Efficiency of the UN Policies to enhance International Environmental Security

_{The sharpest environmental security problems cannot be resolved without changing the political philosophy of the ruling elites in most countries, and without abandoning sensible policies and traditional reliance on forceful methods to solve problems in favour of compromises and cooperation in the interests of solving global, universal, including environmental problems.}

_{Ecological ethics}

_{As it was claimed in Rio-de-Janeiro Declaration (1992), ecological ethics has a place to be. Ecological ethics is a field of research and practice of implementing ethical standards and principles that govern the attitude of man to nature. In the Declaration, the basic rules of environmental law were introduced. The initiator of ecological ethics was Oldo Leopold in 1992. In his works, the main idea is ecological conscience. Moreover, he claimed that the main problem caused by environmental self-doubt is that people cannot use resources in the right way and they do not understand that the Earth is the part of their coexistence and they belong to it. Here comes ecological conscience. After this, in 1960s Albert Schweitzer in his book “Culture and ethics” Schweitzer, A. (2005). Culture and ethics. Detroit, MI: Macmillan Reference USA. provided the basics of ecological ethics and claimed that it is a "blessing before life" Schweitzer, A. (2005). Culture and ethics. Detroit, MI: Macmillan Reference USA.. After all, industrialized countries started to stick to ecological ethics, and it leads to the creating classes in universities, such as `ecological ethics'. For instance, the USA, Australia, Canada, Finland and Norway were the first countries.}

_{The main idea of ecological ethics and ecological humanism lies in harmony and kinship between human and nature. The main goal is to understand and feel the balance between people and nature where they live and the resources which they use. That is why it is necessary to change our attitude towards nature, ecological resources, and, what is more important, to change our vision on the situation at all. We have to protect our environment from pollution, to analyse that all resources will be exhaustible, and this will lead to fatal outcomes. Protecting our environment equals protecting ourselves.}

_{1.8 Primary steps of formatting the world aspect}

_{To start with the last chapter in this part, significant to say that every problem that starts to exist in the world is primarily considered to be chaotic and may create different obstacles. The environmental security world agenda naturally became indispensable for using between countries and the main actors. Moreover, it became necessary to be cooperative even in the state of war or conflict. This leads to the fact that even in the hardest periods of confrontation between the countries, it is still possible to create ways of overcoming environmental issues.}

_{For instance, the 1970s was the year of formatting of the main basics and visions of environmental diplomacy. It is the year of the revitalization of diplomatic activity. It was the period of creating the main and fundamental principles of environmental, ecological law. Here is the list of the documents and events that were the initiators of creating and formatting these principles:}

_{Stockholm United Nations Conference on the Environment human environment (1972). It was one of the most critical and significant steps towards creating ecological politics at the international level. As a result, new strategic goals were defined, and the world community actions' directions were defined as well in order to preserve the environment. Moreover, UNEP was formed.}

_{World Nature Charter (WWP) endorsed by the General Assembly (1982). This charter defined the priorities in biological activity and as a result, the formatting ща environmental policy of the governments.}

_{United Nations International Conference on Environment and Development (Rio de Janeiro, 1992). Further documents were approved:}

_{RIO Declaration on Environment and Development in 1992;}

_{21st-century Agenda;}

_{Statement of principles of management and sustainable development of all types of forests (forestry principles);}

_{Framework Convention on climate change problems;}

_{Biological diversity Convention}

_{Rio + 10 World Summit on Sustainable Development, held in Johannesburg (South Africa) in 2002. There were summarized the main results of the first decade of international social movement on the way of sustainable development. Moreover, the Implementation Plan of decisions was accepted.}

_{Due to all actions taken, the second decade was brought by a significant and sustainable basis from international laws and institutions that can provide the solving of ecological problems in a very productive way.}

_Conclusion

_{Nowadays, ecological security is standing on the same level as other not less significant problems.}

_{Analysis of the theoretical part of the environmental security is necessary}

_{Means, methods and composition of participants in the process of forming environmental policy in the world have changed nowadays}

_{Methods of public diplomacy become significant as well as negotiations, meetings and conferences}

_{In this situation, humanity can expect:}

_{The growth of international and military-political tensions, which will inevitably lead to cooperation in the field of environmental safety.}

_{Depreciation of agreements already reached, established international institutions and undermining international security because of willing of west civilizations to limit the areas of international law functioning}

_{The West can try to limit UN activity and other international organizations}



_{Chapter 2. Formatting the climatic politics}

_{Viable and sustainable development that is directly connected with environmental problems has become commonly known and got an official status on the 1st UN Conference on environmental issues in Stockholm in 1972. This event has led the world to more realistic environmental issues alertness and Environmental diplomacy became to exist. All scientists started to interrogate environmental processes more deeply and to discuss them between each other. The Conference made the world to care about the ecological situation and to make governments liable. International actors sbecame more aware of the problem, so thay started to pay attention towards solving climate problems.}

_{However, `optimists' and `pessimists' started to exist in the same time. According to Stefan Rahmstorf and Hans Joachim Schцlnhuber, their attitude was more pessimistic than optimistic. In their book “Global climate warming” Ramstorf , S., & Schцlnhuber, H. J. (1990). Global climate warming: facts and impacts. Auckland, N.Z.: CCH. they mentioned that CO2 emissions were the main factors that negatively influenced climate change. From their point of view, such emissions are so enormous and uncontrolled that its limitation would be very hard or even impossible at all.}

_{Moreover, they claimed that political instability and political vulnerabilities could be another obstacle in solving this problem because there are rich, developing and emerging countries, each country chooses the best appropriate way to find good solution. In order to explain their point of view, they said that this problem became widespread in every part of the world so that the economic factor is not the prevailing one. The question of the beneficial outcome cannot be asked at all, because they suppose that it is not this situation.}

_{In contrast, Bjorn Lomborg is considered to be an optimist, and he has another opinion towards this situation. Lomborg has a book written in 2008 “Chill out! Global warming. Sceptical leadership” Lomborg, B. (n.d.). Chill out! Global warming. Sceptical leadership. Politiken. with an opinion that global warming is not such a severe problem, and it is very exaggerated. This problem is not an obstacle for human adaptation and tackling with global warming is cheaper than reducing CO2 emissions in the atmosphere. In the same time, he is saying that solving problems in this sphere have to be summed with health, hunger, diseases. According to Lomborg: “If we remain calm and cold-blooded, then, probably, at the end of the 21st century, more dominant states will appear on our Earth in which death will not rage, there will be no suffering, wherein a clean and healthy environment prosperous people with incredible opportunities will live”Lomborg, B. .}

_{Regardless, most of the governments, including industrialized and developing ones, are trying to progress the situation and to overcome the inevitability of the processes. That is why it is significant to mention that actors are trying to take participation in solving the problems and create different ways to make the situation better.}

_{2.1 Intergovernmental organizations' activity}

_{To begin with, intergovernmental organizations, as well as actors participating in climatic changes, are playing very significant roles in tackling different problems connected with climate change, global warming, environmental changes. It is significant to mention that such actors are able to influence the tendencies of the political world individually. This means that they can act independently from the government, creating policies and finding solutions. This is caused by the growth of technologies and innovations, strategic character of climatic problems and commonly new level technological period. That is why, at the same time, the international actors' interest was growing proportionally. It is necessary to mention that even though governments create such organizations, but still in the world agenda, they are independent actors.}

_{To identify specific functions of intergovernmental organizations, primarily, it is necessary to define it. The international intergovernmental organization is a governmental association, that was created based on the international legal action and that are having permanent bodies with statutory documents, and their main goal is to achieve common targets with enough of competencies.}

_{As a consequence, intergovernmental organizations have more positive sides than negative ones. First of all, such organizations play a profound role in creating international right norms. Moreover, they create international regimes that primarily define modern international relationships and international politics. Secondly, international organizations are intermediaries. An intermediary can soften negotiations and signing documents and make it more applicable towards stabilizing peaceful coexistence. Thirdly, intergovernmental organizations have specific interests that could be different from governments' interests, and it may be a desirable factor in most conditions. Last but not least, most of the actions, made by intergovernmental actors can attract mass media, and this will play a beneficial role in order to draw the attention of more powerful actors.}

_{It is not less to say that the number of intergovernmental organizations is growing very fast and this number exceeds the number of governments. Their political meaning is significant and may become very authoritative.}

_{This chapter in moving towards the more detailed UN's discussion and its influence on the climatic and environmental changes.}

_{2.2 UN activity}

_{This chapter can be called one of the most important and meaningful among other chapters. United Nations is one of the most significant independent organizations that is tackling with adverse changes in climate on the whole planet. It is essential to mention that the UN has a very diverse agency, and this factor makes it a very effective actor among others. One of the main UN functions is monitoring of every condition and every problem on the topic of environmental climate regulation on different levels. For the United Nations, environmental regulation, climate change, CO2 emissions are one of the most prioritized topics on its agenda. Although environmental problems are growing faster than the solutions come, United Nations are taking a lot of steps that bring benefit and ways to solve them and to become closer to the situation improving. However, some scholars claim that the United Nations role can be very exaggerated, and there are some illusions about it.}

_{2.3 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)}

_{To begin with, it is necessary to describe the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, cause this organization can provide an understanding of the climate situation. It was created in 1988, and this organization united about 100 or more scientists that are collected from 130 countries. In October 2015 Hyoson Lee was selected to be the chairman. To describe the activity of this Panel, it is directed on solving economic complications in order to preserve the environment. According to its official website, it is written that Panel on Climate Change policy is lying in “assessing in a comprehensive, and objective, as well as open and transparent appearance the available scientific, technical and socio-economic information related to the scientific basis understanding of the climate change risks that are caused by human activities, its potential impact and adaptation and mitigation options.” This organization uses the last data on climate change and environmental change, and on its basis, it makes further investigations.}

_{Moreover, day to day, the Panel estimates the climate's numbers and its condition. It has specific evaluation announcements, and in their structure, the Panel describes the whole process of reconsidering the problems from different sides. It is acting on regional and on the global level, which allows it to be introduced in every detail of the problems and to estimate the potential for producing special measures. All of the reports made by the Panel are presented in the official site, so everyone can be acquainted with its data. Moreover, all announcements are spreading further to other organizations that are interested in the process to make the process more accelerated. For instance, in 1990, the first report was the new beginning for UNFCCC.}

_{Per the rules, the basis for writing the report are specialised magazines, newspapers and other scientific resources, that have been written before. If to speak about other countries' reports, their information can be added just to supplement the report.}

_{The Panel on Climate Change has always been and will be an essential source of information and the most significant organizations with valuable data. All other organizations usually take the information from Panel's resources, because its reports consist of analysis and further predictions based on past events. For example, the 5th report of the Panel was in 2014. Its main component was the physical nature analysis that happened in the past and will happen in the future based on global and regional climate changes. Moreover, it discusses in what capacity such changes will influence humanity and nature.}

_{As a consequence, this report confers the tendencies and reasons for CO2 emissions. UN has formed many essential conferences that are directed towards the climate problem. For example, such conferences happened in Lima, Durban, Warsaw, Paris, Rio de Janeiro, Copenhagen. Besides this, many documents are directed towards environmental problems as well--for instance, Framework UN Convention, Paris Agreement, Kyoto Protocol. Meetings are not an exception, for instance: UN General Assembly, UN Security Council, UN Economic and Social Council. Not less critical- Climate Summit, that was held in New York in September 2015. In this Summit, the General Secretary Ban Ki-moon, South Korean diplomat, secretary-general of the United Nations since 2007 raised for discussion such topic as reduction of greenhouse gases. Ban Ki-moon was very alarmed about the situation and for him, this question was very significant and vital because as more greenhouse gases appear - more people and nature suffer. He claimed that the society has to be strengthened, and it has to be ready for the worsening of the situation as well as to be able to resist it. Ban Ki-moon said that there are still enormous uncontrolled events happen. They can ruin the whole city and this would be.}

_{There are different projects and schemes in the UN that are being developed. Their main goal is to soften and to reduce emissions and to stabilise the situation in the world. Moreover, there is another branch of tackling with the problem - new technologies invention, for instance, technological advances that will be able to help farmers, scientists, doctors. As an example, the UN Framework is contributing a lot. It is trying to achieve the best results. In its opinion, the best result will come if the Framework Sessions will be wholly equipped. The Secretariat serves them technologically and pecuniary. Moreover, these sessions are connected with other processes, and they can get more information from other sources in order to get the full picture.}

_{One of the most important goals for the UN - is the literacy rate. When humanity can get information in the right way, to cooperate and coordinate their knowledge usefully - the climatic problems can be reduced as well. This leads to the point that the population needs access to the Internet, scientific resources, books, newspapers, magazines. If people are acquainted with most of the processes that are happening in the world, they will be able to act and to take specific measures in order to help their government and adjacent actors.}

_{For example, UNESCO provided the populations with specific campaigns that give them information on ethical aspects of ecological changes. This will lead the people to carry out effective normative measures. People can estimate their needs and to decide what needs has to be changed, eliminated or added, and which resources are necessary for their existence and which are not. As it is commonly known- the population opinion is one of the best resources that define the real picture of the world. climate environmental greenhouse gas}

_{2.4 United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)}

_{One of the most pivotal body in the ecological sphere that is the UN's creation is a UNEP programme. The importance of this programme is that can unite governments and international organizations together and create cooperation between them. Such cooperation will provide each level environmental security and sustainable development. What is more significant is that UNEP is playing a coordinative role in the whole political processes of all UN organizations on environmental questions. The main idea of this programme is close cooperation between scientific groups, organizations and governments in order to bring environmental issues to all interested consumers. It is necessary to mention three primary functions performed by UNEP:}

* _{Creates counteraction for climate change by using new made approaches and ways to overcome obstacles that interfere in critical processes.}

* _{Transferring energy-saving technologies in order to sustain a low level of emissions.}

* _{Planning process support. This process is connected with preventing deforestation.}

_{United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)}

_{The United Nations Industrial Development Organization was also created in 1966, and its main activity is promoting industrial development and international industrial cooperation. For example, UNIDO creates projects that will help to soften greenhouse gases in the industrial sector. It means that the participants in these industrial sectors will be directly involved in the procedure. Actions taken inside it are taken in concert. Such advance leads to cooperative problems solving as well as growth promotion and environmental protection. UNIDO helps to stimulate renewable energy resources and is trying to create cleaner industrial technologies. Last but not least, it also assists developing countries in implementing multilateral environmental agreements while achieving their economic and environmental goals.}

_{World Health Organization (WHO)}

_{The following organization that is necessary to discuss is the WHO- World Health Organization. The name of this organization is speaking for itself because stability and improvement of climate change are the key words. This organization participated in many events directed towards finding solutions and providing burning questions and problems. One of them was in 2014 on the 1st Global Conference. The main idea which WHO was trying to convey was connected with health problems directly caused by environment. If governments, organizations are not going to tackle problems, it will significantly influence the health condition.}

_{The world population now is suffering from climate change significantly, and if the situation is not going to stabilize, then natural selection will have the place to be. For instance, the head of WHO department Maria Neura noticed that “every year, air pollution causes the death of 7 million people. However, if we accept the necessary measures, this number can be decreased significantly.” If we are going to decrease the number of emissions into the atmosphere, the number of the cardiovascular system and respiratory tract diseases will decrease consequently. There are many reasons which cause such problems, for instance: “to a greater extent, heart disease, diseases of the vessels of the brain and kidneys, as well as peripheral arteries. The most common motives of disease development are hypertension and atherosclerosis. In addition to them, a person exhibits morphological and physiological changes with age, due to which the risk of cardiovascular diseases increases. Cardiovascular diseases can occur without symptoms in a healthy person.” Nevertheless, we do not have to forget about diseases which are directly connected with climate change. There are such as dengue fever, cholera and malaria. Their reaction on climate change is very sharp and very serious, for example, hot weather or floods lead to modification of such diseases. According to WHO data, every year, more than 9,000 deaths appear because of these changes.}

_{World Meteorological Organization (WMO)}

_{Moreover, it is significant to mention WMO (World Meteorological Organization). This organization is vital for the United Nations and considered to be a reliable source that provides necessary information about Earth condition, its reaction on changes, its behaviour. Moreover, Earth relations with glaciers, oceans, seas and water balance is not less significant. What is more valuable is that it provides specific data on greenhouse gases combinations on the Earth. In 2014 experts concluded that carbon dioxide CO2 increased significantly over the past 30 years. According to the Global Carbon Project, the amount of CO2 reached a new record of 40 billion tons. According to Global Carbon Budget, it was designated that to keep the Earth's climate system average temperature growth within 2 degrees Celsius (with a probability of 66 per cent), the ceiling of all future CO2 emissions should be 1200 billion tons. According to the Global Carbon Project, in 2014 was CO2 emissions growth by 2.5 per cent compared to 2013, and by 65 per cent from 1990 (the reference point for the Kyoto Protocol). If to speak about countries, most CO2 is emitted by China, the USA, the European Union and India (58 per cent of global emissions). Among them, only the European Union reduced emissions in 2013 (by 1.8 per cent), even though it exports up to a third of volume to China and other countries through the import of goods and services.}

Graph 5

_{According to WMO predictions, all emissions that happened before, are happening now and will happen in the future will be summed, and that is why the negative impact will be in many times more visible. That is why only quick and immediate actions can fix this situation.}

_{According to Greenhouse Gas Bulletin, from 1990 till 2014 radiation impact highly heightened on 36% because of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N20) which arose due to industrial, agricultural and domestic economic activity.}

_{Group of “8” and Group of “20.”}

_{(because of frequent usage of these designations, I will use “G8” and “G20”)}

_{With the world evolution and environmental security issues grwoth, G8 and G20 started to exist. It is necessary to notice that countries belonging to G8 and G20 are playing very symbolic roles in forming unique politics and political vision. It is not a secret that previous years have brought the world to some problems and obstacles, that caused consequences. Naturally, there are a lot of such circumstances, but it is significant to notice three major. They will be the most critical factors that influenced the policy of these governmental clubs.}

_{Group of 8}

_{Primarily, `crisis' has always been very distasteful word for every political actor, but if it is a world crisis that influences every sphere and leads to stagnation in every country since 2008, this leads to the countries' opinion modification towards the situation. Countries that were supposed to be ready for all changes and were able to defend one's position, in the crisis are less able to be ready for fixed costs and many consequences that are connected with environmental policy.}

_{Secondly, countries are trying to get used to new political mode, and that leads to their transition not only to new political type, but also technological one, and as a positive consequence, it may cause socio-political revaluation.}

_{Thirdly, military and political actions cause risks as well. These risks may have different size and earnestness, but, it will not positively influence ecological security and will only harm it.}

_{The problem of climate change existed a lot of years ago. Nevertheless, if primarily, it did not attract much attention, in 2000, The G8 offered something new that could help. This programme was based on the fact that it is paramount to widen the usage of renewable resources. Moreover, the next years it was seen that these Groups took into consideration the main problems and proclaimed that they are fully aware of it and are ready to act immediately. For instance, in 2002, when greenhouse gases started to increase with the highest pace, G8 claimed: “We admit that climate change is an compelling issue that needs a global solution". One year later, being in Evian, G8 provided its plan and gave it a description: “We have adopted an Action Plan on the best use of science and technology for sustainable development: global monitoring, control of air pollution and climate change, biodiversity”. Three years later, in 2007, the topic of energy security and efficiency became one of the most leading ones. However, this idea was partly failed, because not everyone agreed with that suggestion: the USA said that it did not have any interest and benefit in tackling with the problem of emissions reduction and claimed that it is not agreed on that. After Obama came to power, the USA's policy changed again, as well as its opinion towards the environment. That is why, two years later, in 2009, G8 countries would try to reduce the CO2 emissions volume in the atmosphere. If it is so, according to further prognosis, in 2050, emissions will be reduced by at least 80% of the 1990 level. This can be achieved by green initiatives of the countries as well.}

_{Looking ahead, it is significant to mention the report that was released by the Coalition for Urban Transitions (CUT). According to the report, it was mentioned that there is “battle for the planet will be won or lost in cities”. In shortly describing the primary sense of it, it is vital to mention that all the factors that negatively influence the environment are severe. For instance, the rise of temperature may cause a real loss of life and wellbeing of the whole of humanity. Moreover, it may seriously harm the vital ecosystems and threaten them. If some o countries are not going to support the commonly approved strategy, it may lead to inevitable circumstances. However, if every political actor and representative is going to be elastic and resilient - the national economy may prosper and may be improved, that will push countries to be more accurate with the s economic processes sustainability. Last but not least, mitigation resources may lead to positive changes and the real emissions reductions by 80%-90% by 2050, but all the measures may be taken correctly.}



Table 1

_{In 2009, Energy Ministers signed Memorandums of Partnership for International Partnership energy efficiency (IPEEC). Countries - observers, such as China, Brazil, Korean Republic, European Union and Mexico were also a part of this partnership. These countries mentioned essential points about the benefit of IPEEC: IPEEC supports the work of member countries and relevant organizations to improve energy efficiency.}

_{This is an additional tool to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change.}

_{The association is based on the background and work carried out by global organizations and financial institutions, research organizations, the private sector, public backing - private assistance."}

_{In 2012, another momentous Summit that was held in Camp-David. Its importance was caused primarily because countries leaders decided how to take care of world economics. The main idea was the next: “The advancement and arrangement of universal access to an ecological, balanced and safe cause of energy are essential for global economic improvement, as well as for common efforts to tackle climate change”. This perspective may have a positive mood only if all the participants are going to adhere to mandatory measures:}

_{Following the common energy strategy for security procuring.}

_{If fuel types are changing - the reaction must be swift.}

_{Sustainable advancement of renewable energy resources may be controlled and may be supported by the participants if it is needed.}

_{Interruptions in oil supplies are expected, and countries must be ready for that.}

_{With the existence of new technologies and specialised equipment may be backed as well in order to achieve the energy efficiency.}

_{Tackling with emissions and climate change is vitally necessary.}

_{G8 leaders agreed on the fact that there has to be applicable agreement that is obliged juridically on every participant.}

_{On June 17-18, 2013, in Lohern, they raised the issue of climate change and that it is severe and requires immediate intervention. They also admitted that this situation affects vital areas of life and the economy. The idea they came to was that transparent action for every country is momentous, of course. Nevertheless, much more grave is international actions that are built on the UN apparatus, International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), International Maritime Organization (IMO), Climate and Clean Air Coalition (CCAC).}

_{The world is changing, so the G8 policy has changed. In connection with the crisis in Crimea in 2014, Russia was generally considered to be expelled from the G8, after which the G8 ceased to exist and was replaced by G7. The next summit in Brussels took place without Russia for the first 17 years. Despite these significant changes, the G8 played a crucial and significant role. This has brought many positive aspects of environmental safety issues on a global scale. However, in the end, the G20 also became exceedingly significant and replaced the G8.}

_{Group of 20}

_{Due to the short-lived period of G20's existence, unfortunately, the instruments used to tackle with climate problems were a bit weak. In 2009 countries, after several meeting had decided that all questions connected with energy power have to be solved in the medium term. Some subsidies only interfere with the process and are using ineffective methods of fossil fuel. The measures used to do it were these subsidies' rationalisation and subsidies abbreviation.}

_{6th Summit in Cannes, 2011}

_{In 2011 was held the 6th summit that was directed towards discussing all agreements. It was held in Cannes, and all leaders accepted previous improvements. Moreover, Green Climatic Fund was accepted to be an excellent useful instrument in tackling problems with climate change. However, despite many improvements, it is necessary to mention that the financial part of this question suffered a lot, and all participants were trying to find ways to attract more balance sheet.}

_{According to the final official declaration of G20 in Cannes, all leaders mentioned: “We focus on the importance of the good, proper functioning and accuracy of the physical and financial energy markets, reducing excessive price volatility, increasing energy productivity and expanding access to environmentally friendly technologies in order to safeguard high rates of economic growth that are sustainable and inclusive. We carry out ourselves to promote sustainable development and green growth, as well as continuing to work to address Climate Change Issues”.}

_{8th Summit in Saint-Petersburg, 2013}

_{Two years later, in 2013 was held another extraordinary Summit in Saint Petersburg. It was important because it raised the question of cooperation in the trade sphere, energy security. Summit participants claimed that if atomic energy is going to be applied and developed as well, it will help to tackle climate change more appropriately.}

_{“It is necessary to provide transparency and predictability of dynamic markets. Moreover, it is necessary to stimulate “green growth” and to support world community powerful actions in order to prevent climatic changes. Last but not least, it is necessary to support measures in exchanging the best regulating of energetic practices” - mentioned V.V. Putin at the end of the summit, highlighting the results.}

_{UN was not standing outside the process, and UN General Secretary Pan Gi Mun on the Climate Change conference of the UN Framework Convention in 2013 mentioned that G20 countries and countries that belong to the Economic Cooperation and Development Organizations must become leaders in coping with climate change problems. In details, they not only have to be a leaders and detect different quick fixes, but they have to create a new global arrangement due to this problem. He said that: “we need developed countries to head this campaign, because they have potential and instruments for that”.}

_{9th Summit in Brisben, 2014}

_{In 2014, the 9th G20 Summit was held in Brisben. Its main topic was “Fight with Islamic terrorists and Ebola”. Despite these topics, before the Summit day, presidents of USA and China agreed on signing the document about the emissions in the atmosphere reduction. This was caused by Obama's vulnerability about climate change and partly about Australian and Asian regions. That led to the fact China and USA did not pretty agree with that problem on terrorists and Ebola, and the climate change problem was put on the first front. Such agreements lead to the following results: participants were agreed to continue to care about climate problems and creating new powerful actions that made «Actions Plan».}

_{Such «Actions Plan» consisted of the six main directions:}

_Finances

_{Energy efficiency in buildings}

_{The development of heavy vehicles}

_Finance

_{Energy management}

_Electricity

_{Appliances and devices}

_{IPEEC said that it was going to coordinate and control all actions by this plan. Moreover, countries mentioned that they agree to support this plan financially and said that this plan could be a very effective method in order to prevent climate change.}

_{10s Summit in Turkey, 2015}

_{In 2015, the new Summit was held in Turkey, and its main topic was, undoubtedly, climate change. Everyone agreed that environmental changes are a massive problem and it is like an alarm for everybody. Only collective actions can make the situation better with the limited number of negative consequences. Participants discussed that the next Summit in Paris would be very vital. The Paris Agreement has to be honest and right. Moreover, it has to be balanced, dynamic and ambitious.}

_{12th Summit in Hamburg, 2017}

_{This Summit was vital as well, cause on this Summit Angela Merkel mentioned essential topics and goals that can be called long term as well. They are: providing a stable and balanced atmosphere, strengthening the world's resilience to challenges and increasing responsibility in decision making.}

_{13th Summit in Buenos Aires, 2018}

_{This Summit, roughly saying, continued the previous Summit idea development. Despite many curious and funny events that happen before and during this Summit, participants concluded on equitable and sustainable development of member countries of the organization.}

_{14th Summit in Osaka, 2019}

_{G20 countries' leaders highlighted the need for cooperative actions in order to solve the mass migration problem, called for ensuring global energy security by supplying energy. The summit confirmed that every country should be able to determine the only type of resources that is available for this country. Hydrogen as a fuel is critical and was set at the centre of the discussion. Moreover, the carbon capture creation and storage systems creation as new technological machines in order to clean emissions of traditional hydrocarbon energy.}

_{15th Summit in Saudi Arabia, 2020 (online format)}

_{Because this diploma has been written during a hard period, connected with spreading of coronavirus and moving all the world in the online format, it is very significant to discuss the last G20 Summit that was held online. Photographers and journalists did not follow this conference. Nobody could see it in the online regime, so only single frames were published by Kremlin. It is not a secret, that the main topic was coronavirus and its negative influence on every sphere of the world, especially on the economic one. It is significant to mention that this unpleasant and hard situation only rallied every participant and made them act cooperatively. They agreed to invest 5 trillion dollars in the global economy to overcome the consequences of the coronavirus pandemic. In addition, G20 leaders agreed to provide the World Health Organization (WHO) with the means to fight the disease. The authority of the organization should also be expanded.}

_{BRICS Activity}

_{To begin with, the BRICS organization has a fascinating history of its title. From the one hand, it is logical to understand that participants of its organization compose its name: Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa. From the other hand, it sounds similar to the English word “bricks”. The primary sense of this word is that the participants of this organization are building block by block and create something stable and robust. The main idea of this organization is the political club that is sharing political ideas and discuss different suggestions. Moreover, these countries suppose that their economic power can create very potent geopolitical area.}

_{It is essential to mention that BRICS climate Summits are pretty recent: the first Summit was held in 2011 in China. After this summit, members prepared and released the document with the following words: “We are committed to working towards a comprehensive, balanced and binding outcome to devote to the implementation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol Filho, W. L. (2015). Handbook of climate change adaptation. Berlin: Springer Reference.. BRICS will strengthen cooperation on issues related to the Durban Conference. We will increase practical cooperation in adapting our economies and societies to climate change.”}

_{Moving to the environmental topic, BRICS shareholders assume that climate change is one of the most severe and global problems in the world, but with strong cooperation, it is possible to change the situation. They claim that this problem can be resolved by stabilising the economic part and that monetary side is a very significant factor in creating a balanced area.}

_{It is essential to say that BRICS members are developed and advanced countries with a high potential to proceed to develop and to create new technological machines. However, at the same time, these countries have many resources that are in the asset; their technological advances make a negative influence on the environment due to the high level of polluting. For instance, China is one of the first countries in the world that performs to be the primary carbon pollutant.}

Graph 6

_{Here is the Summary of several Climate Summits:}

_{1st working Summit on the topic “Climate change, prevention and mitigation of natural hazards” in Brazil, Capetown Declaration, 11th of February, 2014}

_{raised initiations in improving the scientific, technical and innovative cooperation}

_{strengthening practical cooperation}

_{2nd working Summit in Ufa, Ufa Declaration, 9th of June, 2015}

_{unity of views on many vital issues of international and economic policy}

_{strengthening BRICS role in deciding global questions}

_{3rd Working Summit in Moscow, 1st Official Ministers Meeting on the topic of Environment, 22 of April 2015}

_{it was “the beginning of a new format of interaction in the environmental field.”}

_{supporting efforts to support consumer interests}

_{conditions for sustainable and predictable development of the energy market creation}

_{the adoption of an “ambitious, transformative and equitable Development Agenda beyond 2015, which is based on the goal of sustainable development.”}

_{“consolidation of efforts in BRICS mills in the development of policies and measures that contribute to the mitigation of climate change.”}

_{“adaptation of national economies to the adverse effects of climate change by the principles of justice, common but differentiated responsibilities.”}

_{According to all points that have been mentioned, it is necessary to say that the second part of XXI became the period of fast and useful development and formation of the main “environmental agenda”. Moreover, the creation of formal and informal organizations, mechanisms and measures pool became a very significant part of solving an environmental problem. Unfortunately, most of the countries in the world cannot realise the seriousness of the situation, and they claim that “we should not overshadow their lives with emission reduction commitments because this historical responsibility lies with the rich industrialized countries.” That is why many obstacles have appeared. For example, Russia, being a BRICS member, has a European point of view rather than Chinese, Indian, Brazil or South African with their particular position. This led to the existence of BASIC acronym that defines all BRICS countries without Russia. BRICS was trying to conduct several climate summits, but new conflicts arose, and it was impossible.}

_{Before the New York Climate Summit in 2014, BRICS members started to blame developed countries for their visions. They mantioned that these countries are not seriously directed towards climate and environmental problems and they are not doing enough overcome it. According to Prakash Javadekar, Minister of the Environment of India, he said: “Our efforts to mitigate the effects of climate change and combat climate are much higher than in developed countries. Voluntary actions, planned by our governments, will reduce carbon dioxide emissions, as well as increase energy efficiency from 25% to 50%”.}

_{2.5 World Wildlife Fund Activity}

_{Informal and formal actors do not leave a hope to make their contribution and to help nature to feel better. This chapter is going to discuss one of the most exciting and influential organizations, which activity is directed towards nature.}

_{The first WWF projects appeared in 1989. This happened when “Big Arctic Nature Reserve” got financial support in USSR. After this, new WWF Russian Representative was opened in 1994, and after this event, WWF created about 150 field projects in 40 regions of Russia and invested more than $ 30 million in work to preserve and enhance the country's natural wealth. In 2004, this Fund became the Russian national organization with its governing body.}

_{World Wildlife Fund nowadays is called World Wide Fund for Nature. It is an international organization, and its primary goal is to save, observe and to build up the environment. This organization is an enormously big independent organization with a significant number of supporters that is working in more than 100 countries.}

_{World Wildlife Fund has an exclusive report that is issued twice a year. These reports are supposed to be most quoted, authoritative in the world sources of information about the environmental situation on the planet. This is because these reports are written under control of London zoological society scientists which opinion is precious. The most popular definitions and information that are written in this report are the planet's health. In this definition, we can find the animals population circumstances, humanity's natural resources management, renewable resources humanity's usage, the freshwater amount that is used during production.}

_{It is not a secret that the climate change problem is in the center of WWF activity. Its main aim is to reduce greenhouse emissions by 80% in 2050. Moreover, WWF is taking into consideration people's adaptation to irreversible changes.}

_{Here are the main WWF goals:}

_{improving energy efficiency is the most approapriate and quick way to reduce CO2 emissions active use of various alternative energy sources the will to develop a new global compromise that would be fair and legally binding on all states counteraction to deforestation}

_{To better understand the real WWF success, it is significant to mark all user actions and events that are connected with WWF. First of all, WWF created the “Climate and energetics” program with the primary goal to reduce global emissions and creating further projects in order to protect nature. Secondly, due to WWF Kyoto protocol was accepted in Russia. This led to the new powerful actions with the help of which further reduction of greenhouse gases is still efficacious. Thirdly, WWF conducts a very active, informative campaign. The main idea of this campaign is directed towards better climate change understanding and practical realisation of specific measures. This data is very vital because due to it, Russians see the real problem and year to year the number of thrilled citizens is rising.}

_{Moreover, WWF made a significant contribution to Vaigach island development. It descried climate risks on this island and did a unique project. The Arctic was not an exception, and it became much protected due to adaptation measures with which help it would become useful to guard the polar life centres and protect biodiversity.}

_{“Earth Hour”}

_{This stock became one of the most popular stocks projected by WWF. The main idea of this hour was a restoration of the bison population in the North Caucasus. This action “Earth Hour” takes place annually. Every Saturday, on 20.03, all people can switch off the light for one hour.}

_{This action is symbolic, and it means that if everyone switches off electricity - they can help the Earth to become better and protected. This action calls for a respectful attitude towards the place where we live.}

_{Speaking about Russia, it became a participant in 2008, so every year, in 20:30 all citizens switch off the lights.}

_{2.6 International diplomacy as a decisive instrument}

_{New methods and rules are created every day, and countries are trying to investigate this topic more deeply in order to find the best variety of methods. As it was historically considered, USSR was the first country with an excellent leadership that started to create many ways to overcome climate problems. Many scientists predicted climate change long before other countries paid their attention to it. In 1917s scientists predicted CO2 emissions and as a consequence - global warming that was caused by it. Ten years later, the temperature started to rise in real and the in 1990s there was a peak of its growth, so it became a real diplomatic practice.}

_{That is why we can consider that scientific groups started to act cooperatively and harmoniously long before the climate began to make itself felt. Since those times, multilateral congresses and conferences, negotiations, international organizations formation took their place to be. It was simple to organize these events because the Post Cold War period created a favourable atmosphere for it. Since those times and fulminant attention towards this problem, it becomes world known, and every country started to pay attention to it. The period from the 1980s - 1900s can be called the period of the highest number various documents signed and magazines produced. American Association released the topic on climate change in “Nature” magazine. Moreover, other authors started to produce specific magazines called “Global warming nature”, ”Climate Journal”, “Climate change problem”. Climate change in the 1990s became an integral part of the UN. That is why, under the auspices of this organization the most critical documents in this field were adopted: first in 1992 the Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), then in 1997 - the Kyoto Protocol, Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer (1985) The Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer at The Ozone Secretariat at the United Nations Environment Programme - Vienna, Austria, 1985, Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (1987), Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal (1989). In 1988 Toronto hosted the World Conference, “A Changing Atmosphere: Implications for Global Security”, which connected scholars and politicians from different countries. Following the conference, recommendations were adopted to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 20% by 2005. It is significant to mention one of the most critical Conferences that took place in Rio-de-Janeiro in 1992 and became very fateful in subsequent development. This UN Conference on environment and development raised the questions on dangerous climate change, and other organization supported these concerns.}