The principles of symmetry as a form of implementation of visual aids in training students of engineering specialties

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The principles of symmetry as a form of implementation of visual aids in training students of engineering specialties

Kassenova Leila Galymbekovna

candidate of pedagogics, associate Professor Aitkul Serikbaevna Yersultanova

In the process of teaching physics, it is necessary to acquaint students with the modern achievements of physics as a science and the problems currently being solved. Complex in the study of the phenomenon often does not cause interest in students. To increase motivation to study complex topics, it is necessary to make their presentation more accessible and visible.

The article presents the principle of symmetry as a fundamental and important methodological principle of modern science, on the basis of which the presentation of the material will simultaneously reveal modern ideas about the phenomenon and help to make the phenomenon more visible.

Keywords: physical phenomena, symmetry principles, model

Касенова Лейла Галимбековна

кандидат педагогических наук, доцент Ерсултанова Айткуль Серикбаевна physical phenomenon principle symmetry

магистр, старший преподаватель Казахский университет экономики, финансов и международной торговли, г.Нур-Султан, Республика Казахстан

В процессе обучения физике необходимо знакомить обучающихся с современными достижениями физики как науки и решаемыми в настоящее время проблемами. Сложное в изучении явление чаще всего не вызывает интереса у обучающихся. Чтобы повысить мотивацию к изучению сложных тем, необходимо сделать их изложение более доступным и наглядным.

В статье представлен принцип симметрии как основополагающий и важный методологический принцип современной науки, на основе которого изложение материала будет одновременно раскрывать современные представления о явлении и поможет сделать явление более наглядным.

Ключевые слова: физические явления, принципы симметрии, модель

Accessibility and visibility -- one of the main didactic principles to achieve modern educational goals, the Implementation of these principles can be carried out in different ways. There are two main methods to make complex material related to modern scientific problems more understandable. The first method is associated with the application of symmetry principles to explain certain complex phenomena. The principles of symmetry are fundamental and important methodological principles in modern science. The presentation of the material on the basis of these principles will simultaneously reveal modern ideas about the phenomenon and will help to make the phenomenon more visible.

The second technique is to use models, both natural and mathematical, demonstrating complex to present physical processes at a simplified level. Being a tool for providing visibility, they also allow to reveal the essence of the events, to focus on some important features of the studied processes. Full-scale models have great visibility and relative simplicity. Mathematical models reveal the theoretical basis of the studied phenomenon. These models should also take into account the principles of symmetry, on the basis of which the mechanisms of complex phenomena studied in the course of physics are explained [1].

Clarification of the role of the principle of symmetry in physical knowledge becomes necessary in connection with the statement in modern physics of the idea that the properties of symmetry contains the most fundamental information about the physical object (system), that the symmetry transformations are almost the main and most profound elements of the physical description and explanation of nature. This position of symmetry in the system of developing knowledge as shown by the development of physics allows deeper and more fully reveal the essential unity, integrity and indivisibility of the world, to determine the semantic content of many problems including the irreversibility and direction of time, global evolutionism and anthropic principle.

The principles of symmetry are established experimentally in the analysis of known laws. In turn, the known principles of symmetry allow us to discover new laws, reveal the structure of physical theories and the relationship of the laws inherent in them, allow us to solve problem situations in the development of scientific knowledge.

The symmetry of space (homogeneity and isotropy) and the symmetries of time (homogeneity and reversibility) were known to scientists of the ancient world: the properties of any object (for example, a triangle), and therefore the laws do not depend on the position of the object on this axis, nor on the position of this axis, nor on the time when these properties are considered. In mechanics and electrodynamics, the reversibility of laws is seen from the equations (the equations do not change when replacing t with -t) [2].

It is found that each symmetry provides its own law of conservation: the law of conservation of the amount of motion due to the homogeneity of space, the law of conservation of momentum - isotropy of space, the law of conservation of energy - the homogeneity of time. Conversely, when a quantity remains constant, it means that there is a symmetry that preserves that quantity. For example, the laws of conservation of electron, muon and baryon charges, as well as the law of conservation of strangeness are known. We can expect that these conservation laws are also a consequence of certain symmetries that we do not know about.

The principles of symmetry are much more stable than the laws. Therefore, the discovery of violations of known symmetries leads to significant problem situations. Allowing them to make outstanding discoveries.

Thus, for example, Galileo very negatively reacted to Kepler's laws, according to which the circular symmetry of planetary movements, proposed by Copernicus, was replaced by a less obvious - elliptical. Overcoming this problem situation was the work of Newton, fully explained the "Kepler symmetry".

When it was found that Maxwell's equations are noninvariant with respect to the Galilean transformations, a problem situation arose. A radical solution to the problem was found by Einstein, who justified the Lorentz transformations in the framework of special relativity.

However, in history there are situations when the principle of symmetry, being elevated to the rank of universal and absolutely reliable truth, became an obstacle in the development of physics. For example, Aristotle's idea of a dedicated vertical to the earth's surface was elevated to the rank of unshakable truth. It took the heroic efforts of Giordano Bruno, Copernicus, Galileo, Descartes and other scientists to pave the way for the assertion of the principle of symmetry - "space isotropic".

So, with the development of physics, the very concept of symmetry deepens and expands and increasingly serves the knowledge of the world by man [3].

Students can form an idea of symmetry, based on their existing knowledge. For this purpose, in the study of the "Mechanics" section, symmetry transformations are used to solve problems, consider stable and unstable States, as well as issues of symmetry of space and time. However, the study of the laws of conservation (energy, momentum) lays the Foundation for the understanding that in addition to the geometric symmetry around us, there is also the symmetry of physical laws.

Let us consider how the concept of symmetry can be used in the study of the section "Molecular physics". Here students can be introduced to the concept of "symmetry breaking"for the first time. The concepts of phase transitions of I and II kind are introduced. For the teacher it is important to show what phenomena occur at phase transitions.

In this case, the explanation of the mechanisms of the processes occurring during the transitions is easy to explain, using the symmetry transformation of the internal structure of matter.

Based on the explanation of the symmetry of the internal structure of matter, we thus use symmetry in its geometric representation, that is, what the students are already familiar with [4].

At the same time, it is important to emphasize the symmetry of various laws and phenomena in the course of their study and in solving problems (symmetry of electric and magnetic fields in a single electromagnetic field, the method of mirror images in electrostatics, the symmetry of processes in oscillatory systems with respect to the equilibrium position).

As an example of the use of the ideas of modern science in education, we can consider the introduction to the programs of universities, and now schools, issues related to the study of self-organization of living and non-living systems. In school physics, an example of self-organizing systems can serve as self-oscillating systems. In addition, the University considers issues related to bifurcation, linear and nonlinear systems.

In the end, it is necessary to create the idea of symmetry as a criterion that limits the variety of structures that can exist in nature. It establishes internal relationships between objects that are not related to each other. Any classification is based on the detection of symmetry properties of classified objects.

Let us consider in more detail the presentation of the question of phase transitions. The crystal body has anisotropy of properties, which is manifested in the fact that in different directions the properties of crystals are different. This is due to differences in the lengths of the crystal lattice edges. The difference in properties in different directions suggests that crystals have less symmetry than, for example, liquids or gases. The last aggregate States of matter are characterized by isotropy of properties (for example, in all directions the same compressibility, light passes without changing the intensity). If we consider a small volume of liquid or gas, these substances can be considered homogeneous.

The isotropy of the properties of gases and liquids is determined by a large number of operations in which the properties of the object do not change (rotation, parallel transfer, etc.). Turning to the models of the crystal lattice, we see that it has fewer such transformations than liquid bodies [5].

Further, on the basis of the difference in the symmetry of the internal structure, it is possible to consider the laws of phase transitions. "Gases and liquids are characterized by the same symmetry of the internal structure, unlike solids. This or that symmetry property can appear only by a jump. In each state, the body will have some symmetry. Means, can be point to which of two phases it applies» [4]. The curve of equilibrium of these phases can end in an isolated point. It can either end at the point of intersection with another equilibrium curve, or go to infinity. This can be seen in the diagram of the state in the axes of PT. Important is the question of how exactly is the alignment of the axes of the crystal in the transition liquid - solid. Liquid molecules occupy certain places due to the decrease in temperature, and hence the energy of motion of the particles, and form a crystal lattice. The shape of the crystal lattice (the direction of the axes of symmetry and the size of the edges) is due to external factors.

All of the above patterns are abstract, because they can not be demonstrated by experience due to the micro-scale of the processes. Nevertheless, the fundamental process that determines the structure and properties of phases - the symmetry breaking of the internal structure of matter - can be shown by simple experiments illustrating the concept of symmetry breaking in macro scales. In addition, these experiments demonstrate other concepts: stable and unstable equilibrium, fluctuations, the importance of fluctuations not only in the microcosm, but also in the macrocosm [6].

The urgent need for the application of models is felt in the study of those natural phenomena that are not observed directly in the experience, or are accompanied by numerous side effects that prevent to establish the essence and observe this phenomenon. These include the phenomena of spontaneous symmetry breaking. The doctrine of symmetry is the basis for the analysis of a number of laws of nature, becomes the basis of the principle of classification of many phenomena, is used to create new hypotheses and theories. The role of this doctrine especially increases at the level of the microcosm, where the patterns of structure can determine the patterns of processes [7].

The development of the theory of symmetry allowed to put forward new scientific hypotheses, as well as to explain the existing theories. This is based on the property of symmetry, to reflect the most common patterns of natural phenomena, and hence the ability to predict the further development of processes. Now recognized is the assertion that the principles of symmetry are the highest level of knowledge of the physical world, standing above the physical laws and theories. The ideas of symmetry are the core ideas of modern physics.

Based on the above, it is necessary to consider in more detail the principles of symmetry and build a unified physical picture of the world, based on these principles in the course of physics at school and at University. The principles of symmetry on the one hand combine many physical phenomena and are the basis for their explanation, and on the other hand the symmetry is quite clear and can be demonstrated using physical and mathematical models [8].

References

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4 Sivukhin, D.V. (1975). Obshii kurs fiziki [The course of General physics]. (Vol.2). Moskva: Fizmatlit [in Russian].

5 Iziumov, Yu.A. & Syromiatnikov, V.N. (1988). Fazovyie perekhody i simmertriia kristallov [Phase transitions and crystal symmetry]. Moskva: Nauka [in Russian].

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8 Kassenova, L.G. & Musaif, G. (2017). Kompi- uternoe modelirovaniie fizicheskikh protsessov kak metod nauchnogo poznaniia i issledovaniia. [ Computer modeling of physical processes as a method of scientific knowledge and research]. Vestnik KazNPU - Bulletin of the Kazakh national pedagogical University, 30, 224-229 [in Russian].

Список литературы

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9 people. Metaphor was used to express that consumers can not only talk via their devices but also emotionally connect with other people[24,p.3]. A single metaphor might be worth of a thousand words of advertising slogans that develops interest of the reader about product or service.

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