Features of criminal investigation followed by the gunshot in the conditions of the state of martial

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Features of criminal investigation followed by the gunshot in the conditions of the state of martial

Utvenko Viktoria,

3rd year cadet

Dnipropetrovsk State University of Internal Affairs

Prylovskyi Volodymyr,

Associate Professor of the Department of Forensic Science and Pre-Medical Training, PhD in Law

The investigation of gunshot traces is carried out using modern methods and techniques forensic ballistics, which is a separate branch of forensic technology. There are traces of gunshots one of the important objects of forensic ballistics along with firearms and their parts or parts, cartridges and their elements, casings, capsules, etc. [2, p.180]. However, the study of gunshot traces is of particular importance in modern conditions when investigation of criminal offenses committed during military operations, after introduction of martial law in Ukraine in connection with the invasion of the aggressor country.

Gunshot traces in forensic ballistics usually include:

- traces of gunshot damage on the victim's body or on others objects - gunshot damage;

- traces-deposits of gunpowder and other products of the shot, which are not related to injuries, but is evidence of the use of a firearm (on the body of a person who fired a shot, as well as at surrounding objects);

- traces of a shot remaining on projectiles, as well as on fired casings.

The main ones, as a general rule, are considered to be traces of damage from a shot, i.e. those caused by the shock, bursting impact of a projectile (it can be a bullet, her parts, meal, buckshot). All other gunshot marks caused by side effects factors (powder, powder gas, pressure, flame) are considered additional. Role the study of gunshot traces in forensics is extremely important. All traces indicated shot, first of all, is evidence of the very fact of the use of firearms in the studied case [3, p. 51].

Forensic ballistics pays considerable attention to the study of the main traces - fire damage. Such damage (or holes) qualify for by the degree of penetration, that is, the level of damage, traumatization of one or the other object (including the victim's body). According to this sign, it is customary to distinguish:

- blind gunshot injuries (when inspecting the object, only the entrance one is detected hole, channel, and in its depth they find the bullet itself, buckshot, shot, and their fragments);

- penetrating gunshot wounds (when inspecting the object, both incoming and outgoing gunshot wounds are detected

holes that are connected to each other by a channel, and the bullet and other projectiles are absent in it);

- tangential gunshot injuries (only tangential traces of contact with the projectile firearms). These can be scratches, burns, etc. In this case, incoming and there are no exit holes and projectile movement channels.

Analysis of the location of the entrance and exit holes, the direction of the channel the passage of the projectile helps to answer questions about the direction of the projectile shot, its distance. At the same time, it is important to know the properties of surfaces-barriers, on which left traces of a shot. Yes, on hard surfaces- obstacles that have enough high fragility (for example, brick, concrete, glass) the exit hole will be larger than input, and the cross-sectional area of the projectile movement channel will have the form of a cone, expansion which indicates the direction of flight of the projectile. On those obstacles that have relatively plastic base (metal, wood), the diameter of the entrance hole can be approx to estimate the caliber of the bullet. It should be taken into account that on elastic materials the diaphragm (fabric, rubber, etc.) the entrance hole will be smaller than the caliber of the bullet, and in some cases the defect it will even be difficult to notice (on a rubber surface).

Shot traces are also a source of information about the type and model of firearms, as well as about the specific instance of the weapon that was used during the commission of a crime. It is important to solve these problems study of gunshot marks on bullets and casings.

Thus, the following types of traces are formed from a bullet shot: 1) traces from the surface cutting fields; 2) traces of cuts (bottom surfaces of cuts). Due to the research of the first identification of weapons is carried out. The primary traces of the cutting fields are almost there parallel to the longitudinal axis of the ball, and the secondary ones (according to the sequence of formation) are located with an inclination to the longitudinal axis of the ball. In the process of identifying weapons by these marks set the system of firearms, as well as indicators of wear barrel channel. Researching the traces of shots on the casings also provides an opportunity identify the weapon. Such traces are formed at different stages: during charging weapons, directly when firing, as well as when removing the cartridge case. During after a shot, identification traces of the shutter cup and striker are formed on the cartridge case.

It is believed that the study of gunpowder traces and deposits is of no less importance other shot products. In forensic ballistics, attention is paid to the presence of gunpowder soot, gunpowder remains, marks of the muzzle of a firearm, tissue tears in the area of the entrance hole, traces of metallization, sediment. The main role of the study of trace deposits is that they make it possible to establish the persons present in the place and during the firing (powder deposits are left on their body or clothes, etc.).

Features of placement of such traces. the level of their intensity in different places is given it will be possible to establish who held the weapon, who was nearby during the execution shot, paint a picture of the crime scene as a whole. Traces of deposits can be found not only on open parts of the body of the person who shot or was present nearby, but also on the inner parts of pockets of clothes, suitcases, packages, which already have after shot, they hid weapons [5, p. 67].

Analysis of such gunshot traces makes it possible to establish mutual characteristics the location of the participants in the crime, the direction and distance of the shot, the type of gunpowder, the sample weapons [1, p. 160].

Therefore, it is an important method of forensic investigation of gunshot traces experiment and simulation. Such methods make it possible to simulate situation of the scene, determine the distance of the shot. For this, it is carried out comparative samples of shots (experimental targets) and establish that sample, which corresponds to the collected traces of the crime [4, p. 32].

Looking at modern methods of forensic investigation is necessary to note that they are significant today in the period of martial law, because the number of criminal offenses committed with weapons, or with the use of military supplies, devices, including self-made - significantly have increased And therefore, with the help of forensic research methods, it is possible to discover or establish the important information and details so necessary for disclosure, investigation and simulation of criminal offenses.

References

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