Food sovereignty and agrologistics as the basis of food security in Ukraine under the conditions of the state of martial following the consequences of Russian aggression

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National Pedagogical Dragomanov University

Food sovereignty and agrologistics as the basis of food security in Ukraine under the conditions of the state of martial following the consequences of Russian aggression

Bulycheva T.V.

Butkaliuk K.O.

Hryniuk T.A.

Introduction

food security socio-economic policy

Modern trends in the development of agrarian business, both in peacetime and in wartime, are the production and sale of safe, organic products, as well as social support for rural development. The mentioned spheres are aimed precisely at ensuring the healthy life of a person, the food sovereignty of the state, which is always of the highest value. Therefore, the application of the value approach as a socially justified new method of researching agrarian business in Ukraine during the war had an objective basis. It's know, agrarian business is the locomotive of the Ukrainian economy, which has always been one of the priority sphere for the country's external and internal economic development. Providing food for its residents is always relevant. The viability and self-sufficiency of society, as well as the existence of a large number of the most diverse directions of human activity, depend on the optimal solution of this issue. Food security is one of the main directions of ensuring the country's national security in the long term, a factor in preserving its statehood and sovereignty, and the main component of social and economic policy in the face of modern challenges.

Presenting main material

For a long time, Ukraine has been positioned as a guarantor of food security in many countries of the world due to traditionally powerful food exports. "Food independence - self-sufficiency of the country through domestic production of basic food products in volumes not less than the established limit level of their specific weight in the commodity resources of the domestic food market" [1,8]. Ukraine's contribution to the world food market in 2021 was equivalent to providing food for about 400 million people. The main risks and threats to food security, which can significantly reduce its level now, are the following: 1) economic risks, which are associated with a decrease in the investment attractiveness of agriculture and the competitiveness of domestic products, a low level of competition in certain branches of the agro-industrial complex; 2) risks associated with conflicts and temporarily occupied territories, conducting military operations; 3) technological risks, which are associated with lagging behind developed countries in the level of technological development of the production base; 4) climatic threats caused by adverse climatic changes and anomalous natural phenomena of a spontaneous nature, the consequences of natural and man-made emergencies. The success of agricultural production in Ukraine also depends on the food security of certain countries of the world, in particular, from the regions of the Middle East and Africa. In some years, the country's share in world supplies of wheat was 10%, barley 15-20%, sunflower oil more than 50%. On average, 50 million tons of agricultural products were exported from Ukraine, and in record years up to 65 million tons. There is no way to find an alternative to such volumes not only today, but also for the next 3-5 years [1,8]. The military aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine made adjustments to food security and put forward fundamentally new requirements for the spring sowing campaign in Ukraine in 2022.

The implementation of the current sowing should take into account the following factors: 1) replacement of crops for which demand will be expected in the domestic market (primarily these are socially important cereal crops) when reseeding frozen winter agricultural crops; 2) restrictions on the export of certain food crops (oats, millet, buckwheat, sugar, rye), introduced by Ukraine in connection with martial law; 3) the impossibility of conducting field work in the zones of active hostilities (southern and eastern regions of Ukraine); 4) violation of the logistics of supplying fuel and lubricants, fertilizers and seeds for field work; 5) changings in regional internal demand due to the displacement of a significant number of people forced to leave their homes due to active hostilities and the destruction of social infrastructure.

In the next season, a large deficit of grain storage capacities is predicted in Ukraine. As a result of the blockade of sea ports, the slowdown of grain exports, the destruction and damage of elevators, especially in the Luhansk, Dnipropetrovsk, and Chernihiv regions, 35% of the available capacities of grain warehouses will be filled with transitional residues of the current season. In Ukraine, temporary residues of grain and oil crops can be formed at the level of 25.1 million tons, which is 4.2 times higher than the previous season and will not allow to release a significant share of grain storage capacities for receiving a new harvest [7]. At the same time, the pace of the sowing campaign and agroclimatic conditions contribute to an increase in forecasts for the production of grain and oilseed crops in Ukraine, which will further complicate the situation without proper realization of the available reserves. The threat to Ukraine's food security is the destruction and theft of agricultural machinery to satisfy the marauding ambitions of the occupiers and to prevent the planting campaign in the spring.

Brovarskyi (Kyiv region), Melitopolskyi (Zaporizhia region), Prylutskyi, Nizhynskyi, Novgorod-Siverskyi communites (Chernihiv region), as well as a number of districts of Kherson, Kharkiv and Sumy regions were the most affected. Agricultural machinery worth 5 million euros was stolen from the Zaporizhzhia region only. In addition, the Russian occupiers are requisitioning agricultural machinery for engineering work, construction of fortifications, and for use as tractors for armored vehicles.

Having analyzed the initial positions for this year's sowing, it should be noted that during the 2022 sowing campaign, Ukrainian farmers are the worst equipped with fuel -- 60.2%, and in second place, agricultural producers lack nitrogen fertilizers -- 68%. The situation is better with seeds (76.7%) and complex fertilizers (79.8%) [6,7].

It was Russia that launched an unprovoked military invasion of Ukraine (February 24, 2022) and continued the war started against Ukraine back in 2014. As a result of hostilities, more than 20 million tons of Ukrainian grain were blocked in Ukrainian ports, a large part of which was intended for the UN World Food Program. It is known that logistics in the conditions of the blockade of ports suffered the most destruction and technological violations. Russia's military aggression made it impossible for Ukraine's seaports to function, through which about 90% of agricultural exports were carried out. According to the Ministry of Agrarian Policy, in our modern realities (spring-summer 2022), up to 20,000 tons of grain per day are transported by rail, while previously about 150,000 tons passed through sea ports. Therefore, a key question for supporting the economy is the creation of an alternative logistics network for exports, which the government and the business community are currently working on quite actively. In the current conditions, the following two options are optimal: 1) export through sea ports of neighboring states (Romania, Bulgaria); 2) use of railway connections. The implementation of the first involves serious diplomatic work, while the second option requires significant funding to expand the railway infrastructure network of Ukraine and neighboring countries (dry transshipment points, port centers) [2,4,5]. Among the most pressing problems is the task of exporting 20 million tons of grain without guaranteed port security; how long will Ukrainians have enough stocks of basic products in war conditions and how to import products so that there will be enough of them in Ukrainian stores. It was in the first days after the aggressor's full-scale attack on Ukraine that shelves with products in stores were emptied very quickly. Panic purchases swept across the country. At the time of writing the article, the 150th day of the war has already passed and the issue of food security, as we can see, has taken a backseat; at least in cities where there are no active hostilities. At the Ministry of Agrarian Policy, which controls and coordinates these issues, the main task now is to facilitate the export of agricultural products from Ukraine without guaranteed working ports. Currently, Ukraine has a significant surplus of oil and grain. About 20 million tons of grains that need to be transported abroad have accumulated, in particular, wheat residues - twice as much as the domestic need. Certain logistics chains already operate to the borders of Poland, Romania and Hungary, however, the capacity of export routes remains too narrow. The European Union contributed to the creation of so-called "corridors of solidarity" for the purpose of exporting Ukrainian grain by land, using rail, road transport and inland waterways, however, these extraordinary measures cannot fully solve the problem of Ukrainian grain exports. The European Union supports the UN's efforts to find ways to unblock Ukrainian ports and resume commercial shipping in the Black Sea.

The vegetable market is also suffering under conditions of military aggression. In recent years, Ukraine has been exporting vegetables to dozens of countries around the world. After the aggressor country invasion, the situation has changed. To ensure the internal needs of the population, the state suspended the export of socially important products, in particular, vegetables. In 2022, Ukraine may confront a shortage of vegetables. According to the information of the "Gardens of Victory" project, due to the war unleashed by Russia, Ukraine will not receive 71% of the eggplant harvest, 68% of tomatoes, 58% of peppers, 46% of onions, 45% of cucumbers, 39% of zucchini, 38% of carrots, 38% of garlic, 36 % of potatoes, 35% of beets and 32% of cabbage [6,7].

Taking into account the state of war, we made forecasts regarding the reduction of sown areas for vegetable growing in war zones. Sown areas in the north, east and south, in particular in the Chernihiv, Kherson, Kharkiv, Sumy, Mykolaiv, Luhansk, Kyiv, Zaporizhzhya and Donetsk regions, are likely to be reduced by almost 40%. By 19.2% - in the Poltava region. A much lower percentage is observed in the Ternopil, Volyn, Dnipropetrovsk, and Rivne regions, where 1.27 to 5.65% of land will not be sown with vegetables this year. Average loss of sown areas under vegetables in 2022. roughly reach 16.3% [5].

Against the background of a decrease in the area under vegetable crops this year, taking into account the warming of the climate, we can expect a change in the structure of vegetable sown areas, a transition to late-ripening, more productive varieties of traditional vegetables. In the future, we can expect the expansion of the zone favorable for eggplants, sweet peppers and tomatoes. Given the current situation, an increase in the area under vegetable crops is expected at the expense of the western regions, mainly Lviv and Zakarpattia regions.

The great importance in supplying Ukrainian consumers with vegetables has also greenhouse farms, which are located throughout the territory of Ukraine. Their total area is 6.4 thousand hectares and in 2021 they were able to grow 490 thousand tons various vegetables. Cucumbers and tomatoes were the undisputed leaders in terms of cultivation volume (48% and 47% of the harvest, respectively). According to the expert, the largest areas under greenhouses are in Zaporizhzhya (19% of all areas under greenhouses), Kherson (11%) and Ternopil regions (11%). And although part of the territories with a large number of greenhouses is under temporary occupation (Kherson and Zaporizhia regions), this will not lead to a shortage of greenhouse vegetables. It should be taken into account that the general consumption fund is now reduced due to the significant migration of Ukrainians abroad due to the war in Ukraine. [6].

Given the need for long-term preservation of vegetable products, there is a need for prompt formation of the state reserve. The initiator of such innovations was the Ukrainian company "Organik-D", which implements technological solutions in the field of cultivation of root crops and other borscht crops on organic fertilizer. Thus, an enterprise from Dnipropetrovsk region moved to the Vinnytsia region, where this company is located, offering a new technology of cold sublimation. Currently, there is a great demand for frozen vegetables - washed, cut into pieces and ready for quick consumption. Sublimation is the newest direction in our nutrition. It is not for nothing that it is called "food of the 21st century". Sublimation is currently the only food preservation technology that not only completely preserves, but also transfers nutrients during the transition from form to form.

Freeze-dried foods last longer than other canned foods and are very light, making them ideal provisions for people who found themselves in difficult survival conditions during the war. Sublimation drying of products (or vacuum drying) is sublimation (removal) of water content from frozen products in a vacuum. Currently, this method of drying products is the most advanced, but at the same time more expensive.

Since the military invasion of aggressor country in Ukraine, the export of agricultural products has decreased several times. Limiting factors: logistics that have become more complicated and expensive, access to financial resources, risk. More than 50 ships with grain and oil crops are currently in the ports of Ukraine. Due to the blockade of sea ports, Ukraine loses 170 million dollars every day and can provide only 15-20% of the pre-war export of agricultural products [1,4,5]. The improvement of the situation can be facilitated by the proposals of foreign partners, namely: 1) establishment of exports through the Danube ports, upstream of the Danube, with further forwarding of Ukrainian cargoes through European ports; 2) using the logistics capabilities of the Republics of Romania, Lithuania, and Latvia to export Ukrainian grain to the traditional markets of Ukrainian agricultural products in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East; 3) simplification of customs clearance of Ukrainian agricultural products by Moldova; 4) creation of a logistics hub for grain in the Bulgarian port of Varna; 5) launch of the export container service "railway-river" by the Swiss company MSC in Ukraine.

During the military aggression of Russia, the livestock market was also destroyed. As a result of the war, 15% of livestock production was lost, in particular, significant losses were caused to the poultry industry of the Kherson region, cattle breeding of the Kharkiv and Chernihiv regions, etc. [7]. Food security in terms of providing the population with livestock products during the war can be guaranteed to one degree or another by small local producers, and grain not exported from Ukraine can help the revival of livestock farming. Currently, it is important for Ukraine to increase the volume of the meat sector of animal husbandry, the number of cattle and small livestock, in particular, goats and sheep.

The war has a negative impact on Ukrainian beekeeping. As a result of the aggression of the Russian Federation, damage was caused to Ukrainian beekeeping - part of the apiaries was destroyed as a result of shelling. In the occupied territories, some apiaries were deliberately destroyed by russian troops. According to the estimates of the company "Znatnyi Med", the loss of bee colonies in the North (Kyiv, Chernihiv), East (Slobozhanshchyna) and South (Kherson, Mykolaiv regions) of Ukraine can amount to 30% [6,8]. According to the UN, due to the war in Ukraine in 2022, a third of the fields will be unfit for sowing. At the same time, the areas under sunflowers are decreasing, the priority is cereals, and they are not honey plants. These factors can lead to a reduction of the medical collection by 25-30%. Wild honey plants are of great importance this season. Experts of TM "Znatnyi Med" believe that in 2022 there will be enough honey for domestic consumption, but export volumes may decrease significantly. It's known, Ukraine is one of the TOP world exporters of honey; yes, in 2021, Ukraine took the second place in the world among the largest honey exporting countries, which also include China, Argentina, India and Brazil. Due to the large degree of land plowing, urbanization, and military operations, the number of pollinating insects is rapidly decreasing. Every unpollinated flower is a loss of the future harvest.

For several years in a row, a rather unusual but very important project, a sanctuary for pollinating insects, has been implemented in the south of the Kyiv region in the Kagarlyk community. A continuous attractive flowering conveyor of plants that bloom in turn is organized for insects, providing them with food all summer. This small patch attracts an unusually large number of insects, including many wild pollinators. During the period of operation of the reserve, the number of pollinators and entomophages (insects that eat pests) increased many times. In general, at least 10% increase in the average yield was obtained, and in some fields located closer to the reserve, the yield increased to 20%. Undoubtedly, the improvement of yield depends on biodiversity [6]. It is necessary to restore the number of wild pollinators - bees and bumblebees. Everyone benefits from this, because preserving biodiversity essentially means preserving life and honey production.

In order to improve food security, the All-Ukrainian campaign "Gardens of Victory" was recently created, the work of which is aimed at the effective use of available land plots and directing all resources to grow food products in order to prevent a food crisis in Ukraine. The main goal of the project is to provide food to their loved ones, as well as people in temporarily occupied territories, internally displaced persons and all those on the front lines. Accordingly, all actions are aimed at ensuring the food sovereignty of our state in the conditions of martial law and the approach of the expected victory.

After a difficult period of preliminary negotiations, the aggressor state and Ukraine signed an agreement on July 22 to resolve the problem of exporting the stipulated amount of Ukrainian grain, which has been blocked in sea ports since the beginning of the war. The signing ceremony took place in Istanbul with the mediation of UN Secretary General Antonio Guterres and the participation of Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan, which inspires certain hopes [6,8 ].

Conclusions

Providing humanity with quality food is becoming more and more difficult. Every second, the world's population increases by three people, in return, resources are limited, and environmental problems intensify, sometimes becoming an obstacle to increasing the amount of food. At the same time, farmers are forced to solve two conflicting tasks: 1) to increase production volumes to meet the needs of the growing population; 2) guarantee the safety of food products and reduce the impact on the surrounding natural environment. The ongoing national dialogues on the transformation of the food system of our country should take into account the algorithm in accordance with internationally recognized modern norms and rules in the context of modern threats. The focus of transformation of the agro-food system and agrarian processes in their realities highlight the following issues: 1) strengthening food security and food sovereignty, taking into account local production and cultural traditions of the population; 2) obtaining a sustainable agro-food product characterized by positive environmental parameters; 3) formation of product chains of creation of added value with increased attention meet the needs of consumers and producers of agricultural products; 4) guaranteeing ecologically safe methods of farming; 5) introduction of digitization and digitization in various areas of the agro-food system, including electronic commerce. Despite all the challenges of today, there is a clear understanding that farmers will continue to work tirelessly on the peaceful front to ensure the food security of Ukrainians and the approaching victory of our state over the aggressor.

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