Main fire safety regulatory mechanisms in Ukraine

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Main fire safety regulatory mechanisms in Ukraine

Komarov Volodymyr Oleksandrovich Candidate of Technical Sciences, Honored Inventor of Ukraine, leading researcher, Military Institute of Telecommunications and Informatization named after Heroes Krut; Borisov Andrii Viktorovych, candidate of sciences in public administration, head of the scientific and information department, Ukrainian Research Institute of Civil Defense

Abstract

It has been proven that, today, the implementation of a new course of Ukraine in the direction of improving the state system of guaranteeing fire safety and implementing innovative approaches in the development of state mechanisms for its regulation is becoming relevant.

It was determined that the general state of fire safety in Ukraine, having a tendency to decrease the number of fires, nevertheless remains quite difficult, especially in the case of human deaths. Ukraine ranks fourth among countries in the world in terms of deaths per 100,000 people. According to the general criteria of statistical measurements, the indicator of Ukraine regarding the number of dead has much larger numbers compared to other countries. Statistical data on fires in Ukraine indicate a sufficiently high level of the number of fires and the mortality of citizens during their occurrence. This trend shows that there is a strong need to take measures to improve public administration in the field of fire safety in order to protect the life and health of citizens from fires.

It has been proven that over the past few years, due to the illogical and inconsistent state policy in the direction of fighting forest fires, the once successful national system of ensuring the protection of forest areas against the occurrence of fires in Ukraine has collapsed. Currently, the key structures in the field of extinguishing forest fires are in the process of being liquidated, or have been completely liquidated. These included: State enterprise "Ukrainian State Project and Research Institute of Forestry" (abbreviated name "Ukrdiprolis"), whose activity was directed to the development of state projects related to fire prevention equipment on the territory of forest areas; Ukrainian state base of aviation protection of forests, which carried out timely provision of information on the level of fire danger for forestry enterprises.

Key words: the field of fire protection, the level of fire danger, state policy, coordination of fire safety measures, fighting fires.

Анотація

Основні механізми регулювання пожежної безпеки в Україні

Комаров Володимир Олександрович кандидат технічних наук, Заслужений винахідник України, провідний науковий співробітник, Військовий інститут телекомунікацій та інформатизації імені Героїв Крут; Борисов Андрій Вікторович, кандидат наук з державного управління, начальник науково-інформаційного відділу, Український науково-дослідний інститут цивільного захисту

Доведено, що, на сьогодні, актуальним стає реалізація нового курсу України у напрямі вдосконалення державної системи гарантування пожежної безпеки та впровадження інноваційних підходів у розвитку державних механізмів її регулювання.

Визначено, що загальний стан пожежної безпеки в Україні, маючи тенденцію до зниження кількості пожеж, усе ж таки, залишається доволі складним, особливо у випадку загибелі людей. Україна займає четверте місце серед країн світу щодо летальних випадків на 100 тисяч осіб населення. За загальними критеріями статистичних вимірів, показник України щодо кількості загиблих має набагато більші цифри у порівнянні з іншими країнами. Статистичні дані щодо пожеж в Україні вказують на достатньо високий рівень кількості пожеж та смертності громадян під час їх виникнення. Така тенденція свідчить, що існує вагома необхідність у проведенні заходів щодо вдосконалення публічного адміністрування у галузі забезпечення пожежної безпеки щодо захисту життя та здоров'я громадян від пожеж.

Доведено, що за останні декілька років, через нелогічну та непослідовну державну політику у напрямі боротьби з лісовими пожежами було розвалено колись успішну національну систему забезпечення охорони лісових масивів від виникнення пожеж в Україні. Наразі, знаходяться у процесі ліквідації, або були повністю ліквідовані, ключові структури сфери гасіння лісових пожеж. До таких відносились: Державне підприємство «Український державний проєктно- вишукувальний інститут лісового господарства» (скорочена назва «Укрдіпроліс»), діяльність якого була направлена на розробку державних проєктів щодо протипожежного облаштування на території лісових масивів; Українська державна база авіаційної охорони лісів, що здійснювала вчасне надання інформації про рівень небезпеки пожеж для лісогосподарських підприємств.

Ключові слова: сфера пожежної охорони, рівень небезпеки пожеж, державна політика, координація заходів протипожежної безпеки, боротьба з пожежами.

Formulation of the problem

To date, in connection with the increase in cases of hybrid wars, terrorist acts and due to significant changes in economic processes in Ukraine and, at the same time, due to bringing the management mechanisms and methods of fire safety in the country up to the standards of the European Community, the level of importance of meeting needs is increasing citizens in matters of their personal safety as one of the main tasks of public administration. That is why the implementation of a new course of Ukraine in the direction of improving the state system of guaranteeing fire safety and implementing innovative approaches in the development of state mechanisms for its regulation is becoming urgent [1, c. 22-23].

Analysis of research and publications

Such scientists as: Borys O. [3; 4]; Govorun S. [1]; S. Isachenko [7]; Korobkina K. [5]; Lozinska T. [6]; Miller O. [2]; O. Shevchenko [13]; Stogrin I. [8] and others. However, many problematic issues related to comprehensive control and purposeful management of technical, organizational, and economic measures for fire prevention in Ukraine remain insufficiently researched.

The purpose of the article is to determine the peculiarities of problematic aspects of the development of fire safety regulation mechanisms in Ukraine.

Presentation of the main research material

In modern conditions, the unsatisfactory state of fire safety in Ukraine prompts all government bodies and other institutions responsible for this area to direct their efforts to the prevention and prevention of fires, the protection of life and health of citizens, national wealth, property and the environment [2, c . 49].

Statistics give the following figures regarding fatalities during fires: every year in Ukraine, more than 2,000 people die as a result of fires, 75% of fires occur in the residential sector, here the mortality rate reaches 96% of the total number of cases, the structure of fire cases in residential areas predominates deaths in rural areas - about 60%. In most cases, the reason for this is the unpreparedness of the population for the occurrence of fires and the lack of fire prevention measures in the private sector, as well as the low level of organizational and technical training of fire protection units [3].

In the course of society's life, various factors and processes in social, economic and other spheres directly or indirectly affect the development of the state system of fire safety and complicate it. On the other hand, the rate of development of such a system and the gaps in the existing state organization of the functioning of the mechanism of operational response to the occurrence of fires by rescue units and timely arrival at the place of call are decreasing. Therefore, the actual issue of increasing the level of fire safety is the effective transformation of existing measures of public administration in the system of fire safety of Ukraine and their direct implementation [4, c. 85].

Forest fires also cause a great deal of disaster, human casualties, and economic losses in the world. Global warming has become one of the largest consequences of increasing the rate of occurrence of such emergencies. The occurrence of forest fires also leads to environmental disasters both at the regional and global level, including in the form of emissions of greenhouse gases and aerosols during fires into the atmosphere [5, c. 385].

Fires are the main reason for the disappearance of forest plantations, which is characteristic of almost all countries and continents. Several times a year, large-scale fires may occur, due to which carbon dioxide and other air polluting substances enter the atmosphere [6, c. 71-72].

April 2020 was a very difficult period for Ukraine in the fight against fires at the national level. For almost a month, massive forest fires did not stop on the territory of the Zhytomyr region and in the exclusion zone (the Chornobyl nuclear power plant area). According to the data provided by the State Emergency Service, more than thirty thousand hectares of forest plantations burned. The fire destroyed more than 40 residential buildings located in the forest. The intense and persistent work of fire-rescue units from different parts of Ukraine and their incredible efforts in fighting fires made it possible to stop the fire from spreading to the territory of the main unit of the Chernobyl nuclear fuel storage unit and divert it from Belarus.

More than two and a half thousand firefighters, foresters and soldiers, almost five hundred units of technical means, including firefighting aviation equipment, were involved in fighting the fires of incredible scale. Financing of such measures was carried out at the expense of the state budget, and more than one hundred million hryvnias were additionally allocated to fight against natural disasters.

State bodies, analyzing the causes of fires of such magnitude, identify the main ones, among them: banal burning of dry grass, the possibility of planned sabotage was also not excluded, but, in our opinion, the root of the problem lies in the low level of state organization of issues of mobilization and coordination of measures fire safety, the lack of developed algorithms for the actions of fire departments in the event of fires and the skills to fight them, in the reduction of the level of professional knowledge and skills of employees in the field of fire protection, and the inability of the authorities to understand all the problematic aspects of fire protection in a particular region.

Over the past few years, due to the illogical and inconsistent state policy in the direction of fighting forest fires, the once successful national system of ensuring the protection of forest areas against the occurrence of fires in Ukraine has collapsed. Currently, the key structures in the field of extinguishing forest fires are in the process of being liquidated, or have been completely liquidated. These included: State enterprise "Ukrainian State Project and Research Institute of Forestry" (abbreviated name "Ukrdiprolis"), whose activity was directed to the development of state projects related to fire prevention equipment on the territory of forest areas; Ukrainian state base of aviation protection of forests, which carried out timely provision of information on the level of fire danger for forestry enterprises.

The centralized system of aviation patrolling forests is also in the process of liquidation (the professional training of observers "from the air" and forest paratroopers-firefighters was canceled). In turn, a modern and innovative approach to forest fire prevention and extinguishing was not introduced in the activities of forestry. That is, at the moment, there is no single approved methodology and standards for the effective implementation of fire protection equipment of enterprises of the forestry complex [7].

Fires on the territory of the exclusion zone (the city of Chornobyl and nearby areas), as the specialists of the environmental service claim, almost all showed the existing problems of the fire safety system of Ukraine. The key aspect is that the financial infusions of donors should have been spent on solving these problems in general, but, unfortunately, this did not happen.

In my opinion, to ensure the required level of radiation safety in the country, effective monitoring systems for the occurrence of fires and sufficient communication coverage for prompt fire detection are necessary. At the expense of these funds, the entire national fire safety system should be provided with the necessary technical means and a sufficient number of specialists for quick response and fighting fires. Experts on environmental issues, for their part, consider one of the main causes of forest fires to be their illegal felling. Unfortunately, state bodies at various levels do not pay the necessary attention to this issue [8].

According to the information received from the Regional East European Fire Monitoring Center (REEFMC) [9], the system of reliable national accounting of the number and area of natural fires does not function accurately enough in Ukraine. An example can be considered the fire in the Lubyansk forestry of the Chernobyl zone, which, in April 2015, destroyed almost 10 thousand hectares of forest plantations. According to statistics provided by the State Emergency Service, only 600 hectares of fires are shown. Such cases are not isolated...

Deliberate provision of unreliable information data, unfortunately, cannot allow to fully assess the scale of the problems and make effective management decisions on forest fire protection at the government level. In addition, false data on the occurrence of natural fires in forest areas distorts the current critical situation in the country, so Ukraine simply cannot count on technical assistance from the European Union.

Fires are not properly investigated, their causes and persons responsible for their occurrence are not established. Therefore, there are no citizens and officials who should be held accountable - all these aspects also reduce the effectiveness of the fire safety system.

According to the expert conclusions of REEFMC, the reason for the destruction of huge areas of forests in Zhytomyr, Kyiv regions and forests of the exclusion zone, which entailed great material losses, human losses and incredible ecological consequences for the country, was precisely the lack of functioning of an effective system of protection of forest areas, peatlands and other natural landscapes at the interagency level [7].

Inadequate level of material and technical support of the fire and rescue units of the State Emergency Service of Ukraine, insufficient number of professional firefighters is one of the important reasons for the lack of prompt and consistent response to the occurrence of fires and other emergency situations. Also, in Ukraine, the system of voluntary fire brigades and local communal fire brigades functions improperly due to the small number of employees [10].

A vivid example of the imperfect functioning of the fire safety system in Ukraine was the case of a fire in December 2019 at the Odesa College of Economics - the fire department simply lacked specialized equipment and technical means for rescuing citizens and fighting fires (galvanized buckets, special shoes, fire ladders and trampolines to catch people jumping from windows of burning buildings). Thanks to the heroism of firefighters and the solidarity of ordinary residents of Odessa, a large number of students were saved, but at the same time, such a disaster showed the lack of equipment of the professional fire service.

Firefighters arrived quickly enough at the scene of the call, but it was not possible to provide immediate assistance to the victims and pull them out of the fire. The length of manual ladders was physically simply not enough, and for the work of mechanized ladders, additional time is required. The fire spread too quickly due to the fact that the building was quite old, and its interior ceiling was made of reeds, so the speed of the flame was lightning fast - people just started jumping out of the windows of the college to escape.

It is worth stating the fact that after every mass fire, questions arise regarding the full provision of the necessary equipment and technical means for Ukrainian firefighters. Polish experts in the field of rescuing people note that upon the arrival of the fire truck, the emergency workers simply stood helplessly and watched the rapid progress of the fire through the building. After all, they simply did not have special equipment, for example, rescue cushions (trampoline), in the presence of which people could be saved.

Firefighters from Poland showed in practice how effective the use of a trampoline is: you can jump on it from the fourth floor on your back or buttocks. The time of its preparation is 35-40 seconds, and the cost of one unit is about ten thousand dollars, and the so-called cradle by Polish firefighters, also known as a hydraulic lift, is almost a million dollars.

The example of a fire in Odesa also revealed a lack not only of special equipment, but also of commonplace uniforms, gloves, helmets, helmet pads, other equipment, and new cars [11].

Also, problematic issues of fire safety in Ukraine arise at objects of mass gathering of people, such as: medical institutions, children's and other educational institutions, markets, sanatoriums, hostels and hotels, cultural and educational institutions. In such buildings, due to limited state funding, proper fire safety measures are simply not carried out [12, c. 127].

Conclusions

Therefore, the processes of occurrence and development of fires in any state require comprehensive control and purposeful management. This becomes possible not only due to the implementation by the state of complex technical, organizational, and economic measures to prevent and fight against fires, but also due to the increase in the importance of regulatory and legal mechanisms for the regulation of relations between the state authorities responsible for such tasks, economic entities activities and other non-governmental structures that are engaged in ensuring fire safety of settlements, enterprises and organizations of various forms of ownership, as well as thanks to the change of outdated and ineffective principles of their interaction, and, of course, the gradual modernization of the entire system of ensuring fire safety of the country, as a whole [13 , c. 60; 14].

Large-scale integration into the European community should take place with the maximum possible for Ukraine increasing the requirements for ensuring fire safety and fully bringing them to European standards in the field of civil protection with the help of effective optimization and reform. Such changes are possible only in the process of comprehensive improvement of all security issues of the country in ecological, social, economic and technogenic directions in their direct relationship and interdependence.

References

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fire-fighting innovative administration forest

Література

1. Говорун С.В. Теоретико-методологічні засади державного управління у сфері забезпечення пожежної безпеки в Україні / Науковий вісник: Державне управління № 2, 2019. C. 21-41.

2. О.В. Міллер, А.І. Харчук Актуальні питання державного регулювання пожежної безпеки в Україні / О.В. Міллер, А.І. Харчук // Пожежна безпека. - 2019. - № 35. - С. 49-53.

3. Олександр БОРИС Пожежі: розгляд стану справ/ Надзвичайна ситуація

4. О.П. Борис Визначення напрямів державного регулювання у сфері пожежної безпеки на основі розгляду даних статистики пожеж/ Науковий вісник: Цивільний захист та пожежна безпека № 1 (7), 2019 C. 85 -91

5. Коробкіна К.М., Рибалова О.В Вплив лісових пожеж на стан навколишнього природного середовища / Проблеми та перспективи забезпечення цивільного захисту: матеріали міжнародної науково-практичної конференції молодих учених. - Харків: НУЦЗУ, 2019. - C.494

6. Лозінська Т.П. Проблеми пожежної небезпеки в лісовому господарстві // Формування сучасної наукової думки: матеріали міжнародної наукової конференції, 31 січня, 2020 рік. - Кропивницький, Україна: МЦНД, 2020. -С. 71-73.

7. Світлана Ісаченко На згарищі / На державному рівні відсутня адекватна міжвідомча система охорони лісів, торфовищ, інших природних ландшафтів від великого вогню, квітень 2020 р.

8. Ірина Штогрін «Хто підпалює Україну»: чому горять ліси та поля і як із цим боротися / Радіо свобода / 21 квітня 2020

9. Регіональний Східноєвропейський Центр моніторингу пожеж

10. Забезпечення пожежною та іншою спецтехнікою підрозділів ДСНС є недостатнім для належного реагування на пожежі 04.04.2019/ Рахункова палата

11. УНИАН / «Людей можна було врятувати»: рятувальники розповіли про нестачу обладнання при гасінні пожежі в Одесі 8 грудня 2019

12. Говорун С.В. Державне управління у сфері забезпечення пожежної безпеки в Україні: аспекти інституційного розвитку. Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата наук з державного управління (доктора філософії) за спеціальністю 25.00.01 «Теорія та історія державного управління» (025 - Державне управління). - Дніпропетровський регіональний інститут державного управління Національної академії державного управління при Президентові України, Дніпро, 2018. C.315

13. Шевченко О.М. Теоретичні засади дослідження механізмів державного управління сферою пожежної безпеки в Україні / О.М. Шевченко, В.А. Вернидуб // Публічне адміністрування: наукові дослідження та розвиток. - 2018. - № 2. - С. 57-64.

14. Chaplay I.V. Romanenko Y.O. Organization of constructive dialogue between civil society institutions and state bodies as a guarantee of the stability and development of a state. Децентралізація влади, проведення реформ в Україні. Сучасний стан та проблеми підготовки кадрів для об'єднаних територіальних громад: 2018 рік: матеріали П міжн. наук.-метод. конф., 13-14 грудня 2018 року. Рівне: Національний університет водного господарства та природокористування, 2018. С. 164-165.

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