively few distinct voices. Among the most discussed authors of these period were novelists Victor Pelevin and Vladimir Sorokin and a poet Dmitry Alexandrovich Prigov.
A relatively new trend in Russian literature is that female novelists such as Tatyana Tolstaya, Lyudmila Ulitskaya, and Dina Rubina came into prominence.
Detective stories and thrillers have proven a very successful genre of new Russian literature: In the 1990s, serial detective novels by Alexandra Marinina, Polina Dashkova, and Darya Dontsova were published in millions of copies. In the next decade a more "high-brow" detective fiction by author Boris Akunin, with his series about the nineteenth century sleuth Erast Fandorin, became widely popular.
The tradition of classic Russian novel continues with such authors as Mikhail Shishkin.
The leading poets of young generation are arguably Dmitry Vodennikov and Andrey Rodionov, both famous not only for their verses, but also for ability to artistically recite them.
In the 21st century, a new generation of Russian authors appeared differing greatly from the postmodernist Russian prose of the late 20th century, which lead critics to speak about new realism. Having grown up after the fall of the Soviet Union, the "new realists" write about every day life, but without using the mystical and surrealist elements of their predecessors.
The "new realists" are writers who assume there is a place for preaching in journalism, social and political writing and the media, but that direct action is the responsibility of civil society.
Leading "new realists" include Ilja Stogoff, Zakhar Prilepin, Alexander Karasyov, Arkadi Babchenko, Vladimir Lorchenkov, Alexander Snegiryov and the political author Sergej Shargunov.
TESTING TASKS
Exercise 1. Insert one word instead the blank in the sentence.
1. The period of time which enriched Russian literature and made it a wide-spread through all over the world was the nineteenth century.
2. Pushkin and Gogol created the fundamental types of art which will be popular through all over the 19th century.
3. As for literary characters of Golden Age's poetry, it is important for them.
4. A.S. Griboyedov wrote the verse comedy woe from wit.
5. Lermontov continued Pushkin's traditions of making literary writings.
6. Griboyedov did what many other Russian novels did: pit the younger generation against the old.
7. Sholokhov decided to forgo any elevation of battle and depict in all of its brutality and sorrow the moment of the modern civilization in this four-novel series.
Exercise 2.Match name of the author to his writing.
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1. Chekhov (e) |
a. Who is Happy in Russia? |
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2. Dostoevsky (b) |
b. Woe from Wit |
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3. Griboyedov (f) |
c. Eugene Onegin |
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4. Lev Tolstoy (g) |
d. A Hero of Our Time |
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5. Lermontov (d) |
e. The Complaints Book |
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6. Sholokhov (h) |
f. Crime and Punishment |
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7. Pushkin |
g. War and Peace |
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8. Nekrasov ( a) |
h. Quiet Flows the Don |
Exercise 3. Solve the crossword.
1. Which writing was called The Great White Whale of Russian literature and had a 1,300 page that includes hundreds of subplots?
2. Who wrote the verse comedy Woe from Wit?
3. Whom did Lermontov introduce instead of Eugine Onegin of Pushkin?
4. Whose writings completed the "Golden Age" of Russian poetry?
5. Who was the father of Russian literary language?
6. Which novel used the artistic type of a superfluous man?
7. Whose plays are producing in theatres through all over the world?
8. How was called a new genre which appeared differing greatly from the postmodernist Russian prose of the late 20th century?
9. Which process was shown in Dead Souls by Gogol and made landowners count their serfs who were already dead?
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Lecture
Information about the theatre
The Chelyabinsk State Academic Opera and Ballet Theatre named after Michael Glinka is one of the greatest theaters in Russia. It is a true landmark of the South Ural's capital.
The theater building is located at the end of the pedestrian street Kirovka. It is visually attractive due to the classical style of architecture: the high stairs, columns, fretwork and statues on the dome.
Its construction began in the prewar years, but during the Great Patriotic War the building of the theater was used as a munitions factory. Later it was returned to the cultural institution. The building received its modern form after extensive renovation in 1983.
In front of the theater there is a monument to Michael Glinka, composer and father of Russian classical music.
Another reason to visit this theater is the great painting inside of the building that was created by a team of artists under the leadership of Deineka.
The undoubted value of Opera and Ballet Theatre is a troupe of professional actors. More than 20 performers have the titles of People's Artists and Honored Artists of Russia, and many theatrical performances awarded prestigious prizes.
In any day guests can visit the theater and enjoy the atmosphere of high art. Tickets for the performances are being sold inside of the building.
Ninety performances were played at the stage of the theater during its history - both classic and modern. The troupe toured to 70 cities in Russia, traveled to Austria, Holland, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Syria, Jordan, Kuwait, Turkey, China and the U.S.
Performance
As we have said the main information to you about this theatre, the next stage of our plane is visiting this place. So we have chosen one performance there that is called The Nutcracker. Everybody knows this ballet, and I can add that this ballet is one of the greatest performances in the world. Let me remind you the story of this performance.
The Nutcracker ballet begins on a Christmas Eve party and the characters are full of spirits, greeting their friends and passing on their presents.
The Christmas tree is all set, there are gifts and everybody is cheery with a party atmosphere.
A young girl, Clara, welcomes all her friends along with her little brother Fritz.
The young children are wildly entertained by magician Drosselmeyer and he captures everybody's attention. He is full of tricks and keeps the party alive, presenting life-size dolls where they each take a turn to dance.
Drosselmeyer has brought gifts for the young children and for Clara. She gets a Nutcracker doll. Clara is thrilled with her present and already falls in love with her precious doll, but her brother Fritz grabs the doll off her and breaks the Nutcracker.
Luckily, Drosselmeyer managed to repair the poor broken Nutcracker and Clara is reunited with her beloved doll.
As the party draws to a close, the guests leave and the family gets ready for bed. After everyone is asleep, Clara sneaks downstairs looking for the Nutcracker but when the clock strikes midnight, everything changes.
The Christmas tree grows is a gigantic size and fills the whole room. The toys around the Christmas tree begin to come to life and Clara is suddenly surrounded by an army of mice, lead by the Mouse King.
The Nutcracker springs to life and leads his toy soldiers into battle with the mice. The fight continues, but Clara can see the Nutcracker is in trouble and he about to be overpowered by the Mouse King.
Clara makes a daring move to try and save the Nutcracker and she throws her shoe at the Mouse King. The shoe hits the Mouse King straight on the head and he drops to the floor. The rest of the mice run away, taking their King's body with them.
The Nutcracker drops to the floor; he's exhausted and lifeless. Clara takes him in her arms and desperately tries to bring him back to life.
He steadily comes back and Clara is amazed to see he is a handsome prince. They dance together and he guides Clara to the Land of Snow.
Then Clara and the Nutcracker ballet arrive at the Kingdom of Sweets, a fantasy world which is ruled by the Sugar Plum Fairy. The characters in the Kingdom of Sweets perform special dances for Clara and the Nutcracker.
There is a Spanish Dance, a Chinese Dance, an Arabian Dance and a Russian Dance, all from the different lands of the Kingdom. The Sugar Plum Fairy appears and performs a beautiful solo and Grand Pas De Deux with her partner.
The Nutcracker Prince and Clara dance together, but just as their dancing reaches its climax, the fantasy world disappears. Clara awakens back inside her house beneath the Christmas tree, realizing that all of it was perhaps a dream.
Conclusion
Nutcracker ballet is a popular story through all over the world that is performed by famous ballet companies all across the globe. It is a Christmas special and one that will leave you enchanted, excited and full of joy.
It is true that the Nutcracker is full of dreams and imagination, it is a story that will captivate you from the very beginning. Especially as a performance, it is bursting with energetic dancing, beautiful music and spectacular costumes.
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