Efficiency of the UN Policies to enhance International Environmental Security

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_{FEDERAL STATE AUTONOMOUS EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION}

_{FOR HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION}

_{NATIONAL RESEARCH UNIVERSITY HIGHER SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS}

_{Faculty of World Economy and International Affairs}

_{Bachelor's project}

_{Efficiency of the UN Policies to enhance International Environmental Security}

_{Petrova Anna Alekseevna}

_{Moscow, 2020}

_{Table of Contents}

_Introduction

_{Chapter 1. Environmental basics}

_{1.1 Theoretical approach towards environment and climate change}

_{1.2 Cultural Theory of Risk for Climate Change Adaptation}

_{1.3 Greenhouse Theory of global climate change}

_{1.4 Human activity and environmental changes in a new era}

_{1.5 Paradigm of international ecological security}

_{1.6 Political and environmental interconnection}

_{1.7 Relevant modern threats for the global environment}

_{1.8 Primary steps of formatting the world aspect}

_{Chapter 2. Formatting the climatic politics}

_{2.1 Intergovernmental organizations' activity}

_{2.2 UN activity}

_{2.3 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)}

_{2.4 United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)}

_{2.5 World Wildlife Fund Activity}

_{2.6 International diplomacy as a decisive instrument}

_{2.7 Framework UN Convention on climate change}

_{2.8 UN Conference on climate change in Copenhagen}

_Conclusion

_References

_Appendix

_Introduction

_{Climate change and global environmental issues have become one of the most dispute announces in the world. Due to the high level of progress, especially technological advances, machines evolution, the implantation of new rules and regimes make the situation much grave and require careful research. Our social, economic and political spheres of activity destabilize our milieu, and the integration of the global economy has brought and created objections that are expanding around. The applicability of this topic lies on the surface: nowadays, all factors intimately interconnected with each other, and if inadequate flows have been noticed in one area, then denial emanations will follow then. Human health is an integral part of climate change. So people can get a lot of disorders only because of the environment.}

_{The pollution of other harmful forms of environmental change is not considered to be the exclusive environmental threats, but also as principles that challenge the sovereignty of states and put themselves directly on the agenda of international politics. This point leads to the fact that the environment is directly related to political and economic issues, and if governments, residents, organizations are not going to unite to solve all problems, this will lead not only to a single environmental but also to the political and economic crush. The environment is not fully secured, that is why, the investigation conducted in this scrutiny will be directed towards finding many trifles that can improve, or in contrast to screw up the situation.}

_{This is important because it should be noticed that community diplomacy towards climate problems in the late 20th and 21st centuries continues to update until nowadays, each period has its specificity. For instance, in 20th, there were not such functional technological appliances as they are now. Far and away, today, humanity can do many things with the help of innovations. Regardless, adjustments exist, and these changes are caused by the fact that all participants and actors in the integrated process of environmental formation have changed their opinions and attitudes. It is necessary to examine all parts and to identify the most valuable ones.}

_{The hypothesis suggests that United Nations is “the real champion and leader in global environmental authority”. Its actions towards global environment and climate change, its primary purposes, plans, rules, regimes are regulating and will regulate the primary operations of establishing prosperous and healthy atmosphere around the world. The main goal for UN is global environmental agenda, natural resources preservation, sustainable development creation, control and security of the most unsafe areas. In the same, in the long-term perspective, United Nations and all related programs and promotions, may not successfully and powerfully achieve profound and visible results, that may become unacceptable for other governments. United Nations, despite its success can provide a lot of unstable processes that will influence environmental problems on a minimal level.}

_{That is why, the purpose of this paper is caused by the interest to look inside all processes that happened, including theoretical, practical parts, looking through most important organizations' actions and to search for interesting data that could present the real situation of climate change and environmental security. Moreover, the United Nations have always been treated to be the primary regulator and the main instrument in tackling global problems with a quick discovery of solutions. The investigation will lead to a better grasp of the multilateral relationships development history in this area, as well as to use the inquiry of the experience of this negotiation process for following actions of the international community in the environmental field.}

_{The research topic of diploma work has a high measure of novelty. This is mainly because this subject of study touches upon all areas: global, regional and national ones. Climate alterations and environmental diplomacy are always in the process of formation and all of their changes for better or for worse require implementation. Everyone who has been discussing problems of climate change was trying to create ways to overcome it and to make the world better, cleaner and more technological. Though the discussion and deep implementation into the process and finding obstacles to overcome problems are different things, that is why this topic is considered to be old and new at the same time. Caring for the environment by primarily “inspiring, then informing, and also enabling nations and peoples”, every person needs to improve their quality of life without compromising that of future generations.}

_{Here is the brief description of further research's plan:}

_{We will look at theories about how climate change influences the economy since these parts are interconnected between each other, and some specific regulators affect the climate. The theory is the primary step in identifying future actions because it is a selection of principles on which such actions and practices are based. It is a specific idea that will lead to the right course of the action, so in this pervasive topic, it is necessary to identify some of them. There are several theories, that will look at the situation from different sides. Firstly, “Greenhouse theory of climate change” is very significant, because greenhouse gas firstly makes our planet viable: our Earth is a greenhouse atmosphere, it consists of carbon dioxide (CO2), water vapour (H2O), methane (CH4) and others that are performed as a trap that is emitted. Such theory will look at the acumens why there such significant changes and whether people cause them or not. Secondly, “The Cultural Theory of Risk for Climate Change Adaptation” which is connected with people and human perception of the world, and if some individuals make something that does not correspond with the common perception, caused by their social interaction and cultural worldview, it may cause serious repercussions. For instance, the risk of an environmental disaster may serve as a basis for accusing the groups in the power of violating their usual lifestyle. “Humans are the main components of nations” and particularly the main actors and species that can cooperate in order to bring benefit to each other. Beyond and doubts, this subparagraph will cover relationships between policy and environment, because political factor plays a very momentous role in building the environment. This policy can bring whether excellent or bad yarns, so here comes the next subject on modern threats that can be brought. Ecological humanism is an indivisible part of this chapter, whereas, without any human ethics, our nature and environment would be already dead. This chapter is built on topics that come apart and fractionally interconnected with each other.}

_{We will look through the role and level of effectiveness of different state and non-state actors in world politics in solving climate problems, including the United Nations, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, United Nations Environment Program, United Nations Industrial Development Organization, World Health Organization, World Meteorological Organization. The Group of Twenty, the Group of Eight, the BRICS, the World Wildlife Fund.}

_{We will follow through the history and evolution of international negotiations on climate change: Negotiating committee (1992), United Nationa Framework Convention of the parties (1994), Kyoto protocol (1997), UN CC conference (2010), Paris agreement (2015). By such chronological order, it will be apparently understood which cardinal alterations and results have each of them brought to this issue. Convention Framework is what everybody should know about, cause since 1994 180 countries are tackling problems of climate change, as well as its main objectives and enforcement mechanisms usage. This research is going to discuss this part in details to identify the most successful steps for better understanding of the plan.}

_{Last but not least, this research is going to discuss China's case, what are the benefits to introduce such country to the UN and what China can suggest for improving the real issues. This is connected with recent events of coronavirus in China, that is why China's attitude towards the actions of ecology and climate change can become different. It is time to think about ecology and health, and China is a leader in introducing renewable sources.}

_{The theoretical significance of the thesis lies in the fact that it is practically based on the pervasive and comprehensive list of different sources, moreover the approaches of international actors towards solving the climate problem analysis.}

_{This study applicability is crucial because it is directly connected with problems that influence our lives directly and inevitably. There have been three critical processes that have affected the environmental processes in a negative way towards problems in international environmental safety:}

_{Leading Westrn countries became caused aggravation of international tension. Western countries wanted to create financial and economic systems with enforcement and this was caused by the rapid change in the balance of forces between the various power cores.}

_{The number of global environmental problems is growing very fast, but the pace with which deceisions are created and implemented on this issue is significantly behind.}

_{Western countries wanted to weaken the international legal system, that is why the main negotiation mechanisms of the UN were decreased.}

_{The chronological framework will cover the period from the 1990s until nowadays because especially in this period, most of the agreements have been signed, most committees have been created, and most of the changes happened. Moreover, there have been noticed a dramatic boost in successful actions, so it would be very productive to trace this way as a whole and to identify possible predispositions towards nowadays serious problems. It is significant to mention that earlier dates will be mentioned as well in order to provide specific theories that were created but still are significant.}

_{There are many organizations already that perform, go together with the time, and their actions bring benefit, but also there is one huge and the most crucial subject - United Nations. Our research is going to look at the problem not only through indispensable theoretical approaches, but mainly, through the prism of United Nations, by looking at all leading organizations, events, reports, committees, organized under control of UN, or the partners of UN.}

_{Source Overview}

_{Climate change is expected to have severe immixtures Filho, W. L. (2015). Handbook of climate change adaptation. Berlin: Springer Reference. for the global economy and for a large number of areas of human activity. First, we need to summarize current estimates of the climate change effects and explain how they are built. It is important to identify the primary sources of ambiguity and forthcomings that affect them. Secondly, many misunderstandings are not fully reflected in current estimates of the global effects of climate change in monetary units.}

_{For better and extensive understanding, it is necessary to take different authors who are creating various approaches towards investigating this problem. It is imperative to look for opinions from different sides to compare and contrast and to identify the real problems of environmental security. First and foremost, we will provide authors who gave us the idea of cultural theory. C. Schuchert and C.Dunbar Schuchert С. and Dunbar С. A Text Book of Geology. N. Y., 1933., Shannon M. McNealy were speaking about people who are perceiving the nature and environment through cultural and social interactions. Moreover, one group of scholars is concentrating on economic issues, especially the interconnection of welfare and climate change. Frankhauser, S., R. Tol and D. Pearce (1997), Douglas and Wildavsky (1982), Hutton G.(2011) have been discussing environmental and resource economics and the most compelling destructions that were brought to the environment. Thirdly, human activity leads to the fact that the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere exceeds the levels of it that was experienced by previous civilizations. The uncertainty associated with our understanding of emerging climate change poses non-trivial challenges in developing and implementing risk management strategies. That is why, Keller, K., G. Yohe and M. Schlesinger (2007), in their article, are explaining the real risks which can be caused by human actions. The idea is that people are using all-natural resources very inaccurately and without any sort of intention to save them.}

_{It is essential to look through the international legal documents related to}

_{climate change issues, especially the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) (1992) and the Kyoto Protocol (1997) Ham, E. B. J. (1981). In the Court of Appeal of Alberta: Her Majesty the Queen (appellant) against Ellen Betty Jean Ham, accused (respondent), appeal from the sentence by the honourable Mr. Justice Bracco, dated the 8th day of May, A.D. 1981 ..Place of publication not identified: publisher not identified., other documents of the UN and international organizations, as well as some countries.}

_{What is more, materials of international summits and conferences that are devoted to the problem of climate change, primarily the UN Climate Conferences in different countries, as well as materials of the G8 and G20 summits.}

_{Expected outcomes}

_{The problem of climate change has been of considerable interest among scientists, scientists and theorists since ancient times. However, due to the high development rates, recently, an increasing number of factories, the number of cars on the roads, and therefore, numerous traffic jams lead to unimaginable changes in the atmosphere, especially to high levels of air emissions, air pollution, which leads to more severe problems such as melting glaciers and rising temperatures. That is why the number of environmentally friendly organizations is growing every day, but one of the most important factors influencing this issue is the United Nations, which role among other roles is to protect the habitat and all its components. Data analysis is one of the most critical points in this study because, with the help of graphs, tables, interviews, it will be useful to find a solution and determine the real role of the United Nations in preserving the surrounding.}

_{Negative transformations that are happening nowadays in the humidity may not attract much attention due to its invisibility. In any case, if we do not change our attitude to this issue and involve governments, countries and strengthen the role of the United Nations, this can lead to irrevocable changes. Humanity must abandon national and group egoism, objectively assess environmental threats and prepare in advance for them. This implies not only the adoption of well-known decisive measures but also the development of new diplomatic, political, economic and other initiatives, means and methods. According to methods in the 21st century, it is important to mention such media resources as television, radio, newspapers. Due to such a high and rapid dissemination of information among people, problems began to be addressed through communities and informal organizations. It is surprisingly pleasant to observe how communities discuss the problems of climate change in the prism of ordinary people, not being able to make the changes visible, but being able to attract the highest authorities. It is equally important to say that the United Nations has completely changed its membership, and now some members are much more realistic about solving this problem. Moreover, the United Nations is expanding: if earlier, it consisted only of governments, now it also consists of formal and informal organizations. The role of such organizations strictly affects the global trends of humanity as a whole. Surprisingly, environmental safety is primarily a policy issue. As mentioned earlier, there is a fine line between political tensions and environmental issues, but at the same time, these areas have virtually no effect on each other. The real will of existing governments now plays a significant role, because in recent centuries most of the existing stable governments have not sought to take any action. For example, even now, in several key countries and countries of the world, strict legal obligations to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, primarily carbon emissions, have not yet been made. Even though Western countries are ready to weaken the power of the UN, its role is still the most significant. The United Nations is the only basis for monitoring the attitude of communities and organizations towards solving the problem of climate change. Besides, this is the only participant that creates regulatory mechanisms and creates an international relationship in solving global environmental problems. Ensuring international environmental security is not only an economic and social problem but also a political problem. Until the leading countries take into account the fact of mandatory legal commitment, neither the UN nor other organizations in cooperation will cause drastic positive changes.}

_{Chapter 1. Environmental basics}

_{At the beginning of this extensive section, it is mandatory to understand the meaning of international environmental security. It is a danger from natural processes that overwhelms other parts of the world. It is significant to mention that this concept became commonly known in the second half of the 20th century. This happened because the fast pace world development, with new technologies intervention, and after the 2nd World War, it became very relevant. It is momentous to understand that recently, environmental aspect was not taken into consideration as much as it is taken now. During the last 50 years, it has changed significantly, and organizations started to perceive it in a different context. According to most of the scientists, “to change the system, it is necessary to identify not only changes but also objective reasons - attributions”. That is why most of the authorities not only started to change their attitude towards this situation, but also they started to change the political philosophy of their ruling circles. Environmental security lies in the centre of the investigation, and it has undergone significant changes: in the beginning, the attention was on decreasing ecological cataclysms by using technologies. After all, it was detected, that population health is suffering as well, and this became the first goal - to save population health.}

_{1.1 Theoretical approach towards environment and climate change}

_{To begin with, this subparagraph is going to be directed towards investigating the theoretical side on climate change and environmental security, because every problem has its beginning, and this beginning is primarily lying in imaginative vision.}

_{It is significant to mention that theoretical paths started to exist as well as global ecological problems. This part became highly recognized in scientific and political areas in the second part of the XX century. Ecological problems are the logical consequence of the whole security system development in the world. Naturally, discussion on global environmental issues appeared earlier than the 2nd World War, but authorities put the emphasis on post war consequences, such as poverty, low level of humans living, economic problems.}

_{1.2 Cultural Theory of Risk for Climate Change Adaptation}

_{In 1933, American famous geologists C.Schuchert and C.Dunbar were highly agitated about geological consequences that could appear from human's activity. Due to this topic, the “Cultural Theory of Risk for Climate Change Adaptation” provides the idea of people's direct influence on ecological problems. The main idea lies in the fact that people create fundamental assumptions that are socially interacted with the cultural composition of basic society. These facts are interconnected because it leads to their perception of climate change risks. People are building that preference of the world in which they are living.}

_{By the same token, it significant to mention Shannon M.Mcneeley and Heather Lazrus in their manuscript from 15 April 2013, where they also describe the “Cultural Theory of Risk for Climate Change Adaptation”. The basic idea lies in the fact that culture and climate change are strongly interconnected between each other, but, unfortunately, this connection is not well perceived and understood, according to Adger (2009). However, according to Douglas (1966) and Rayner (1985) Rayner, D. (1985). Testing Protocol Implementations. The Impact of Processing Techniques on Communications, 601-615. doi: 10.1007/978-94-009-5113-6_29, the recognition of the environment through cultural factor determines peoples' principles and their behaviour. This means that each social organization has its perceptions about environmental and its risks, that is why people, who belong to different groups or organizations understand environmental problems and risks differently, as a consequence. To better understand the difference, Rayner (1992) presented three main types of institutional cultures with their principles and beliefs. There are market individualist, hierarchical bureaucracy, egalitarian group. The first one emphasizes competition, where the main goal is to achieve market success through this competing. The example is a corporate part of America. The second one, hierarchical bureaucracy, where hierarchy speaks for itself: every role, given to the participant is provided by special rules and procedures, for example, Environmental Protection Agency and Department of Energy in the USA. The last one, egalitarian type builds its process on cooperation without any competitive motives. An essential idea for this group is equality and fairness between participants and solidarity as well. The example is Indian organizations, non-commercial organizations that are tackling problems of environmental security. According to Table 1 Bellamy, R., & Hulme, M. (2011). Beyond the Tipping Point: Understanding Perceptions of Abrupt Climate Change and Their Implications. Weather, Climate, and Society, 3(1), 48-60. doi: 10.1175/2011wcas1081.1, the organizations and institutional cultures are defining the risks to climate change and the global environment, and as the following, it leads to the existence of peculiar worldviews. It is significant to mention so-called “myths of nature” which is also presented as peoples' perceptions.}

_{The organizations and institutional cultures define the climate change risks and the global environment risks, and as the following, it leads to the existence of different worldviews. According to Douglas and Wildavsky (1982), “people select awareness of certain dangers to conform with a specific way of life”. Schwarz and Thompson (1990) Schwarz, Michiel, and Michael Thompson. Divided We Stand: Redefining Politics, Technology and Social Choice. University of Pennsylvania Press, 1990. mentioned that the communication between people and the environment is built in different ways. People's actions are directly influencing the future development on climate change, and if they take the wrong actions, the ecology will not be able to minimize cost reductions and economy spending on solving issues and just will increase the level of global warming, melting glaciers, increasing the sea level.}

_{1.3 Greenhouse Theory of global climate change}

_{Climate change should become widespread topic that will attract universal attention, and there are many resources available that can support these activities such as online information platforms like CI grasp. This platform helps to pinpopint all numbers that determine climatic conditions. Moreover, it can provide present information, and according to data given, it is possible to build further predictions. We need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to adapt to climate change impacts. Creating awareness and increasing understanding of climate change are the most demanding actions today. Preparing for specific actions is better than barring the impacts of climate change without any protection.}

_{As it was previously mentioned, the “Greenhouse Theory of global climate change” has a place to be. During detailed familiarization with theory, many variations were presented, so different scientists had a bit distinctive explanations about this. The best variant is to discuss Greenhouse theory on climate change from Victorian times Mudge, F. B. (1997). The development of the `greenhouse' theory of global climate change from Victorian times. Weather, 52(1), 13-17. doi: 10.1002/j.1477-8696.1997.tb06243.x that was written by F.B.Mudge, because it presents the primary view towards the situation. Naturally, the greenhouse effect is considered to be the most common `environmental' machine. It has always been in the centre of scientific discussions since its existence in Victorian times. The greenhouse gas theory began to be actively discussed until 1800, and in 1827 and 1837 by Fourier and Pourier Spiegel, Murray R. THEORY AND PROBLEMS OF POURIER ANALYSIS WITH APPLICATIONS TO BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEMS. MCGRAW-HILL, 1974. it was debated in details. They began to conduct special tests with thermometers in order to measure the effect of heated radiation. They concluded that the radiation to Earth and to the sky is not a fiction. The latter is absorbed by the Earth more, and this causes temperature changes. Later, in the 1850s, Tyndall discovered the glaciers melting, and this dramatically affected the atmosphere and changes the temperature Tyndall, John. A Record of the Scientific Work of John Tyndall (1850-1888). Printed for Private Circulation at the Chiswick Press, 1935.. Scientists understood that this situation was getting more severe and new fixtures were invented: spectrometer (Tyndall in 1863) Tyndall, John. A Record of the Scientific Work of John Tyndall (1850-1888). Printed for Private Circulation at the Chiswick Press, 1935., bolometer (Langley in 1881) to determine specific values, for example, solar activity and solar radiation.}

_{Many factors influence global warming, but, according to Will Stephen: “Betting only on reducing carbon dioxide emissions does not justify itself. The fact is that the temperature on Earth depends not only on them” Stephen, W. (n.d.). 1.6 Growing carbon dioxide emissions. doi: 10.1787/888932320770. According to scientific forecasts, the climate has always changed with a tremendous pace, and in the 21st century, the Arctic Ocean may lose ice for the first time in a thousand years. The Arctic can assuredly become a leader in shaping future climate events. Global warming there is faster than anywhere else, and the record has been set over the past decade: while the temperature on the whole planet has risen only 1 degree when in the Arctic the temperature has risen 5-7 degrees. American professor Jennifer Francis is even more optimistic. She is sure that the ocean can free itself from ice already by the summer of 2040, that is 60 years earlier than ten years ago Aley, Jennifer. Ecosystem Management: Adaptive Strategies for Natural Resources Organizations in the Twenty-First Century. Taylor & Francis, 1999..}

_{1.4 Human activity and environmental changes in a new era}

_{Human activity acquired geological significance in the 1930s. As Vernadsky said: “We are present, and we are vitally involved in the creation in the biosphere of a new geological factor unprecedented in its help and community”.}

_{In the 1950s and 1970s the new vulnerability appeared. It was connected with uncontrolled production of waste and industrial waste that increased. From the end of the 20th century, ecological problems became common through all the communities. As following, in the 21st century, the applicability of the theoretical part of ecological security sharply escalated. To better understand overwhelming dangerous influence, these problems have become part of the global agenda of many negotiations. On October 2, 2015, a special meeting was held with S.V. Lavrov and Ban Ki-moon. It was dedicated to the development of the military conflict in Syria after the start of airstrikes of the Russian Aerospace Forces Lavrov discussed with Ban Ki-moon the development of the situation in the Middle East [Electronic resource] / TASS news agency. 2015.01.10 - Access mode: http://tass.ru/politika/2309826 . They discussed all controversies, connected with this event. Moreover, the upcoming conference on environmental safety in Paris in December of that year was not an exception. In the second part of the 21st century, many reasons became dangerous in causing the rethinking of ecological security problems.}

_{First of all, ecological security stability was negatively influenced by the international situation. The main idea was that countries were not completely ready and able to take severe actions and create solutions for improving ecological problems. That is why there were taken measures that adjusted international policy and cooperation directions.}

_{Secondly, ecological problems scale is increasing in progression and is considered to be unstoppable. That is why actions taken in order to prevent some problems are failed due to the increasing dissemblance.}

_{Thirdly, UN efficiency, its actors and associated organizations was decreased. This happened because several Western countries took deliberate attempts to weaken the international legal and institutional system of the world order.}

_{Last but not least, not every problem can be considered and solved in details. This is happening because as higher the aggravation of the international situation- the lesser would be the productivity of actions taken to resolve ecological problems. This leads to the fact that political process development, its rethinking and analysis will be slow, and in such conditions, the analytical process will investigate and resolve the problems which directly deteriorating the situation. The problems which are not so relevant will not be taken into account.}

_{1.5 Paradigm of international ecological security}

_{Nowadays, the situation can be called a paradigm of international ecological security. It was caused by misunderstandings and inconsistencies between political and economic development at each level. Nowadays, peoples' attitude towards natural resources and ecological products remains inappropriate. The thing is that eco-friendly products are still presented as common public goods, and people are absorbing these non-renewable resources, and polluting the environment. They do not take care of the atmosphere where they live and the air which they breathe, because they take it for granted. As a consequence, such attitude towards nature creates substantial economic, social and ecological issues for their children and further generations. If it is going to continue, future generations will not be able to satisfy their needs entirely because of lack of resources. However, there is a fact that due to technological advances, education development and scientific researches that are successful, some issues can be avoided.}

_{Pollution is moving between the countries and causes various economic and ecological problems. Global industrial developed countries while trading with each other increase the level of rivers, seas and ocean pollutions, air pollutions and joint worsening of climate, bringing disbalance.}

_{Moreover, such situation may generate the creation of damage from one economic sector to others. According to Hardin G. (1968): “Each is closed within a system that encourages infinitely expand his flock - in a limited world. The final point, to which everyone is in a hurry, is a disaster - everyone pursues their interest in a society that believes in freedom of community.” Hardin G. The Tragedy of the Commons // Science. 13 December 1968: Vol. 162 no. Р.3859 - 1244 If such continue to exist, the world will become very aggressive, and every state will be tackling only with its problems, increasing its level of safety”. It will cause “war of all against all”, as Hobbes said.}

_{Due to such an unstable situation, there are three types of mechanisms that should help to resolve ecological instability. The first one is direct government regulation, for instance, norms, rules and regulations. The second one is market mechanisms that are directed towards economic stimulations. Last but not least, mixed mechanisms that will combine the first two. It is necessary to mention that the seriousness of problems connected with climate change and environmental depletion, the third mechanism will be the most effective one.}

_{1.6 Political and environmental interconnection}

_{The previous part leads to the next point. At the beginning of the 21st century, it became necessary to pay attention to the interconnectedness between political issues with green ones. The main idea is that government political actions are not considered to be effective in tackling environmental problems because the primary goal for the government is to satisfy its interests and sometimes environment does not fit into their plans. That is why the states' and actors' behaviour as well as the UN, is very contradictory regarding environmental security. However, global problems' solving is impossible without an effective global mechanism that will take into consideration all states' interests. Three main principles which are needed to be taken into account:}

_{natural systems conservation and restoration.}

_{equitable access to natural resources of current and future generations of people as well as ensuring rational nature management.}

_{providing favourable nature's condition. This will lead to an increasing level of human's quality of life.}

_{However, the main obstacles start to exist. For instance, the government puts different preferences towards tackling this situation. According to Barnett (2001): “the topic of the environmental safety is based more on the ideas of leaders responsibility for national security than on real environmental issues” Barnett, Jon, The Meaning of Environmental Science: Ecological Politics and Policy in the New Security Era, /J.Barnet// Zed Books, London, 2001. Р.170. Moreover, 20th-century events, such as World War, war conflict between Russia and the USA, China and European Union countries became more prioritized than others for political elites. To compare and contrast world problems visions in the last centuries and now, today these problems, including ecological ones, became very important as well. It is necessary to mention that environmental and national security are inseparable and interconnected. To start an effective policy that will struggle with environmental issues, cooperation, and joint creation will be effective measures that will be more dominant than the scale of environmental problems.}

_{What is more, increasing attention towards this question is indispensable because it will increase governments' attention, and, as a consequence, governments will create stable supranational structures and organizations, coalitions and unions, which interests will coincide. There are three main approaches and supranational models that can be used: global, regional, national.}

_{To begin with the first one - there are global interests. Their main idea is very universal, because the whole world community is appealing to it when interests of one order are prevailing the interests of another. Here comes the compromise which is used by all leading international institutes and UN. Secondly, the priority is given to the local communities and civilizations. Their interests are presented to the regional unions, and these unions can consolidate resources of the European Union. Thirdly, bilateral, regional, interests as well as cross-border cooperation is at the first level. The main idea of this model is new mechanisms creation, firstly inside such organizations as NAFTA, ASEAN and others, and after through a dialogue between them. In order to avert an environmental catastrophe and preserve nature for future generations, a person will have to transform not only a predominantly destructive type of activity, but also the entire system of cultural values ??based on new realities. Moreover, the main goal is not to push all strategies towards economic development, but to put a person in the center. Cultural development is a successful way to determine the right attitude towards nature. If this attitude is correct, then economic, technological and other activities will exist within the framework of clear mechanisms. If ecological civilization flourishes, then socio-economic, technological and environmental harmonious relations will also prosper. Sustainable, continual development is the key to environmental civilization, and social dynamics is built on that.}

_{1.7 Relevant modern threats for the global environment}

_{Environmental security threats inquiry tends to be one of the hardest and most pressing problems nowadays for international actors and governments. These problems are the cornerstone, especially in international relations, because everything is interconnected, complementary, and tends to be very meaningful. Environmental security is an inseparable part of the whole security system. This fact is documented, for instance, in the national USA security, that was approved in 2015. There are many ideas of what has to be done in order to safeguard the environment. Many organizations, non-official organizations are created, but one of the most effective and significant not only for the whole world but also for this research is preserving the political and legal framework of the UN.}

_{Making UN the “regulatory centre” is one of the most important aims. This center incorporates many tasks inside it, and due to such overwhelming political actions, it can provide stable and durable fundament. If to compare the UN's activity with, for instance, Russian Security Strategy activity, it is significant to mention, that most of the problems are similarly momentous. It is necessary to say that due to the high pace of technological and scientific development, the geopolitical situation in the world has been worsened, and as a consequence, environmental security is broken with new ecological issues. As scholars mentioned it, “environmental problems have been aggravated…”, “…the ecological problems have not been solved and just have become worse…”Deutsche Welle. (n.d.). Five of the world's biggest environmental problems: DW: 11.10.2016. Retrieved from https://www.dw.com/en/five-of-the-worlds-biggest-environmental-problems/a-35915705. These quotations seem to be very simple for understanding, but very hard for creating a solution for them.}

_{Here comes the idea that commonly taken actions by countries and their cooperations are not competent enough. What is more, the most important action that has to be vital for every country is to focus all the intentions to improve the situation on the ecological living systems and rational nature management. In the long term perspective, “such care about ecology may prevent negative and killing consequences for humanity that will bring a threat to its existence in 2045” Strategic Trends Programme. Global Strategic Trends-Out to 2045/Ministry of Defence. Fifth Edition/- Lnd.,2015. Р.70-74. In Strategic national security, there are specific tasks listed:}

_{1. regeneration of nature systems}

_{2. providing quality for the environment}

_{3. liquidation of ecological damage from economic activity in the face of increasing economic activity and global climate change}

_{Russian Security Strategy includes international aspects and specific useful approach towards environmental problems. This document is considered to be an essential document for strategic planning in the country, and it is significant to mention that most of the aspects are similar to the aspects written in UN documents.}

_{Approaching to UN policy, it is necessary to highlight a quote: “ensuring environmental safety” is directly related to the concept of “sustainable development”. Due to the modernisation process and economic development, all the actions taken may not ruin the environmental shell.}

_{According to UN documents, there is a list of the most considerable problems that have to be taken into attention. For instance, the extinction of certain species of animals and plants, a decrease in the ozone layer of the earth, an increase in the proportion of deserts, reduction in the area of fertile soils, the greenhouse effect, and the problem of climate change. In 1984, 35% of the land was threatened by the processes development related to land devastation and the deserts onset and a decrease in forest areas.}

_{The threat of hazardous wastes}

_{The UN's activity was strictly directed towards this threat and in the 1980s, there were numerous documents accepted. For example, it is vital to mention the Basel Convention (1989) Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal: Hearing before the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, One Hundred Second Congress, Second Session, March 12, 1992. U.S. G.P.O., 1992.. This Convention is dedicated to the creation of environmental standards for developed and industrialized countries. Besides, it heightened the environmental issue, in particular the reduction of hazardous wastes, the establishment of restrictions on the transboundary movement of these hazardous wastes, and finally, the establishment of a regulatory system, which could apply to situations where transboundary movements are permissible. One of the most pressing problems was the lack of clean water, and, according to data, about 1 billion people on our planet suffered from this in 2015. (Graph 1)}

Graph 1

_{The threat of greenhouse gas and CO2 emissions}

_{As the world is developing, numerous global problems bring a threat to ecological stability. One of them is greenhouse gas emissions. According to the Ourworldindata.com, climate change cannot be taken under control due to the high pace of changes Filho, W. L. (2015). Handbook of climate change adaptation. Berlin: Springer Reference.. Greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane increased world temperatures by 1 degree since the times of the pre-industrial world. Human and technological impact is the first reason of such situation. In the last years, the world suffers from extraordinary unpredictable nature events that negatively influence the average pace of natural processes. For instance, droughts, floods, storms, the growth of sea level, as The Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC) Potential Impacts of Climate Change. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 1990. presents. According to the Graph 2, and as UN experts, whose activity is directed towards solving ecological problems, are claiming world global emissions have increased sharply: from 2 billion tonnes of CO2 in 1900 to the more significant number - 35 billion tonnes nowadays. According to the Global Carbon Project, there will be seen further annual growth of 2.7% and 0.6% in 2018 and 2019, respectively Global Carbon Project. (2013). doi: 10.1787/9789264203419-108-en.}

Graph 2

_{CO2 is growing very fast, and if to compare its growth is the fastest over the last seven years. The countries that were mentioned above are presented here, as well. Graph 3 shows CO2 emissions by country and the changes that happened and are shown by numbers presented on the left side of the graph. According to the graph, the most significant contributors were China, India and the US. It is crucial to notice that their sum of global CO2 growth is about 69%, where Indian emissions' growth was by 7% , US emissions- by 2,6%, Chinese - by 2,2%.} 

Graph 3

_{As James Lavelok quoted in 2006: “We must bear in mind the monumental speed with which changes will arise, to understand how little time is left for action. Then each community, each nation will have to work out the best option for using the available resources so that civilization lasts as long as possible.” UN countries are convinced that a change in degrees on even 1 or 2 points can significantly affect natural processes and destroy their sustainability. Moreover, it is fraught with a profound, irreversible and costly impact on the environment, people and the economy. However, climate change is inevitable, as are technological and scientific advances. Scientists argue that small changes at 2 degrees are available only if the total amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions should remain at the level of 1000 petagrams Petagram of carbon (Pg), also known as a Gigaton (Gt), is equal to 10^15 grams or one billion tonnes. A tonne, also known as a metric ton, is equal to one thousand kilograms (1,000 kg). of carbon. According to the World Energy Outlook Special Report, the vast majority of emissions account for 2/3 of the total global volume in 2010 (Graph 4) OECD/IEA. (2013). Redrawing the energy-climate map: World Energy Outlook special report..}

Graph 4 Source: OECD/IEA. (2013). Redrawing the energy-climate map: World Energy Outlook special report.

_{In the greenhouse gases emitted by this industry, CO2 from burning fossil fuels is approximately 90%, and another 10% is methane. As it is widely considered, most developed and industrialised countries, such as USA, Russia, United Kingdom, India, Brazil have a maximum congestion of negative technological advances from the 1900s to 2005, so these countries influenced mainly global warming, and this contribution exceeded 60%.. As Damon Matthews noted, these countries are the largest polluters in the world. CO2 is the primary source, and its primary sources are fossil fuel combustion and land-use change. The leader is the United States: 0.75 ° C out of 0.7, i.e. 22%. The indicators of other countries are as follows: China - 9%, Russia - 8%, Brazil and India - 7%, Germany and Great Britain - 5%. “The high ranking of less developed countries may come as a surprise,” says Matthews. “However, the issue is not only industrial emissions, but also deforestation.” Matthews H. D. et al. National contributions to observed global warming //Environmental Research Letters. 2014. Vol. 9. No, 1. Р.1-9 We should not forget about war world conflicts that are not exceptions and considered to be ecological problem influencers. For example, the arson of oil wells during the 1991 Gulf War had strongly influenced the environment. However, it is interesting to notice that countries not only brought harm to the environment but in the same time tried to take steps to beaten environmental pollution and to improve their condition. UN's organizations as well took extraordinary steps to help the nature and reduce the number of ecological problems.}

_{Ecological humanism}

_{Ecological humanism is an inseparable part of ecological security. Its formation happened in the 21st century, during serious problems started to happen in those times. The philosophical approaches became fundamental needs in order to sustain the situation. That is why most of the actions that were made by country found the reflection in documents that showed the political philosophy. For example, the USA's intention to get back its military forces as a foreign policy instrument. It was found in “The strategy of national security” The National Security Strategy/ Wash.,2015. February/ PP. 1-25; The National Military Strategy of the United States of America. 2015/ Wash.,2015. P.1-6 document and was accepted in January 2015. It leads to the point that actually, solving environmental problems has become an international imperative: “The ecological crisis makes the sustainable development of civilization impossible” Strategic Trends Programme. Global Strategic Trends - Out to 2045. Fifth Edition/ Ministry of Defence of Great Britain, 2015. .67-69 . As the Ministry of Defence of Great Britain claimed, humanity can die in the nearest future without solved environmental problems Flood and Coastal Defence Project Appraisal Guidance: Environmental Appraisal. Great Britain, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, 2000.. It is significant to mention that vital interests are crucial interests because they are connected with strategy and are considered to be interdependent. It is interesting to mention that nowadays as more people are on the planet - the more problems we have. That is why, day to day environmental movements, organizations, stocks start to exist, and this pays much attention towards ecological issues, and as a consequence, new world culture starts to exist as well.}