Efficiency of the UN Policies to enhance International Environmental Security

_{That is why the 1990s became the crucial moment in the field of climate and environmental problems. Humanity started to feel it and to pay their attention to it, and dynamic diplomacy of the negotiation processes has formed, in which the vast majority of states participated in one form or another.}

_{2.7 Framework UN Convention on climate change}

_{Hazards that were discussed above had strongly influenced peoples' perception of the environment. Scientists from the whole world started to investigate the real reasons that caused climate change and identified the real danger of it. The world needed specific solutions in order to create a stable system. That is why the Framework UN Convention on climate change was accepted. It gained a force in 21st of March 1994 and was the leading international cooperation instrument. This instrument's main functions were softening negative aftereffects that were caused by climate change. It had to slow down emissions spread around the Earth and to natural shell preservation. It had the comparatively new and exciting aspect of movement: there were two types of countries, which functions differentiated. The first group of countries was developed countries, and they were leaders in decreasing greenhouse gases emissions (Russia, Belorus, Ukraine). In contrast, more developed countries had to sponsor the first ones with resources, because at the beginning of 1990s developed countries emitted 2/3 of the polluting elements and the emissions increase in China and India and other countries at that time was tiny.}

_{Kyoto Protocol}

_{This Framework Convention developed fast, so in 1997 the Kyoto protocol was accepted as a supplementary document to the UNFCC. Kyoto protocol was accepted in Kyoto, Japan, and its contribution was very priceless. It consisted of 192 countries, including the most developed countries. It had an explicitly new idea that was really working. It was concluded that every country makes some amount of emissions and brings harm to the atmosphere. However, every country, due to its different technological development had a different amount of emissions, and it would be not honest to oblige all the countries with the same rules. That is why, since 2008, when Protocol came into action, until 2012, unique economic mechanisms were created that regulated emissions process by every country. These mechanisms were called “flexible mechanisms” because they adapted to the country: every country with its opportunities had to reduce CO2 and greenhouse gases emissions on the next numbers (Table 3):}

Table 2

_{The main idea lied in the fact that countries had the opportunity to decide whether they can sell the `units' of emissions which they did not release, or they can buy these `units'. Far and away, developed countries which emissions were officially in the documents and were presented as obligatory ones could start trading between each other. This was called “Intergovernmental quotes trading”.}

_{The next mechanism that was also used by the Protocol was “Joint Response Projects” which idea was the project on the foreign territory. Developing countries just could take participation in these projects because they were not obliged to reduce their emissions, whereas developed countries were obliged to do it, and they paid for these projects. Since the 1st of January 2008, until 31st of December 2012 Kyoto Protocol operated, after, only in 2015 on the Paris UN Conference in 2015, it was concluded to replace it with another agreement.}

_{2.8 UN Conference on climate change in Copenhagen}

_{At first glance, it may seem that this conference can be very successful. However, despite many expectations, this conference finished more negatively rather than positively. It was held from 7th until 18th December in 2009 in Copenhagen and was directed towards climate change. About 200 countries were involved in the process, and were trying to find some consensus. Moreover, journalists, essential politicians and countries representatives were also participants there, so in total, there were about 8000 people. Even though this conference was held in the ecologically clean city - this did not influence on the positive outcome.}

_{There appeared quite an obvious problem that could be a good explanation of an unsuccessful attempt to agree. As it is widely known, at this conference were different countries, consequently, with different opportunities in many factors. That is why the agreement's text that was offered as a proper sentence caused discontent and misunderstanding between developed and developing countries. This “Copenhagen Agreement” offered an idea to control global temperature and not to let her rise more than 2 degrees Celsius. Thus and so, developing countries blamed developed ones and claimed that such decision satisfied only the latter ones. As the Chair of G77, Lumumba Stanislaus Di-Uping claimed: “This Agreement can be called completely unbalanced because the text undermines absolutely all the agreements that were made during the negotiations over the past two years.” Whiteman, Hilary. Poor nations' fury over leaked climate text / CNN. Retrieved December 10, 2009 After confidential analysis of the contract's text, it has become clear that the sheer number of text details is alarming developing countries.}

_{Actually, it seemed that this Conference would be a real failure, but, in the end, China, Brazil, India and South Africa made a free deal with declarative character. According to the document signed at the summit, until January 2010, all states have to affirm their further plans to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. In the same time, developing countries, until 2020, will receive financial assistance in the amount of up to $100 billion Key powers reach compromise at climate summit". BBC News. 19 December 2009. China, India, Brazil and South Africa agreed to monitor industrial emissions and claimed that they would make everything to control temperature indicators.}

_{However, most of the countries had contradictory opinions towards this situation. As for USA's President Barack Obama, it was “significant and unprecedented”. Whereas British Premier-minister Gordon Brown mentioned that “…they have launched a process, but this is not enough, and we have to do a lot of things to make this process juridical…” Copenhagen deal reaction in quotes/ BBC News. 19 December 2009. Retrieved 19 December 2009. In the same time, IPCC Chairperson Rajendra Pachauri claimed that this agreement seems to be “not up to date” agreement due to its numerous inconveniences. Chinese Prime Minister Wen Jiabao said that only distrust caused such unacceptable and insecure agreement. Greenpeace Executive Director - John Soven called this Conference a real mistake. He said that it is a real crime and the agreement that was made is the opposite of what has to be in order to tackle the environmental problems. “It is too late to save the summit, but it is not too late to save the planet and its people. We have no choice but to move towards a legally binding agreement in 2010. This should be a decisive and ambitious step forward, and not business negotiations, as usual. ", - claimed “Oxfam” representative Robert Bailey.}

_{In conclusion, it has to be mentioned that this Conference had both sides. From one hand, countries there claimed that the situation is going to change significantly, but from the other hand, this agreement was not internationally accepted, that is why it did not have as much power as it could have. Moreover, such a big split between countries with different development level is not the best option to build a peaceful and healthy environment. To make the world better, everyone should coexist peacefully, and every country should take responsibility for its policy conducted and for less developed countries who do not have the same economic opportunities. Finally, this leads to the fact that the Copenhagen Conference was a real example of an unfortunate event, preferably that successful one, and it served as a lesson for future actions.}

_{Paris Agreement}

_{According to the official website, “the Paris Agreement came into force on November 4, 2016”. Paris Agreement is not an exception and is standing on the same line as previous organizations and programmes. Its main goal is to tackle with climate change problems and to find specific solutions, especially to help developing countries to tackle with it on the same level by introducing new financial flows and technological basics. Anyway, Paris Agreement outlined a bit different course. If to compare its political direction - the temperature growth prevention and supporting countries with tackling negative climate consequences. Morever, the key aspect - is full transparency of actions which may prevent many misunderstandings.}

_Conclusion

_{Concluding such extensive and comprehensive research, it is essential to mention that “ecological security” is collective, but at the same time hard for understanding word. It has a lot of meanings and underwater rocks. As time was going on, its significance and public perception changed as well. Unfortunately, the last 50 years had brought a lot of negative consequences with this meaning, and it has to be taken into consideration. Many governments, including developed, developing sometimes underestimate seriousness, and, together with a formal and informal organization take steps which are not everlasting and one day, and these steps will not be as practical as may seem now.}

_{As it was mentioned in the research, most of the problems that touch upon everybody in the world are interconnected: climate, economy, security, health, well-being, level of living. That is why for practical issue-resolving has to be the multipolar system which will bring not only confidence for the next day but also confidence for the far future and will include differentiation of interests.}

_{It was proved that previous years had brought profound development of technological advancements, and the technological part is acting more professionally than it was in the last centuries. However, the government do not always use these advancements for the whole environment because they are interested only in their interests.}

_{Regardless, negotiatory processes, creation of an organization has become very sharp jerk towards the bright future. Dynamic diplomacy with most of the governments as participants is an excellent and extraordinary picture which can not but rejoice. United Nations is dynamic and powerful organizations with numerous mechanisms, but its only problem is that all decisions made by all the organs are no eternal and thoroughly competent. Beyond and doubts, United Nations skilfully attracts universal attention, including media and journalists, and this action are handy. Summits that are held nowadays are directed in the right way- climatic problems, and if all industrialized countries follow in this pace by policies that are made public ones - our community can not be doomed, and everyone has great hope.}

_{If humanity is going to unite with organizations, United Nations and will look in the same, environmental conditions can be improved very significantly, and without group egoism, we can achieve great results and to be prepared for significant changes. I want to believe that very soon environmental situation is going to repair and every government will realize its importance of participating of saving our ecology.}

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_Appendix

Graph 1

Graph 2

Graph 3

Graph 4

_{Source: OECD/IEA. (2013). Redrawing the energy-climate map: World Energy Outlook special report.}

Graph 5

Table 2

Graph 6

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