3.4 Social organizations

The different associations of the overseas Chinese are not only organizations of the compatriots that need support while they are living abroad, but also discussion forums, where the important strategic decisions can be made by the strong overseas Chinese Diaspora as the independent force in the international arena.

The most influential overseas Chinese organization, which headquarter is located on the territory of the PRC, is All-China Federation of Returned Overseas Chinese (ACFROC). First, it was a united group of overseas Chinese that decided to come back to China to support the liberation movement during the Sino-Japanese war (1937-1945). The Yan'an Overseas Chinese National Salvation Association (since 1946, the Yan-an Overseas Chinese Federation) was formed in 1940 in order to present the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in Southeast Asia and explain Chinese living there the positive role that was played by the communists in fighting Japan [China Dictionary, 2014: On-line].

On the base of the Yan-an Overseas Chinese Federation a new overseas Chinese organization was established during the Civil War (1946-1950) - the Liberated Regions Returned Overseas Chinese Federation. The CCP demonstrated in strong interest in overseas Chinese at that time, but it would not start the development of any policy toward overseas Diaspora until 1949 [Ibid].

The ACFROC was founded in 1956 with the support of the Central People's government and the Overseas Chinese Affairs Committee. The main aims of this organizations are: 1) to protect the rights and interests of returned overseas Chinese, their relatives, and all other Chinese living outside the country: 2) to united all returnees and encourage them to take part in the further development of China; 3) to strengthen the cooperation with the overseas Chinese Diaspora and support political and economic exchanges between China and their residing countries. Moreover, the ACFROC can participate in the main political and economic events and play a role of consultative body in the process of political decisions making.

The main representative and deliberative body of the ACFROC and other overseas Chinese organizations is the National Congress of Returned Overseas Chinese. The participation of the country's leaders, such as President Xi Jinping, Premier Li Keqiang and other representatives from the main government organs, in the opening ceremony of the Ninth National Congress that was held in December 2013 in Beijing showed that Chinese leadership pays high tribute to the services overseas Chinese rendered to the country [China Daily, 2013]. The mail aims of the congress is to review the work of the ACFROC over the past years, elect a new term of leadership and award those, who have made the great contribution to the modernization of the country. The congress is usually held every five years since the establishment of the ACFROC in 1956.

Moreover, there are two main organizations under the governmental bodies that promote ties between overseas Chinese and their compatriots. In 1992 the China Overseas Exchange Association (COEA) was opened within the Overseas Chinese Affairs Office (affiliated to the State Council), and in 1997 the China Overseas Friendship Association (COFA) was founded under the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference) in order to strengthen cooperation with overseas Chinese and promote "the unity of the sons and daughters of China" [Thuno, 2011].

In many big foreign university and institutions of higher education are located the branches of the Chinese Students and Scholars Association (CSSA) that is the official organization for overseas Chinese students, who are studying or working in other countries. The CSSA is not only responsible for helping and supporting Chinese students abroad, but also for enhancing the political and cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries, where students are living.

Actually, there are many non-profit and non-political overseas Chinese organizations that unite professionals and experts of certain field of study, for example, the Overseas Chinese Environmental Engineers and Scientists Association (OCEESA), the Overseas Chinese Physics Association (OCPA), the Overseas Chinese Entomologists Association (OCEA), etc.

Among them, the Overseas Chinese Association for Institutional Research (OCAIR) established in 1996 is of interest, as far as this group of intellectuals intends to provide a forum for its members to "freely exchange ideas and information, and to share professional experience" [OCAIR, 2014: On-line]. Moreover, this group, except the annual AIR Forums, exists primarily on the Internet, and thus unites overseas Chinese scholars living all over the world. Members of the AIR reside in such countries as the U.S., Canada, Germany, the U.K., and others. In 2013 another overseas Chinese organization was formed, namely The Young Overseas Chinese Association (YOCA) in order to address the needs of young Chinese professionals. YOCA is positioned as the "first organization handcrafted by young Chinese professionals in Chicago for young Chinese professionals", and the majority of the members of organization hold post-graduate degrees from the high-ranking U.S. universities [YOCA, 2014: On-line].

Globalization and development of the Internet have made the emergence of such organizations possible. Such groups are created in order to unite and support overseas Chinese residing in many countries all over the world, and to provide a free forum, where experts and scholars can share new ideas and professional experience. Members of these groups could support and advance each other, unite and promote certain ideas. As far as these organizations are formed especially for overseas Chinese, the members of these groups can feel free communicating with the compatriots.

3.5 Territorial communities

More and more overseas Chinese students that have decided to return to the motherland prefer to live and work together and what is more Chinese government on all levels tries to assist their intentions. The best example of the governmental support is, perhaps, the so-called Wuxi New District or Wuxi New Area.

The New District was founded in 1992 first as an industrial zone with the aim to attract the biggest foreign companies. It is located in the most industrialized Chinese region in the suburban of Wuxi city, approximately 120 km west of Shanghai. In the end 2009 more than 1500 enterprises have been registered in the New District [WND, 2014: On-line], and almost all of them are established by foreigners, including overseas Chinese entrepreneurs. Now the New District is one of the biggest industrial parks in China, specialized in precision machinery and electronics that considers highly attractive in today's economic environment.

Moreover, many overseas Chinese are finding Wuxi with its friendly policies to be an appealing option to establish new enterprises. For their needs in August 1998 the Wuxi Pioneer Park was established, and became the first national-level park for returning overseas students in China. In 2013 the Third China Overseas High-Tech Talents and Projects Promotion Fair was held in Wuxi with the assistance of Chinese Association for Science and Technology and the Chinese Ministry of Education, and it was aiming to "accelerate the pace of attracting more and more high-end talents, including overseas Chinese scholars, specialists, and engineers, to start their business in Wuxi and expand Wuxi economy" [The Third China (Wuxi) Promotion Fair, 2013: On-line].

Besides Wuxi, many local governments have also established the so-called Returning Student Venture Parks or Overseas Students Parks that are located in high-tech development areas. These zones are established exclusively for companies that were founded by overseas Chinese returnees. In the Overseas Students Parks returnees can find whatever they need - not only low rent and tax benefits offering by almost all science parks in China, but also special features that addressed the needs of returnees, such as accommodation and bilingual schools for their children.

The first Science and Technology Park for overseas Chinese students was created in 1994 in Nanjing district [Barabantseva, 2005]. Since then several tens of such parks have been established all over the territory of the PRC, including the Overseas Students Science Park in Zhongguancun, the oldest of the three students' parks located in Beijing [China Daily, 2011: On-line]. According to the statistic data presented by the Chinese Ministry of Personnel, in 2004 there were 110 Overseas Students Parks, and now the number of industrial parks of this kind is more than 160 with about 8,000 business that provide working positions for returning students [Walcott, 2003: 213].

These parks consolidated local research institutes, and in such a way were created financial and scientific platforms to support the start-ups of the returnees. Thus, the Park provided a great opportunity for overseas Chinese students to realize their business goals on the territory of China and in such a way make a contribution for national economic development.

Furthermore, the local governments launch talent programs to offer preferential policies to students, who have decided to come back to the motherland. For example, in 2011 the financial support of 1 to 3 million RMB is provided for high-tech enterprises established by overseas Chinese students in Taizhou, Jiangsu province [Zhao, Zhu, 2009: 37]. At the same time, in Shenzhen, the major city of Guangdong Province, the subsidies for prospective entrepreneurs with the overseas experience were increased to 300,000 RMB [Ibid: 38].

In the same year the "One Hundred Most Growth Start-Ups Contest" started, and from that time it is held every year among enterprises that are founded by returnees in the Venture Parks [Ibid]. The main aim of this contest is to help the most promising companies to become "bigger and stronger as soon as possible", and support further cooperation between entrepreneurs and investment institutions.

In such a way Chinese government tries to improve the business environment for overseas Chinese returnees and make for them the special place on the domestic market. In future, the leadership of China that desires to boost the development of high-tech industries will create more and more opportunities for overseas Chinese entrepreneurs.

The returned overseas Chinese scholars and students can be called social elite group as they really meet the requirements that were stated above.

First, their level of education in many cases is higher than the level of education of their colleagues at home. The Chinese leadership has just begun to reform the education system in the country, and despite the success in this sphere, which has been achieved in last years, the level of education, especially higher education, in China is still lower than in developed Western countries. Plus, the returned overseas Chinese have unique experience of living abroad that can help them to orient better in contemporary fast-paced world. Some of them, like, for example, Jack Ma, the founder of Alibaba Group, have worked abroad and seen completely new technologies and innovations that they have tried to repeat at the motherland.

Second, due to the governmental supporting programs the returned overseas Chinese now have the income much higher than their compatriot without foreign degrees. More and more returnees work at universities and advanced research centers. Moreover, local authorities welcome overseas Chinese returnees to work for the governmental bodies. The Internet-based technologies are also in the hands of the overseas Chinese entrepreneurs. High salaries and high social positions let returnees to stand out against a background of their colleagues

Third, the returnees form a very well-organized group that has its own political representation bodies - Zhigongdang Party and other various social organizations, members of which can freely share their experience and new knowledge and support each other. Besides that, many returnees form solidary communities, living together in the so-called Overseas Chinese Students Parks, where they have all possible opportunities for the development of their start-ups and necessary facilities.

Conclusion

The international community for the last three decades has been really impressed by the rapid growth of the Chinese economy. However, China has not yet reached the level of development of Western countries, especially in the sphere of social welfare. Moreover, education system and medical services still remain on a low level. As the result, despite the increasing economic power of the PRC and gradually rising living standards, the waves of emigrants from the country does not decrease, but rather increases. Most of the immigrants are wealthy people, graduate specialists and cultural workers.

Since the beginning of economic reforms Chinese leadership has made several attempts to encourage Chinese students to go abroad for study. The Ministry of Education with the support of the Ministry of the Foreign Affairs concluded several agreements concerning educational exchanges with the U.S., Great Britain, France, Germany, Japan, and many other countries. Central and local authorities designed the number of different research grants and scholarships awarded to students with the best academic achievements. The Chinese government provided students studied abroad guaranteed employment with adequate salaries. Furthermore, to stimulate students to go abroad for their own expense, self-funded students were granted equal rights with state-funded students.

Due to these measures, the number of students went abroad for study increased much. However, at the same time the Chinese leadership met with another obstacle: not all of the young people studying or working abroad decided to come back to the motherland. So in the 1990s the Chinese government had an acute question how to attract most talented overseas Chinese scholars and scientists to China.

For that an active propaganda work among Chinese students abroad were held: special journals, newspapers and electronic editions were created to provide overseas students with the latest information about the economic and political achievements of the Chinese government, more and more delegations were sent abroad to strengthen ties with the overseas Diaspora, and so on. The leadership of the country was interested much in overseas Chinese with working experience to come back to China and run high-tech enterprises. To achieve this goal, special industrial zones were established to attract returned overseas Chinese and provide them with all necessary facilities for living and for business. The Chinese scholars and specialists that returned to China were provided with working positions and high salaries. More and more new organizations supported overseas Chinese were established all over the country for various groups of returnees.

However, not many overseas Chinese were inspired by these programs and came back to China. Although in the 2000s the Chinese government continued to develop different stimulating programs aimed at attracting overseas Chinese back to the motherland, however finally the Chinese authorities decided to use the experience and skills of overseas Chinese without returning them to the country.

New programs of the short-term visits and participation in expert commissions were established, and the new simplified visa system was designed specifically for overseas talents. It was a completely new approach in the development of the policy toward the human resources of the Diaspora. The overseas Chinese scholars received an opportunity to hold their positions in foreign universities and research centers, but at the same time they could take part in further development of the country. Moreover, they have everything required for that. student state policy china

The level of education of the returned overseas Chinese in many cases is higher than the level of education of their colleagues at home. The Chinese leadership has just begun to reform the education system in the country, and despite the success in this sphere, which has been achieved in the last years, the level of education, especially higher education, in China is still lower than in developed Western countries. Plus, the returned overseas Chinese have unique experience of living abroad that can help them to orient better in contemporary fast-paced world. Some of them, like, for example, Jack Ma, the founder of Alibaba Group, have worked abroad and seen completely new technologies and innovations that they have tried to repeat at the motherland.

Moreover, due to the governmental supporting programs the returned overseas Chinese now have the income much higher than their compatriot without foreign degrees. More and more returnees work at universities and advanced research centers. Moreover, local authorities welcome overseas Chinese returnees to work for the governmental bodies. The Internet-based technologies are also in the hands of the overseas Chinese entrepreneurs. High salaries and high social positions let returnees to stand out against a background of their colleagues

Finally, the returnees form a very well-organized group that has its own political representation bodies - Zhigongdang Party and other various social organizations, members of which can freely share their experience and new knowledge and support each other. Besides that, many returnees form solidary communities, living together in the so-called Overseas Chinese Students Parks, where they have all possible opportunities for the development of their start-ups and necessary facilities.

In other words, now the returned overseas Chinese scholars and students form a social elite group. Even despite the fact that some of them have foreign citizenship, they make a great contribution to the development of the country. In contrast to foreign specialists that are working in China, returned overseas Chinese know many distinctive features of Chinese culture (traditionalism, respectful attitude to the past, the superiority of collective interests over individual interests, etc.) and can better adapt to the Chinese realities. However, under the influence of the people with a different way of thinking the mentality of the overseas Chinese has changed. Now the overseas Chinese can be characterized by such social patterns as a thirst for competition, the egocentrism, a sense of ownership, firmness of purpose. Namely these features of Western mentality can, finally, let returned overseas Chinese to find new ways for further development of both - Chinese economy and culture.

There are still many issues that still demand solution. Perhaps, now the Chinese leadership needs to focus all the attention on the already-returned talents, rather than to attract more and more overseas Chinese specialists into the country. Especially, when there is no adequate assurance that returnees have supportive working environment. However, even taking all these factors into account, China's last initiatives accepted by the central government and local authorities are likely to be successful.

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Appendix 1. Statistic data on students going abroad and returning to China

Picture 1. Chinese students abroad, 1978-1999 (Source: Educational Statistics Yearbook of China, 1998)

Picture 2. Chinese students abroad, 2000-2011 (Source: Wei, Sun, 2012)

Appendix 2. Reasons and destinations for studying abroad in China

Picture 1. The most popular countries among Chinese students, 2012 (Source: Nanjing Marketing Group, 2012)

Picture 2. Reasons of choosing foreign education, 2012 (Source: Nanjing Marketing Group, 2012)

Picture 3. Annual income of returned overseas Chinese, 2010 (RMB) (Source: Hao, Welch, 2012)

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