Proto-Afrasian names of ungulates in light of the Proto Afrasian homeland issue

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Institute of Slavic studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences;

Proto-Afrasian names of ungulates in light of the Proto Afrasian homeland issue Alexander Militarev is responsible for all lexical material, reconstruction of zoonyms, and discussion of the hypothetical Levant homeland of Proto-Afrasians and their identification with Natufians. Sergei Nikolaev is re-sponsible for the extra-linguistic evaluation of PAA zoonyms, their paleozoological interpretation, and discussion of the hypothetical African homeland of Proto-Afrasian. We would also like to extend our gratitude to Anastasia Kirill-ova for her help in compiling the lists of references, the alphabetic index of reconstructed roots, and the list of ab-breviations.

Militarev's research is supported by The Russian Science Foundation (Project ¹ 20-18-00159); the financing organization is The Institute of Linguistics, Russian Academy of Sciences.

Alexander Militarevf, Sergei Nikolaev$

f Russian State University for the Humanities;



In this paper, we present the first section of a comprehensive thesaurus of Proto-Afrasian zoonyms, compiled and reconstructed by the authors. The list contains more than a hundred names of ungulates, including bovids, pigs, equids and camels, as well as large herbivores (elephants, hippopotamuses and rhinoceroses), allowing for a wholesome (at the current level of our knowledge) picture of these species of fauna in the period preceding the split of Proto-Afrasian (ca. 11th millennium BCE, according to glottochronology) within the area presumably inhabited by speakers of Proto-Afrasian. The results of the reconstruction may be interpreted in favor of two different points of view on the localization of the Proto- Afrasian homeland, namely, the Levant vs. East Africa; the paper presents arguments both in favor of and against each of these hypotheses.

Keywords: Proto-Afrasian homeland; Afrasian (Afro-Asiatic) languages; etymology of zoonyms; reconstruction of cultural lexicon.



À. Þ. Ìèëèòàðåâ, Ñ. Ë. Íèêîëàåâ. Ïðààôðàçèéñêèå íàçâàíèÿ êîïûòíûõ â ñâåòå ïðîáëåìû àôðàçèéñêîé ïðàðîäèíû

 ñòàòüå ïðåäñòàâëåíà ïåðâàÿ ïîðöèÿ ïîëíîãî òåçàóðóñà ïðààôðàçèéñêèõ çîîíèìîâ, ïîäãîòîâëåííîãî àâòîðàìè: áîëåå ñòà íàçâàíèé êîïûòíûõ, âêëþ÷àÿ ïîëîðîãèõ, ñâèíåé, ýêâèäîâ è âåðáëþäîâ, à òàêæå êðóïíûõ òðàâîÿäíûõ (ñëîíîâ, ãèïïîïîòàìîâ è íîñîðîãîâ), îòðàæàþùèå ìàêñèìàëüíî ïîëíóþ (íà ñîâðåìåííîì óðîâíå íàøèõ çíàíèé) êàðòèíó ýòèõ âèäîâ ôàóíû â ïåðèîä íàêàíóíå ðàñïàäà ïðààôðàçèéñêîãî ÿçûêà (11 òûñ. äî í.ý., ïî ãëîòòîõðîíîëîãèè) è â çîíå îáèòàíèÿ ïðààôðàçèéöåâ, äâå ðàçëè÷íûå òî÷êè çðåíèÿ íà ëîêàëèçàöèþ êîòîðîé - Ëåâàíò è Âîñòî÷íàÿ Àôðèêà - òàêæå îáñóæäàþòñÿ àâòîðàìè.

Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: àôðàçèéñêàÿ ïðàðîäèíà; àôðàçèéñêèå (àôðî-àçèàòñêèå) ÿçûêè; ýòèìîëîãèÿ çîîíèìîâ; ðåêîíñòðóêöèÿ êóëüòóðíîé ëåêñèêè.

thesaurus afrasian zoonym



Until recently, debates about the primary habitat of the speakers of Proto-Afrasian (Afroasi- atic, Semito-Hamitic) have been based either upon general and extra-linguistic argumentation, sometimes accompanied with scarce, incomplete and unrepresentative lexical comparisons; or upon the reconstruction of Proto-Afrasian (PAA) terms interpreted as arguments in favor of intensive gathering of wild cereals and beans (Diakonoff 1981) or in favor of proto- or incipient agriculture (Militarev 2002).

It goes without saying that the Urheimat issue cannot be seriously discussed without a complete and detailed reconstruction of PAA animal and plant names, as well as general environmental and cultural vocabularies. Likewise, of vital importance here are the approximate dates of branching of PAA and its descendant proto-languages, obtained by glottochronology. A trustworthy solution of the problem can be achieved only through correlation of comparative linguistic data with the findings and outcomes of such related sciences as archaeology, pa- leoclimatology, paleontology, and human population genetics.

The genealogical classification of the Afrasian macrofamily as worked out by Alexander Militarev, based first and foremost on lexicostatistics, is as follows (the figures below refer to the approximate BCE dates of branching of proto-languages, obtained glottochronologically by applying Sergei Starostin's recalibrated method As described in, e.g., Starostin 2000.):

Proto-Afrasian - ca. 10,500:

Proto-Semitic-Egyptian-Berber-Chadic (PSEBC) - ca. 9,000.

Proto-Semitic - ca. 4,500.

Proto-South Semitic (Proto-MSA).

Proto-North Semitic - ca. 3,700.

Akkadian.

Proto-Central Semitic (Ethiopian-Arabic-Levantine) - ca. 3,000.

Proto-Egyptian-Berber-Chadic - ca. 7,800.

Egyptian.

Proto-Berber-Chadic - ca. 6,500.

Proto-Berber - ca. 1,000.

Proto-Chadic - ca. 5,500.

Proto-Cushitic-Omotic (PCO) - ca. 8,800.

Proto-Cushitic - ca. 7,500.

Proto-North-Central Cushitic - ca. 6,800.

Proto-North Cushitic (Beja).

Proto-Central Cushitic (Agaw) - ca. 2,000.

Proto-East Cushitic (incl.Yaaku-Mogogodo) - ca. 6,000.

Proto-South Cushitic (incl.Dahalo and Ma'a) - ca. 4,800.

Proto-Omotic - ca. 6,000.

Proto-North Omotic (incl. Dizi and Mao) - ca. 4,200.

Proto-South Omotic (incl. Ongota) - ca. 4,600.

Until now, any systematic paleozoological argumentation relying on a complete set of PAA animal names has been conspicuously lacking. Today, however, over a hundred names for animals reconstructed by Militarev (who has also drawn from the most reliable com- paranda and reconstructions by Olga Stolbova, Aharon Dolgopolsky, Vaclav Blazek and Gabor Takacs, as well as, naturally, those included in SED II) represent terms that can be labeled Proto-Afrasian and refer to species which may be relevant for addressing the problem of the PAA habitat from the point of view of both biocenosis and food acquisition (hunting, fishing, and domestication of animals).

The animal section which is by far the largest (some fifty items), the most economically vital for the Epipaleolithic man of Southwest Asian and North African areas, and one of the most essential for dealing with the issue of the original homeland, consists of PAA names of ungulates (bovids, camels, equids), conventionally labeled as “largest herbivores”.

Below we present the complete list Regrettably, we did not have time to include data from the forthcoming Issue VI (Labials) of the Chadic Lexical Database by Olga Stolbova. of reconstructed forms It must be stressed that, since historical vocalism in Afrasian (and even Semitic) comparative linguistics is still a weak point, our reconstruction of specific vowels in roots and stems on all levels is in many cases tentative and sometimes rather arbitrary. on various levels, together with their reflexes in individual languages.

Bovids and pigs

1.1a. *?ar(a)wly-`k. of larger bovid'

Sem. *7ilarw-l*7awr- `calf, bull': Akk. (OAkk. on) arwû, armû, etc. `gazelle' [Gazella sp.] Presumable scientific zoological meanings are quoted in square brackets.II Syr. 7arw-än-ä `vitulus, vitula' I Gur. *7ar- `cows': Ez., Gt. äray, etc. Also Tgr. 7arw-ät (with f. suff. -ät) `female elephant' [Loxodonta africana] quoted in SED II No. 17 *7arway- `wild beast; lion'. For discussion on Gz. 7arwe `animal, wild animal, beast' with debatable etymological connec-tions, see SED II: 27 (No. 18); on Amh. awra `male (animal), bull' and its probable areal connections with E. Cush. *7aw(a)r- 'bull' with uncertain direction of borrowing, see SED II: 23 (No. 16). Cf. also Tgr. wuhar `bull'.

(?) Egyp. (MK) ir.t `calf', (Dem.) iry.t `milking cow' (if < *7Vr- not *7Vl-).

Chad. *7arw- `k. of bovid' [Tragelaphus?]: C. *7arw-: Baldiu érèw-è `antelope sp.' Il E. *7ar-: Migama 7ar-ô `duiker' [Tragelaphus sp.].

Cush. *7araw- `male of large ungulates': N. *-rayVw- (*7 > 0 in Beja): Beja o-reo `bull, steer' (o- is a masc. article) II E. *7awar- (met.) `bull': SA: Saho awr, Afar awur `bull' I LEC: Somali awr `he-camel', Rendille or `he-camel, bull', Boni oor `male elephant' [L. africana], Oromo oor-oo `burden camel', Bayso aar, Arbore 7aar, Dasenech ar `bull' I HEC *7aray-: Burji array, ar7ay `bull', a7re `calf' I Yaaku erer `antelope sp.' Il S. *7arw-: Ma'a aro `large herbivore' I Dahalo 7aaroole (with -l root extention?) `eland' [Taurotragus sp.]. Omot. N.: Oyda arr `cow' is isolated, likely from E. Cush.

Cf. SED II No.16; Blazek 2003b: 236, 269; Mil. 2009; AADB 2476.

1.1b.*7ar(a)wly- `k. of lesser bovid'

Sem. *7arwiy- `ibex' [Capra ibex]: Sab. 7rwy-n pl. `(female) mountain goat, ibex (?)' [Capra ibex] I Arab. 7urw-iyy-at- `chèvre de montagne' [C. ibex] Il MSA: Mhr. 7ar-it `goat', Jib. 7arü `she-goat' (Na- kano 1986), Mhr. hä-raw-n, Hrs. he-werü-n (met.), Jib. 7eru-n `goats', Soq. 7ére-hon `moutons, chèvres'. Cf. Sem. *7arn- (likely related with a fossilized -n) `k. of antelope or mountain goat': (?) Akk. (MB on) arm-u `buck of gazelle or mountain goat' (*-n- > -m- influenced by armû?); Aram.: Off. 7rn `ram (?)', Syr. 7arn-ä `caper montanus' [C. ibex]; Arab. 7irän- `oryx mâle' [Oryx sp.] (otherwise < *7araw-); Gz. 7orn-ä `kind of antelope', Gur.: Gog., Muh., arrann-ä `ram, small male sheep'. Probably related with Proto-Berb. *a-nHir (< *-nV7ir, met. < *7Vrin < *7Vry-Vn also with a fossilized -n?): Semlal anïr `antilope', Zenaga e-na7rh `gazelle-Dama' [Nangerdama], Ghat inir, Ahaggar enir, Tadghaq ti-nhir-t `antilope mohor' [N. dama].

Berb.-Can.: Tenerife ara `goat'.

Chad. *7awr- (met.) `small cattle': W. *(7a-)war-: Hausa ara-ara (-w- lost in a reduplicated form?) `type of long-legged ram, goat, sheep', Montol, Ankwe, Gerka ur, Kulere wàr `he-goat' II E. *7awr-: Lele ör-e `goats'.

Cush. *7aray- `k. of lesser bovid': Omot. N.: Koyra aar-e `flock of sheep', Male war-i `goat' are isolated terms, likely lws. from E. Cush. E. *7aray-: SA *7Vray-: Afar eray-taa `goat' I LEC *7ar-: Somali ari, eri `pecore e capre', Bayso arer `antelope sp.' I HEC *7aray-: Burji aray `sheep' I Yaaku erer `antelope sp.' II S. *7ary-: Iraqw ari `goat', pl. ar-a, Alagwa, Burunge ar-a (pl.) `goats' I Qwadza ali-to (-l- < *-r-) `goat'.

Cf. SED II No. 18; AADB 2447.

*7ayl- `k. of lesser bovid'

Sem. *7ayil- `ibex [Capra ibex]': (?) Akk. al-u (el-u) `a fine breed of sheep' (reading arguable) I Ugr. 7al, 7il `ram of superior quality' I Hbr. 7ayil `ram' I ESA: Sab. 7yl `mountain goat, ibex' [C. ibex], Min. 7yl `bélier, bouquetin' [C. ibex] I Arab. 7iyyal-, 7uyyal- `bouquetin, bouc de montagnes' [C. ibex]. Tna. 7il-ä `kind of ram (from the Western Lowlands)' isolated in Eth. is probably a Beja lw.; Jib. ayyôl `Stein-bock' [Capra ibex] (Bittner 1917: 29, not in JJ) is probably an Arabism. Cf. also Proto-Sem. *7ayyal- `Cervus elaphus' (SED II No. 25), similar to PIE *hiel- `deer': Akk. ayal-u `stag, deer', Ugr. 7ayl `deer', Phoen. 7yl `stag' [Cervus

elaphus], Hbr. îayyâl `fallow deer' [Damadama]; Aram.: Off. ?yl `deer, stag', etc.; Arab. ?iyyal-, ?uyyal- `cerf'

[C. elaphus].

Berb. *ti-halay (< *-?ayal, met.?) `sheep': Nefusa t-ili I Zenaga t-iji I Ahaggar té-helé, Ghat ci-hali, Ayr t-ele, E. Wlm. te-hdle, etc. Cf. Ahaggar élahei `mouton à laine': met.?

Cush. *?ayl-`k. of antelope (Litocranius, Tragelaphus, Alcelaphus): N. *?all-i: Beja all-i, pl. ill-i `long-haired sheep' Ó E.: SA *?ill-: Saho ill-e, Afar ill-i `small cattle' I LEC *?el- (< *?il- or *?ayl-): Somali eel-o `tipo de gazella (antilopegiraffa)' [Litocranius walleri], Arbore ?ell-ém, Elmolo ?él-em `ram' Ó S. *?ayl-: Gorowa ele-te-mo `bushbuck' [Tragelaphus sylvaticus] I Ma'a i?al-é `ram', i?al-ü (met. < *?ayl-?) `sheep' I Dahalo ?èèl-e `hartebeest' [Alcelaphus buselaphus].

Egyp. (NE) iy? (if < *?Vyl-) `Widder' (presumably > Copt.: Sahidic oeile, Bohairic wili `bélier') is most probably a lw. from Hbr. ?ayil `ram'.

Cf. SED II No. 24; Mil. 2009; AADB 2466.

*TajVw- `k. of lesser bovid'

Sem. *Tayp(V)w- `foal, kid': Arab.Tajw-, Tifw-, Tufw- `ânon', Tijw-at-, Tufw-at- `petit d'âne femelle' Ó Soq. Teyjij (part. redupl.) `kid'.

Chad. *HajVw- `goat': W. *HVj-Vm-: Ankwe jùm `he-goat', Tangale amj-o (met.?) `ram', Tsagu üj-è `goat' Ó C. *HajVw-: Hwona wujî-râ `she-goat', Logone uju, Kotoko huju, Mesme ajou `goat'.

Cush. S. *Tajaw- `goat': Qwadza ujw-anko `goats' I Ma'a ajà `goat'.

The Chad. and S. Cush. forms testify to AA *f-; Sem. *p (> Arab. and MSA f) may originate from both AA *p and *f. Cf. what is perhaps a variant root with *p-: Sem. ESA: Min. jyT `chevreau', Arab. jaTjaT- id. (the meaning of both terms is questionable); Egyp. (20 Dyn.) Tpwy (met.) `name of a holy ram' [Ammotragus lervia]; Cush. E.: Dullay: Gawwata peeT-atte, Gobeze piTa-ce `she-goat' (< *p/biT-). Cf. Canar.: Gomera tufa (< t-uja?) `oveja'.

Cf. SED II No. 49; Mil. 2009; AADB 2472.

1.4a. *Ti(n)3- and *?i(n)y `k. of smaller bovid'

Sem. *Ta/inz- and *?Vy `she-goat': Akk. (OB on) enz-u (ezz-u, inz-u, azz-atu) `she-goat, goat (gen. term)' Ó Ugr., Phoen. Tz I Hbr. Tez I Aram.: Off. Tnz, Tz `goat', Bibl. Tizz-ïn (pl.) `id.', Syr. Tezz- `capra', etc. I Sab. Tnz `goats' (coll.) I Arab. Tanz(-at)- `chèvre' Ó MSA *?oz: Mhr. woz, Jib. ?oz `she-goat', Soq. ?oz `chèvre, mouton'.

(?) Chad. W. *Haz-an-: Bokkos ?azan `ram'.

Cush. *Tij- and*?i3- `k. of lesser bovid (Aepyceros melampus, etc.)': E. *?iy and*?i3-: SA *Tid and *?id-: Saho Tid-oo (acc. to Conti Rossini 1913), ayd-o (acc. to Reinisch 1890), Afar ayd-a `sheep' I LEC *?³ç-: Somali id-o, Rendille iiy(-e) `flock of sheep', Arbore ?izz-e`gazelle', Elmolo ?éd-i `goat' Ó (?) S. *?and-: Asa ?and-o `impala; female impala' [Aepyceros melampus]. Acc. to Ehret 1980: 333, *T > Asa ?, *3 (?) >*dy > Asa nd; acc. to Takacs 2011, *T > Asa ?, but *3 > Asa j.

Cf. Sum. ùz `goat, she-goat' (EDS #2887) and é.ze `sheep' (EDS #723).

Cf. SED II No. 35; AADB 2471.

1.4b. *ma-Ti(n)3- `k. of bovid'

Sem. *maTiz- or *miTaz- `goat': Aram.: Jud. meTazz-e, meTazz-aya, maTizz-e, maTizz-ayya `goats' Oddly translated in some Aram. dictionaries as `from goats, goats-hair, horn, etc.'. I ESA: Minean mTz-y (du.) `chèvre'I Arab. miTaz-, maïïz- `chèvre ou bouc'.

(?) Egyp. (Coffin texts) myz-t `horned animal (?)' Note lack of -T- vs. the Sem. forms..

Chad. *maHa(n)z- `k. of bovid (Tragelaphus, Kobus); male-goat': W.*maHaz-: Hausa màaz-o `harnessed antelope' [Tragelaphus scriptus], Mburku maaz-u `antelope sp.', Bade mâz-àrén (compound?) `Ziegenbock' II C.*ma/u(n)z-: Fali-Bwagira munza-hwun `male goat', Logone mâz-a `Antilopa hamariya' [Kobus kob], Cf. also Gudur maygazaw (< *manîaz-?) `reedbuck' [Redunca sp.], Gisiga mazawal `male goat'. Matakam muz-àk `he-goat' II E.: Barein muz-o `ox'.

(?) Cush.: S.: Dahalo mâîad-e `female topi' [Damaliscus lunatus]. d is considered to continue only *d, but a few other cases of Dahalo d < *3* including the present reflex in the triconsonantal root do not seem haphazard; an alternative comparison can be möjo (möd3o) `sp. large antilope' commented in EDE III 158: “cannot belong here, being a late loan-word from SNil. (as suggested by EEN)”, which in the light of the AA parallels can be, on the contrary, a lw. from Dahalo.

Omot. N. *miHi(n)z- `cow, bull': Wolaita mizz-a, Gofa miz-a, minj-o, Zala mizz-a `cow', mïz-a `livestock, cattle', Dorze miiz, Koyra miz-a `ox', Chara miy-a, Yemsa miy-a, mij-à `cow', Kafa minj-o `cattle', Bworo mii(n)z-à `cow, cattle', Dizi (Sheko) mïnj-o or mïnz-a. Acc. to EDE III 157, «There seems to be a great confusion in the handling of the reflexes of NOm, *miz- “Rind”...and NOm. *minj“cattle”... usually mentioned together in Omotic etymologies...» The alternative ap-proach suggested (ibid.): «NOm. *minj “cattle” (palatalized from *ming-?) is fairly close to ES: Amh. mänga, Gaf. mänga `flock, herd'» is hardly possible as the Omot. languages in question do not show palatalization of the velars (*g and *k) while the alleged source Eth. terms show g-, not j-.

^Looks like a unique case of derivation with the prefix m- from *îi(n)y `k. of smaller bovid' (1.4a.) as early as the PAA level. With all the problems in each of the proposed roots and/or their relationship, a rather rare combination of the radicals *f and *3 makes chance coincidence unlikely.

SED II No. 148; EDE III 156-7; 796; AADB 2695.

*ba/i?- ~ *ba?ba?- `k. of lesser bovid (Tragelaphus silvaticus?)'

Sem. *bib(b)- (redupl.) Ovis orientalis, Tragelaphus sp.': Akk. (SB) bibb-u `wild sheep' [Ovis orientalis] I Tgr. bub-a `koodoo (antelope)' [Tragelaphus sp.].

Chad. W. *baw? - and *ba?b(a?)- (redupl.) `bushbuck (Tragelaphus sylvaticus)': Sura pàab `gazelle', Angas bwop `he-goat', Bolewa bob-oki, Karekare bàw-i, Dera bôw-ä, Tangale bob-o, Bele bdb-d, Kirfi bd??-d, Gera bobb-i, Galambu bùb-à `duiker' [Tragelaphus sylvaticus].

Cush. S. *ba?- and *ba?ba?- (redupl.): Iraqw buubuu-ti (*-a- > -u- influenced by b?) `gazelle sp. (large and gentle)' I Qwadza ba?-uko `bush duiker' [T. sylvaticus] I Dahalo bâba?-ââni `bushbuck' [T. sylvaticus].

SED II No. 54; cf. HSED #278.

*balay/w- `k. of lesser bovid'

Sem. *w/yabil- (met.) `ram': Phoen. ybl, Hbr. yöbel I Aram.: Dem. ?ybl, Jud. yübdla-lram' I Arab. wabil-at- `petits chameaux ou agneaux; petits d'un troupeau composé de chameaux ou de moutons'. Cf. also Akk. bulu `herd of cattle, sheep or horses; wild animals (gen.)' (unless from Sem. *bawl- `mind, spirit, living creatures').

Egyp. (OK, MK) ib?w (very likely < *?VbVl- or *yVbVl-, met.) `Mähnenschaf (Ovis tragelaphus)' [Ammotragus lervia].

Berb. N. *ballVy `sheep, ram': Gurara, Tuat, Tidikelt belli (pl.) Infantile words: acc. to EDE II 24, “therefore cannot be considered” which is a debatable statement.

Chad. *(m-)bil- and *balaw/y- `small cattle': W. *m-bil-: Geji mbil-a `sheep' Il C. *bVlaw-: Matakam bélâw `race de mouton sp.' Il E.*balVy: Lele bulôbulô (redupl.) `he-goat', Kabalai bâl, Mi- gama boliy-ä, Sokoro bal `goat'.

Cush. *(?a-m-)bVl- `k. of bovid' (Tragelaphus sylvaticus, etc.): E. *(?am-)bul-: LEC *bulal- (redupl.): Oromo bulal-e `Lamm' I HEC *?am-bul-: Hadiya ambul-a `ram', Kambatta ambul-a `ram, goat' Il S. *(?a)m-bal-: Ma'a mbal-a `Buschbock' [Tragelaphus sylvaticus].

^ Chad. *m- and Cush *?a-m- are fossilized nominal prefixes or “root-extensions” (see Militarev 2005).21

> Cf. HSED No. 2570; SED II No. 245; Mil. 2009; AADB 2484; EDE II 23-24.

*baray- ~ *bayar- `k. of lesser bovid'

Sem. *bayr-`bull, ox':22 Akk. (OB on) bur-u (pur-u) `young calf', (MB on) bïr-u `bull (for breeding); young cattle (up to three years)' II Mand. bir-a `domestic cattle', bar-a `lamb' I Arab. (Yem.) bar-ah `cow' I Tgr. bar-a `ox' I Amh. bare (< *baray) I Har. bar-a `ox, bull' I Gur. *bawr- `ox (for farming)': Cha., Eza, Muh., Msq., Gog., Sod. bor-a, Gye. bawr-a, End. bawr-ä, Enn. bawdr-a `ox (for farming)'.

Egyp. (OK) b? `heiliger Bock (Ovis longipes palaeo aegyptiacus)' [Ammotragus lervia] I Copt.: Fayumic barit, Boheiric barhit `bouc' (-h- is not clear).23

Berb. S. *-baray [Addax sp.]: Ahaggar e-berey `faon d'antilope adax' [Addax nasomaculatus], Ayr, E. Wlm. e-bar ay `faon d'oryx/adax' [Oryx sp./ Addax sp. ], W. Wlm. (Kel-Ataram) barway-a

`ram'.24

Chad. *baray/w- and *babar- (redupl.) `k. of bovid (Hippotragus, Cephalophus, etc.): W. *baray/w- and *(ba)bar-: Hausa bàrééw-ââ, pl. bàrèey-ii `gazelle', Gera bar-a `buffalo' [Syncerus caf- fer], Pa'a bàbâr `roan antelope' [Hippotragus equinus], Siri babar-i `gazella dama' [Nangerdama], Tsagu bur-aman `gazelle', Polchi mbar-àn `antelope', Zul bar-nâmi25 `roan antelope' [H. equinus], `buffalo' [S. caffer] I C. *bV?/wr-: Masa bo?or-a `k. of gazelle', Banana bbor26 `cephalophe de Grime' [Cephalophus sp.] I E. *ma-bur-: Lele mbur `cobe onctueux (Cobe Defassa)' [Defassa waterbuck], Kwang mabar-a `duiker' [Tragelaphus sp.].

Cush. *bayr- (met.) `k. of bovid (Oreotragus, Oryx etc.)':27 LEC *bayr-: Somali bayr `Antilope oder Oreotragus saltator, Klippspringer' [Oreotragus oreotragus] (Reinisch 1902), bârar (pl.) `lambs' II S.*ba?/wr-: Burunge ba?ur-u `oryx' [Oryx sp.].28 There are also two phonetically tricky terms: Berb. E.: Ghadames ta-bali, Audjila te-bel `sheep' which can originate either from *baHl- or from *Hawl- and Chad. C.: Boka bwèl-ý `goat' where the voiced implosive is ex-pected to originate from the combination *b(V)H-; while no other AA zoonym conforms to such parameters, these forms may be reserved as Berb.-Chad. *bVHl-. Cf. similar terms in non-Afras. African languages: C. Sud.: PMoru- Madi *bilo `sheep', Bagirmi bal `ram'; Ful mbala, mbal-u, bali `sheep'; W. Atlantic: Serer mbal, Mende, Kpele bala id.; Masai em-balelo `lamb'. Cf. also Chad. W.: *baHil-(Vm-) `horn': Montol bulu, Bolewa boolum, Galambu bàl'i, Maha belem, etc.; C. *ti-m-bil-: Bura ti-mbil, Chibak ta-mbala `horn' and Omot. S. *bal-: Dime bal-tu, Galila baal-i `horn'. Cf. also Proto-Sem. *baTïr- `household animal; beast of burden' probably derived from *bayr- with a secon-dary -Ã-: Ammonite Mr `ox (beast of burden)', Hbr. baTïr `livestock, cattle'; Syr. baTïr- `brutum, jumentum'; ESA: Sab.Mr `cattle, head of cattle; camel', Min. Mr `chameau, tête de gros bétail'; Arab. baTïr- `chameau; toute bête de charge'; Gz. barar, baT(a)ra, bar(a)rày, baT(a)rawi `ox, bull, horned cattle', etc. and Muh. bäre `calves'. -r- in Fauymic points to *-r- rather than *-l-, though, acc. to EDE II, 23, it is “most probably, < *bl”. Cf. also Ghadames âbbur `agneau' (Motylinski 1904: 99), not in Lanfry 1973. nami `meat'. It is not clear if bb can convey b. Also in N.: Beja be?ray `bull, cow'; C. *bir- `ox, bull': Bilin, Khamir, Kemant bir-ä, etc., E.: Afar barer-ä and Saho beTer which must all be lws. from N. Eth. *barray `bull, ox' (it is not so evident with Afar abur `bull, ox'), HEC *baHor- `young bull' (Sidamo boor-to, Hadiya baara, Kambatta boora) as well as N. Omot. Wolayta, Zala, Gofu, Kullo, Dache, Zaysse, Chara bora `ox', Gamu bora `not castrated bull', Kafa bariy-o `calf', Mocha bariyo `steer', Bworo bero, Dizi (Sheko) bariyo `bull' are more likely lws. from Amh. bare `ox, bull'.

Cf. AADB 2498, 2487; HSED Nos. 183, 217, 341; ND 225a; EDE II: 24-25, 53 notes, 54-55; Blazek 2003b: 231, 238; SED II No. 53; Mil. 2009; CED #22.

*cawi?- `k. of bovid'

Sem. *sawa?- `sheep': Akk. (OB on) su?u (sû) `sheep', (OB) suatu `ewe' Cf. also Cush. E.: HEC *hVbVr-: Qabenna habur-cu `goat', Burji ibar-i `nanny goat'. Otherwise < *ca?Vw-. Ó Ugr. s `ram, sheep' I Phoen s `sheep, one of a flock', Hbr. sä `small livestock beast' Jud. sëtâ `ewe', së `lamb' and Sam. sh `sheep' are most likely Hebraisms. I Sab. sih `sheep' I Arab. sa?- `brebis', sat- `brebis, mouton, espèce ovine; buffle (mâle)'.

(?) Egyp. (MK) sw `ass' (with a meaning shift?). Cf. also s?y `pig, sow', if ? is not < r or l.

Chad. *sa- Perhaps *sa?- in view of such forms as saa. `cow; meat' (with a meaning shift): W. *sa: Hausa sâ-nu, sâ-nàyee (pl.) `ox' I Jimi, Polchi saa I Dwot, Buli, Zul, Ngizim saa, etc. `cow' Ó C. *sa `cow': Bura, Margi, Gisiga sa, etc. Ó E. *sVwi: Kera si `cow', Dormo, Nanchere, Kabalai sï `ox', Ndam swi `zebu cow', etc. In some of the languages, certain presumably related terms for `cow' (not quoted here) show a voiced re-flex (5), which Stolbova (CED #831) treats as originating “most probably... from nb, <PCh *ni (note n- as a pref. of sg.)” (see in more detail in *sa?- `k. of bovid, herd'). Though in CED and other recent works by Stolbova, in accor-dance with most common usage in present-day Chadic studies, ³ and b are used instead of s (< AA *c) and z (< AA *s) accordingly, we continue here to follow the customary latter Afrasian notation. Cf. also the derivative *s(y)Vw- `meat' (ibid.)

Omot. N. *sa?- ~ *?ays- (met.) `goat': Bworo eyss-a, Mao (Hozo) saa, (Ganza) sa?-a, Dizi es-ku. Omotic reflexes of AA sibilants/sibilant affricates are not quite clear yet.

Cf. SED II No. 217; Mil. 2009; CED #831; AADB 229; HSED No. 517.

1.9a. *ca?iw- `k. of lesser bovid'

Sem. *ta?iw-: Ugr. t?-at (t?-ut) `sheep' I Aram.: Anc. s?-t, s?w-n, Sam. s?-h `sheep, ewe',

Mand. ta-ta `lamb, ewe, sheep' I Arab. ta?w-at- `brebis maigre ou vielle' Ó Mehri tiw-ït, Hrs. tï-t, Jib. tï-t `sheep', Soq. té?-e `mouton, chèvre'.

Chad. *cVw- and *wVc- (met.) `small cattle': Cf. W. *cic-: Kariya cici, Gera caca `goat', Warji ?ci?cà-nâ, Kariya cici `he-goat'. Acc. to Stolbova's observation, only Kariya cici belongs here, while the other forms are < *?ak<sup>w</sup>i. W.: Kirfi wüc-i `sheep' Ó E. *cVw-: Kwang cuw `he-goat'. Canarian (all islands) chivato, chiva `kid' seems more likely < Spanish chibo.

(?) Cush. E.: LEC: *cawV?- (met.) `meat': Somali so?, Oromo fo-oni, Baiso so?-o, Konso sow-a,

etc. s can continue AA *s- and *c, while Oromo f- in foon-i, if it belongs here, points to *c.

Omot. *?ac- ~ *ca(?)-: N. *?ac- (met.) `meat, flesh': Koyra ?acc-o, Zaysse ?ac-ô, Ganjule ?ac-o, Kachama ?ac-o (the emphatic c is notjustified - perhaps a record slip), Chara acc-aa, Gimirra ?ac Ó S. *ca(?)-: Ongota ca-ta `meat'.

Cf. SED II No. 236; Mil. 2009; AADB 2652.

1.9b. *cawir- `male large bovid or herbivore'

Sem. *tawr- `Alcelaphus buselaphus; bull, ox': Akk. sur-u `bull (poet.)' Ó Ugr. tr `bull' I Hbr. sör `one single beast, bovid' I Aram.: Sam'al swr-h `cow', Bibl. tor `ox, bull', Syr. tawr-a `bull', Mand. taur-a `bull, ox' I Sab. twr, tr `bull', Qat. twr `steer, bull', Min. twr `bull' I Arab. tawr- `taureau' and `antelope bubalis' [Alcelaphus buselaphus] (cf. Blazek 2003a: 8) I Gz. sor, sor `ox, bull', sowar `fat ox' I Tgr. sor `ox' Ó Mhr. tawr I Hrs. tawer `bull'.

Egyp. (OK) s? `taurillion' (if < *cVr-) or (OK) ss?w (if < *cVrw-) `antelope bubalis' [Alcelaphus buselaphus].38

Chad. *ciwar- (met.) `ox; elephant': W.: (?) Dera wor-é `ox'39 II C. *ciwar-: Bura ciwar, Chibak isiwar, Kilba cuwar, Nzangi cuwar-e, Kobochi cuär-L`elephant' [Loxodonta africana].40

Cush. *cawir- `bull; hippopotamus, waterbuck': N. *sawsawr- (redupl.): Beja sosar-i `cattle' II E.: LEC: Boni ser `hippopotamus' [Hippopotamus amphibius] I S. *cawr-: (?) Alagwa cawr-u `waterbuck' [Kobus ellipsiprymnus]41 I Ma'a cur-u `bull'.

Omot. N. *sawr-: Kachama sor-o `rhinoceros' [Dicerasbicornis].

^This root is likely to have originated from #1.9a. *ca?iw- `k. of lesser bovid' with suffixed *-r42 and loss of ? accompanied by an expected deletion of *-?- to size up to a triconsonantal root. The present reconstruction tilts the argument of Sem. *tawr- vs. IE *tauros towards the latter's being borrowed from Sem.

Cf. SED II No. 241; AADB 2525; Blazek 1994: 200 and Blazek 2003a.

*(?a-)dury- `k. of bovid'

Sem. *(?a-)dury-: Akk. dudru `sorte de mouton' (redupl.) II Arab. diry-än-at- `espèce de taureau pourvu d'une bosse' I Tgr. (pl.) ?addari-t `dwarf-antelope' [Neotragini sp.].

(?) Egyp. (OK) idr `Herde (von Vieh und Geflügel)'.

Berb. S. *-dVray- `oryx' [Oryx sp.]: Ahaggar, Ayr, E.Wlm. e-ddri, pl. i-dara-n.

Chad. *(?an-)dVry- `Damaliscus sp. etc.; small cattle': W.*(?an-)dur-: Hausa dari `hartebeest' [Damaliscus lunatus], Guruntum dor-o, ddor-o `goat', Bokkos ?an-dûr, Sha n-dur `ram', etc. Il C.*?u-dVr-: Musgu u-deri Il E. *dar-: Dangla dar-o `gazelle sp.'

Cush. (?a-)dury- `Tragelaphus sp., etc.': E.: SA *wadar- (met.): Afar wadar `Ziegen, Kleinvieh'

I LEC *?a-dVry-: Somali a-deri-o `male kudu antelope' [Tragelaphus sp.] Il S. *(da)dury-: Burunge dor-o `zebra' [Hippotigrus sp.] I Dahalo dâdiiri `Lesser Kudu' [Tragelaphus imberbis].

Omot. *dury- `sheep': N. *dur-: Koyra, Zaise dor-o, Basketo, Doko dori, Oida dur-o id., Gimira (She) dor `ram' Il S. *dayr- (met.): Ari der-ti `sheep', Dime der `goat'.

^Cf. Sum. dàr, dàra `ibex' [Capra ibex] (EDS #439).

AADB 2482. Cf. Takacs 2011: 73.

*fa(?)n- `k. of large bovid'

Sem. *(w/ya-)pan- `young bull': Ugr. yp-t `cow' I Arab. yafan- `jeune taureau âgé de quatre ans', fan-ät- `vache' I Gz. ta-yfan `young bullock', Tgr. tä-fin `giovenco, bue non ancora do- mato', Amh. wäyfän (-äy- a diminutive infix?) `young bullock, calf of 2-3 years', Gur. *wafan `young bull, steer': Muher, Masqan, Goggot wäfen, Soddo, Wolane m-ofän, etc. Less likely Pyr. ssr `Schlachtrind', which may be derived from ssr `Art des Schlachtens'. ³⁹*s, *c > Dera w, acc. to Stolbova 2009: 28; not in CED. Cf. C. *ci/uw- `elephant' (unless < Chad. *cVwar- with deleted *-r): Bata cüé, Bana etwa, Higi-Nkafa cuwe, Mwulien cuwà, etc. C. Chad. (Bura-Margi group) terms like *cVwVr- `elephant' [Loxodonta africana] are usually con-sidered by Chadicists to be < *cVwVn-; in Stolbova 2011 #433, the suggested reconstruction *j/cVwVn- is compared with HEC *jana?Vy-; more likely these are two different roots since, acc. to CED: 28-29, reflexes of *c and *3 do not overlap, while forms like Bana ciwa are either to be treated as a separate entry (see 1.10a) or point to a deleted *-r rather than *-n in word-final position; acc. to CED 35, the former is generally less stable than the latter. At the same time, in CED: 44, *-n > -r is postulated for C. Chad. groups 2, 3, 5 and 7, but not for group 4 including Nzangi- Kobochi in which, therefore, -r < *-r is regular which makes the whole idea of *cVwVr- < *cVwVn- less likely. Cf. also C.: Khamir siriyä `Antilopensorte'< *cir-? But Burunge cawadu and Asa sodo id. probably point to *cawad- rather than *cawar-. See the hypothesis on *-r presumably conveying the meaning of a “larger dimension/quantity” in Militarev 2005: 49-52.

Chad. C. *fun- `buffalo' [Syncerus caffer]: Ga'anda u-fan-a, Higi-Dakwa fun-u, Higi-Kamale n-fun, Fali-Kirya n-fu, Banana à-fun-tâ, etc.

Cush. S. *fa?an/m- `k. of large herbivore': Qwadza fa?amo43 `buffalo' [S. caffer], Asa fa?an-ok `elephant' [Loxodonta africana].44

^ Cf. Bantu *-fuy `buffalo' [S. caffer].

SED II No. 250; AADB 2495.

*(?a-)fir- `k. of bovid'

Sem. *parir- (redupl.) and *pa?ur-(met.) `lamb; young of bovid': Akk. parr-u Ó Hatra pr-t? `ewe or sheep', Syr. parr-a, Mand. par-a `lamb' I Arab. furar-, farur- `petit de brebisou de chèvre ou de buffle', farïr- `petit debuffle, de brebis, de chèvre', furfur- (redupl.) `petit de brebis, agneau ou petit de chèvre, chevreau ou petit d'antilope', (coll.) `agneaux ou chevreaux', fur- (pl.) `chamois' [Capra ibex] Ó Hbt. fa?oôr `male calf (from birth to 5 years)'.

Chad. *(?a-)fir- `k. of larger bovid' [Tragelaphus, Hippotragus, Syncerus]: W. *fir-: Angas fir `roan antelope' [Hippotragus equinus] Ó C. *(?a-)fir-ay-: Hwona ?ufiar-a `duiker' [Tragelaphus sp.], Bura fir, Kilbafur, Margi fur `buffalo' [Syncerus caffer], Mbara fàrày `cattle; dot (bride wealth)'.

Cush. E. *?a-fi/ur- `small cattle': Yaaku apur `sheep' Ó S. *?a-fi/ur- `he-goat': Asa ?efer-et, ?ofor-ok, Qwadza aful-atu (-l- < *r).

Cf. HSED No. 1950; SED II No. 181; Mil. 2009; AADB 2494.

1.13a. *guday- `k. of larger bovid'

Sem. *gaday- `kid': Ugr. gdy `kid' -m < *-n assimilated to f-? E. Cush.: Dullay: Harso wayfan-akko, Gollango woyfanna `bull' are likely loans from Amh. <sup>45</sup>Akk. (NB) gadû `male kid' likely < W. Sem. I Phoen. gd? `goat', Hbr. gddï `kid (of goat or sheep)' I Aram.: Anc. gdh `goat', Syr. gady-a, Mand. gadi-a I Arab. jady- `kid', jaday-at- `gazelle; petit de gazelle' [Gazella gazella].

(?) Berb. N. *-gVnd-uz `bull, calf': It is not clear whether this unusual form could be a metathesis of the compound form *ged-n-uz, -n- being nota genitivi; for uz see *îi(n)j- and *?i(n)y- `k. of smaller bovid' 1.4a. (not attested in Berber). The two latter forms seem to represent word combinations of gud + nota genitivi -n- (see fn. 45). HEC: Burji gadâm-a `greater kudu' [Tragelaphus strepsiceros] may be a lw. from Oromo. Cf. Bolewa gedd-o, Mangas gindir, Boghom kindi?, Kiir j'mdar `fat'; Ngizim gâd-bàyâk `be fat'. Rif a-yenduz `taureau', Snus a-yenduz, Shenwa, Qabyle a-genduz, Sened a-gendus, etc. `calf'.

Chad. *ga/uday-: W. *ga/ud-`k. of larger bovid': Hausa gàd-âa `antelope, duiker sp.' [Tragelaphus sp.], Kariya gud-am, Miya gud-an-zaku, Pa'a gud-an-cdka47 `Western kob' [Kobus sp.], Ngizim gâd-ùwà `duiker' [Tragelaphus sp.] Ó C.*gVday-: Zime-Batna gôdày `buck'.

Cush. *gad- and *gund- `k. of larger bovid': E. *gad-am-: LEC *gad-am-: Oromo gad-am-sa `greater kudu' [Tragelaphus strepsiceros],48 Dirayta gad-an-sa, gad-am-sa `antelope' I HEC *gud-: Sidamo god-a `deer, gazelle' Ó S.*gwand-: Iraqw gwand-a, Alagwa gwand-o `ram', Burunge gond-i `old ram'.

Omot. N. *gayd- (met.): Zaisse gaaidd-é `cattle', gaid-é-endo `buffalo' [Syncerus caffer].

SED II No. 76; AADB 2490.

1.13b. *ga/ud- `wild pig'

Chad. *gad-: W.: Hausa gàd-u `warthog' [Phacochoerus africanus].49

Omot. N. *gud-in-: Sheko gudin-e, Wolaita gudun-ta, Gamu gudun-ci, Dace gudun-c, Gofa gudun-ca, Kafa gudin-o, Mao kand (k- < *g-; met.) `pig'.

^ Cf. Kanuri godu, Tubu gadu, Bantu *-gudu `pig', *gidi `warthog' [Ph. africanus].

Cf. AADB 3758.

1.14a. *gawr- `k. of bovid'

Sem. *(?a-)gurr-: Akk. (MA) gurr-atu, agurr-atu `ewe'.50

Egyp. (MK) dr `calf' (if < *gVr).

Berb. *-gur- `small cattle':51 Ghadames a-jur `bouc' (Naït-Zerrad 2002: 859), Zenaga d-grdrh `bélier'.

Chad. (a) *(?a-)garw/y- `kind of bovid (Redunca, Oryx, Ourebia, etc.); animal, game': W. *(?a-)gary-: Hausa agarë `a big, male red-fronted gazelle' [Eudorcasrufifrons], Tsagu gare `reedbuck' [Redunca sp.], Mburku gari `oryx' [Oryx sp.], Ngizim a-gare `gazelle' II C. (?a-n-)gary-: Logone gari-a, Makeri ingdrii `antelope', Buduma ygdri `gazelle' II E. *gVrw- and *gVwVr- (met.): Tumak gdru, Kwang gowor-to `antelope', Ndam gàrù `ourebi' [Ourebia ourebi]; (b) *garaw- `herd of cattle': W. *gar(V)w-: Hausa gâr-keî `a herd, flock', Bolewa gaarùw-à `pack ox', Karekare gaarùw-à `bull', Tangale kâarw-a `cattle' II C. *garaw/y-: Bana gàréw-à `troupeau de bœufs', Gude gérâ-m `herd of cattle', mà-gérâ `shepherd, watchman', Musgu gari, gâri `Stier, Laststier', Mandara gari `bull', Hursa goragor-a(redupl.), Uzam gwar-a, Matakam y-gwur `ram' II E. *garaw-: Bidiya gaaruw-o `animal', Migama gâarâw `bête, bétail'; (c) C. *gwar- and *gwargwar- (redupl.) `ram': Ouldem gwàr-à, Mbuko gwàrgwâr-â, Merey gwaràgwàr-a, Muyang gwdrdgwdr-à, Mada gurgwar-a Il E. *gagar- (redupl.) `small cattle': Sokoro gaâger-o `Schaf', Mawa gagar `mouton', Mubi wegr-i (met.) `chèvre'.

Cush. *garaw- and *gwira?- (met.) `k. of larger bovid (Taurotragus, Alcelaphus, etc.): N. *garuw-: Beja garuw-a `male antelope; eland' [Taurotragus sp.] I C. *gar- `calf': Bilin, Qwara, Kemant gär, Aungi gara I E.: HEC *gur(r)-: Sidamo gur-um?-icco `gazelle', garr-anco `Agazen antelope' [T. buxtoni] I S. *gwara?-: Iraqw gwara?-ai `Hartebeest' [Alcelaphus caama], Burunge gera?-i `Grant's gazelle' [Nangergranti].

Omot. N. *gaHar-: Wolayta, Dawro gaar-aa `antelope dekula' [Tragelaphus decula].52

AADB 2485, 3386, 4152; cf. CED #234, 235, 238; cf. SED II No. 85.

1.14b. *gur- `wild pig'

Chad. E. *gawr- or *gur-: Jegu gor-oy `Wildschwein', Bidiya gor-inya `warthog', gerwa (met.) `Wildschwein', W. Dangla bo-gor53 `pig doe' (Skinner 1994).

Cush. C. *gVr-m- `pig': Aungi gdrm-i, Kunfäl gerim-i (Appleyard 2006: 110).

Omot. N. *gur-it- `pig': Anfillo gur-ico, Bworo gur-iccà.

AADB 2683.

*yawj- `k. of smaller bovid'

Sem. *yuzal- `gazelle' [Gazella gazella]: Akk. huzal-u, uzal-u `young gazelle' I Aram.: Jud. îwzl, Syr. îüzayl-a'`antilope; hinnuleus'54 I Arab. yazäl- `petit de gazelle; gazelle (mâle)'.55 Cf. Sab grh `domesticated animals' (Biella 1982: 76; not in Beeston et al. 1982), Tna. gahret (-h- is non- etymological) `doe antelope'. Cf. Gz. garha `tame, break a horse, mule'. Tgr. gärwa `kudu (antelope)' [Tragelaphus sp.] is likely a lw. from Beja. Cf. also Ahaggar a-gûr, E. Wlm. a-gur `animal castré', Adghaq a-jorh `castrat (caprin)' (Naït-Zerrad 2002: 878). Lws. from Sidamo? Acc. to CED #234, b- is a prefix in E. Chad. Cf. îwzl? `porcus'. Cf. Gz. kazal, Tna. kajal `kind of antelope' (< Arab., acc. to Leslau 1987: 457) and Chad. C.: Bura kajal `anti-lope sp.', Fali-Bwagira kajaran `gazelle'. A variant root?

Berb. *zulay (met. < *yuzal) `buck': Nefusa zalay `bélier', Sokna zalay `grand chevereau', Siwa zalaq, Ghat a-zulay, Ahaggar a-hûlay, Ayr d-zolay `bouc', etc.

Chad. (no single form reconstructable): W.: Hausa ganjar56 Ó C.: Gudur map-gazaw `Re- dunca (reedbuck)' [Redunca sp.]57

Cush. C. *?a-gaz-in- `agazen antelope' [Tragelaphus buxtoni]: Qemant agäzen, Aungi agâziën-ï.

^Most likely, the root *yawj- was joined with the suffix -al- (later fossilized) at the NAA level, forming Sem. *yuzäl-, while the P.Berb. form underwent metathesis.

Cf. AADB 2634; SED II No. 92.

*hawr- `k. of larger bovid'

Sem. *haw(a)r- `bull, cow': ESA: Sab. hwr-y, Hdr. hwr, Min. hwr (probably) `cow' I Arab. hawar- `taureau' (see SED II No. 106).58

Berb. *-Hayr-`calf': Shilh irey (met.) `veau', Ayr, E. Wlm. e-har-i, pl. i-har-an `jeune bœuf de 2 à 3 ans'.

(?) Chad. *har -: E. *har-: Somrai här-a `elephant' [Loxodonta africana].59

Cush. E. *hawr-: LEC *hawr-: Oromo hor-ii `cattle', Konso hor-eeta `wealth, livestock'60 I HEC *hur-: Burji hur-i `buffalo' [Syncerus caffer].61

AADB 4120, 380; cf. Stolbova 2019 #224.

*kwayr- `young (small) bovid'

Sem. *ka/irr-`small cattle': Akk. (OAkk) kirr-u (or girr-u) `a breed of sheep' Ó Ugr. kr `ram' I Hbr. kar `(young) ram' I Aram.: Off. kr `sheep' (not quite reliable).62

Berb.*karw and *-krar (redupl.) `young small cattle': Nefusa a-krar`billy-goat', Semlal i-kru `chevreau', ân-kkür, pl. in-ukr-än`bouc', Rif i-karr-i, Qabyle i-karr-i `ram', Ghat a-karw-ät `lamb', Ahaggar ê-krer, pl. a-krâr-en `bélier', a-kerw-ât, pl. i-kerw-âten `agneau', etc.

Chad. *kwar- `lesser bovid (Redunca, etc.); small cattle': W. *kwa/ir-: Kofyar koor `castrated goat', Angas kwer, Dira kur-e `reedbuck' [Redunca sp.],63 Gera kwar-à- `goat',64 Jimbin kwar-iya, Mburku kwaar-i `meat, animal', Zaar kar-ä `sheep', Wangday kér-ä `ram', Kulere kîry-êt `wild animal; meat' Ó C. *kwarkwar- (redupl.): Ouldem kwàkwàr `taureau' Ó E. *ku/ar-: Kera kurki `taureau', Tobanga (N. Gabri) kar-ap `goat'.

Cush. E. *kawr- `goat': LEC: Arbore kaar-iy `heifer goat', kor-at `male goat' I Dullay *kawr-: Dobase kor-en-te `female goat' I Yaaku kurum-a `young goat; lamb'.

Cf. HSED No.1432; SED II No. 118; Mil. 2009; Stolbova 2011 #286; AADB 2491. Diri, Jimbin ganjar can be lws. from Hausa; cf. also Kanuri nganjar which may be the source of the Hausa term or, on the contrary, borrowed from it. Musgu salak/g `gazelle' is a lw. from Berb.? Cf. also Gz. haräwayä `pig, wild boar', Tgr. haräwya `boar', Har. hariyya, Amh. araya `wild pig', Selti iräyä

`pig', Gur. *haräyä `porcupine'. Cush. N. *haraw-: Beja harawya; E.: SA *ha(w)r-: Afar horay, Saho hara `wild boar'

seem to be lws. from Eth. or vice versa. In CED #361, united with C.: Chibak hla `Stier', Kilba hâ-hâl-dï `bull', Musgu haluu, hollu, Mbara hùlûù “buf-falo', where -l- may continue both *r and *l. Cf. Dirayta hor `multiply (of domestic animals)'. Omot. N.: Malo häri, Oyda (h)arr `cattle' are from Oromo. Cf. *k(^w)arm-, probably related, with the suffix -m: Amh. kurm-a `bull (not castrated)', Har. korm-a `male (animal), brave', Muh. k^wärm-a `the young male of a sheep bigger than täbb<sup>w</sup>ät, male (animal), bull'; cf. also Arab. kawr- `troupeau nombreux (de chameaux, de bœufs)', `herd (of camels or gazelles, containing 150-200 animals)'. Also kïr `fattened ram'. Cf. Tangale kärwa `cattle' and kuri `herd (of cattle)', korné `to protect, guard, keep, shelter, watch', Dera karân `herding' < *kVr- `to guard, to protect, to shelter' in Stolbova 2011 #259.

*lawi?- `k. of large bovid' Cf. Chad. *lVw(h)- `wild animal(s), meat' (CED #549), likely related.

Sem. *lawi?- and *lawli?-(redupl.) `k. of large bovid (Bos, Syncerus, Connochaetes, etc.)': Akk. (OB on) litt-u (lït-u) `cow', lalû (lali?-u, lala?-u) `kid', lulï-mu `red deer, stag' [Cervus elaphus] II Ebl. ti-a-num, ti-a-nu-um `cow' I Ugr. ll?-u `lamb, kid' I Hbr. le?-ä `wild cow' [Bos taurus primigenius] (only as a pers. name) I Arab. lä?an `taureau sauvage, buffle' [Syncerus caffer], lu?lu?- `antilope' I Tgr. lul-it, pl. läwäll-it `(cow) with long, crooked horns', Amh. lil(la)wil `gnu' [Connochaetes sp.] I Mhr. ldhay-ton `cows', Hbt. leé, pl. lhâyta, Jib. le?, pl. lho-ti, Soq. ?e-lh-eh `cow', lul-oh `brébis'. Note non-etymological -h- in MSA.

Egyp. (Pyr.) iw? `bull' (if < *lVwV?-).

Berb. *w/yalaH- (met.): Izayan ta-wala `troupeau de bœufs, sangliers', Ahaggar élah-ei `mouton à laine'. Cf. also alu `bull', quoted in EDE I 86 as “Tamasheq”, dialect name and source not specified.

Chad. *laway- `k. of larger bovid (Tragelaphus, etc.)': W.: Dera la-à `cow' Il C.: Gude la `cow' (Jungraithmayr & Ibriszimow 1994), Kapsiki, Higi-Nkafa le, Higi-Baza hl-º (redupl.) `gazelle', Higi-Ghye le, Bachama tiyey `duiker,[Tragelaphus sp.] (Stolbova 2005 #57), Masa luway `troupeau, le betail' (CED #549).

Cush. *lawi?-`cattle': C. *luway-: Bilin luwi, Khamir luwa, Awngi luwä Il E. *la?- and *la?la?- (redupl.): SA *la(?)-: Saho, Afar la `cow, cattle' I LEC *lo?(lo?)- `cows (coll.)': Somali lo? `cows (coll.)', Rendille (pl.) looly-o, Oromo loo-ni `cows (coll.)', lal-eesa `she-goat', Konso low-aa `cows', Dasenech lal-o, pl. lal-i `cow', etc. I HEC *lal-: Sidamo lal-o `cows, cattle', laat-to (f.) `young sheep, lamb' I Dullay *lo?-, pl. *le?- `cow': Harso, Dipina, Gollango lo?-o, Tsamai lö?-ö-, pl. le?-e, etc. II S. *li?-: Iraqw le?-i, Gorowa lee?-i `goat' I Qwadza le?-amuko `bull'.

AADB 301, 2477. Cf. HSED Nos. 1632, 1647, 2595; SED II Nos. 142, 143; Mil. 2009; EDE I 86.

*mayn- `k. of large bovid'

Egyp. (MK) mnmn.t (redupl.) `herd, cattle'.

Chad. W. *mawan-: Boghom mwdy `ram, sheep' II C.: Uldeme maay-sa `cow, bull', Musgu mwuy `buffalo'.

Cush. *mayn-: C.: Qemant miyän `young cow'; E.: SA: Saho moynoy `bull'.

Omot. N. *men- `buffalo': Wolaita mien-ta, Male meni, Kachama men-o, Ganjule men-o, Gimirra men, Dizi (Sheko) men, Mao (Bambeshi) mene (cf. Kafa menö `meat').

EDE III 293-4: cf. E. Nilotic: Ongamo (pl.) o-môny^ `bull', Maasai (pl.) il-moù `oxen'; AADB 4261.

1.20a. *mar(ay)- `k. of large bovid'

Sem. (a) *marVy- `bull': Akk. (SB) mïr-u `young bull', (OB) mïr-tu `cow' II Hbr. marï(?) `fatted steer' Usually regarded as derived from the verbal root *mr? `to be fat', which is less likely in view of the Akk. parallel. I Arab. märiyy-at- `antilope blanche'. Unless `white, milk-colored' is Arab. miry-at- `lait qui sort en filet abonant du pis de la femelle' (BK II 1097-8).

Egyp. (Pyr.) m? `oryx-antilope' [Oryx sp.] (if < *mVr). Cf. also (late) mr.t (if < *mVr-, not *mVl-) `cow'; cf. also (MK) mr, mry `Kampftier' with the sign for bull/cow'. Less likely < Arab. märiyy-at- `antilope blanche' in view of other Chad. data; however, the similarity is somewhat striking.

Chad. *ma/uray- `Kobus sp.': W. *maray: Hausa mààrir-i `white oryx' [Oryx leucoryx]7 mâârày-ââ `Western kob (medium antilope)' [Kobus kob], Saya mââriy-â `antelope', Warji märai, Ngizim mâarày-â `kob' [Kobus sp.] I C. *mur-: Masa muri `antilope sp., prob. kob- défassa' [K. ellipsiprymnus] I E.: Toram mur-o `gazelle'.

Cush. E. *mar-: LEC *mar-: Rendille mâar `male calf', maâr `female calf', Arbore mâar `calves' (coll.) I HEC *mar-: Hadiya moor-a `older calf' I Dullay *mar- `heifer': Harso, Dihina maar-akkô, Tsamai mar-e Ó S. *ma(w)r-: Ma'a mor-o `ox, steer' Acc. to Ehret 1980, < NS, but in light of other Cush. and AA parallels this seems less likely. I Dahalo morr-o `duiker' [Tragelaphus sp.].

Omot. N. *mar-: Gamu mar-a, Dorze mar, Male marr-o `calf' (probably lws. from E. Cush.)

SED II No. 153; AADB 2331, 2460; EDE III 26, 393-4; HSED 1728; Mil. 2009.

1.20b. *(?a-)mayr- `k. of small bovid'

Sem. *?a/i-mmar- `lamb, sheep': Akk. (OA, OB on) immer-u `sheep; sheep and goats; ram', (OB on) immer-tu `ewe, sheep (as a generic term)' I Ugr. ?imr (and ?amr) `ram' I Phoen. ?mr, Hbr. ?immer I Aram.: Anc., Off. ?mr `lamb, sheep', Bibl. ?immer `lamb', Sam. ?mr, Syr. ?emr-a `lamb', Mand. îa/umbr-a `sheep, lamb' I Arab. ?a/immar- `lamb'.

Chad. W. *(?a-)mar- `ram, goat': Tangale mar-a `(castrated) goat', Diri mar-l `goat', Bokkos maray, Sha àmar-â, Fyer ?amar-a `ram'. And, perhaps, Tala màar, Buli maro, Polchi mar `goat' unless < *mad-. Cf. also W.: Dwot maar'iiri `rhinoceros'; C. *maray `bull': Mofu-Gudur maray `taureau engraissé à l'étable', Matakam mari `bull', Mafa maray `fête rituelle de taureau; taureau de case sacrifié lors la fête'.

Cush. E.: SA *mar-: Saho, Afar mar-u `ram'.

Omot. *mar(ay)-: N.: Wolayta mar-a `calf, lamb, kid', Gamu mar-a, Dorze mar, Male marr-o `calf', màrày-i `ram', marmar-o (redupl.) `lamb', Diminutive reduplication? Koyra mar-a `ram', Bworo merer-à- `sheep', etc. Ongota mar-te `she-calf' < Tsamai.

SED II No. 5; AADB 2591; EDE III 42, 394; HSED 1729; Mil. 2009.

*na?iw- `k. of bovid'

(?) Egyp. (NK) wnwy `Kalb (als Bezeichnung des Osiris)'.

Chad *naHaw-: (a) W. *na `cow': Tangale ta-ya I Boghom, Tala, Jimi naa Ó C. *naw: Lame nâd I Mesme nau, etc. `cow' I Mandara nâw-è `goat'. Cf. also Sem. *naw/y?- `meat': Akk. (YB) unû `k. of meat'; Hbr. nä? `raw (flesh)'; Arab. ny? `être cru, n'être pas cuit (viande)'; Chad. *nay(n) `meat': W. *nay(n): Mupun nan `flesh', Galambu nyàa `meat'; C. *nay(n): Munjuk nèy, Musgu ne, ney, niy `meat'. Tgr. naway `cow, possession/fortune' is most likely from Agaw.

Cush. *na?iw-: N.: Beja naa? `sheep' Ó C. *naw- `calf': Khamta, Khamir niw I Kailina naw I Aungi new, Kunfal naw-i77 Ó LEC *nVw-: Boni nul `greater kudu' [Tragelaphus strepsiceros].

AADB 2025, 2530; HSED, 42; Blazek 2003b: 234; Stolbova 2005 #364, 364a; Mil. 2009; CED #585 (comp. with Hbr. and Arab.).

*saraw/y- `k. of bovid'

Egyp. (OK) s? (if < *sVr-) `Herde'.

Berb. S. *-saraw/y- `troop, herd': Ahaggar ä-sära, pl. i-särä-tän `troupe d'animals sauvages', Taitoq a-sera `troupeau de moutons, de chèvres, d'ânes', Tadghaq ta-säraw-t `small herd of cows (up to about 30)', ta-säray-t `large herd (esp. of camels or cattle)'.

Chad. W. *sa(r)sar- (redupl.): Hausa sassar-o `male red-fronted gazelle' [Eudorcas rufifrons].

Cush. E. *sar(a)w/y- and *sawr-: SA *saraw-: Saho saraaw-ii `einzweijähriger zur Arbeit noch nicht abgerichteter Stier' I LEC *sary- Oryx, Madoqua': Somali sary-an `adult male oryx' [Oryx sp.] I Dullay *sawr- `antelope dikdik' [Madoqua sp.]: Gollango sawr-ô, sayr-ô, Tsamai sawr-o. Omot. S.: Ongota saire `antelope dikdik' [Madoqua sp.] is from Tsamai.

AADB 299. Cf. Blazek 2003a: 9.

*sa?- and *sa?- `k. of large bovid'

Berb.: Ahaggar êsu (< *Hisw, met.) `bull'.79

Chad. *zaH- `large cattle, cow': W. *zaHa: Siri zâà-ti, Dott zaa, Buli, Dott zâa `cow', etc. II

C. *za: Tera za, Gude zà, Buwal zà, Sukun za80

Cush. *sa?- or *sa?-: N. *sa?-: Beja sa? `cow' I E. *sa?-: SA *sa?-: Saho sâ?-a `cattle', Afar sâ? `small stock (animal)' I LEC *saf- `cow': Somali sa?, Jidda sii, Boni sâ?-a, Rendille sah, Oromo sâ?-a, Konso sa-a, Bayso se, Arbore, Dasenech se? I HEC *sa?-: Sidamo sa?-aa, Darasa sa-aya, Kambatta sa?-a, Hadiya saa-yya, Burji saa I S. *sa?-Vy- `cow': Iraqw, Alagwa, Burunge se-e81 I Asa se-ok I Qwadza sae-ko.

Cf. HSED #517; AADB 381; CED #831; Mil. 2009.

*wa?il- `k. of lesser bovid'

Sem. *wa?il- `mountain goat (Capra ibex, Arabitragus jayakari): Ugr. y?l `mountain goat' I Hbr. ya?el `ibex, mountain goat' I Aram.: Syr. ya?l-a `ibex (?)', Jud. ya?al-a, ya?el-a `mountain goat, wild goat' [Capra ibex] I ESA: Sab., Qat. w?l `mountain goat, ibex' [Arabitragus jayakari], Hdr. ?-w?l (pl.) id. I Arab. wa?l-, wa?il-, wu?il- `argali, bouc de montagnes' [Ovis ammon]; bouc domestique' I Gz. wd?dl-ä, wa?al-a, wä?dl-ä `kind of antelope, mountain goat' [C. ibex], Tgr. wd?dl-a `elk/élan' (DRS 578) [Cervus elaphus], Amh. waliy-a `Walia ibex' [C. ibex] I Mhr. wel, pl. wd?öl, wayîôl, Hrs. wal, Jib. eb?ôz_`Hemitragus Jaykari, mountain goat' [A. jayakari], Hbt. w?aâl, pl. wd?yoôl `wild goat, oryx'.

Berb. *wulli `small cattle': Qabyle ulli `sheep', Ghadames welli, Ayr, E. Wlm. wdlli, Ahag- gar, Tadghaq ulli `goat'.

Chad. *wayl- `k. of lesser bovid': W. *wal-: Jimi wal-arôo `antelope', Geji wull-l `gazelle' II E. *wil-: Lele dl, Kabalai yil-ä `antelope'.

Cush. E. *wi?l- ~ *?awl- (met.) `k. of lesser bovid': LEC *?awl-: Somali ?awl-kii, Rendille hol (h < *?) `gazelle' I HEC *wi?l-: Sidamo wil-ii'l-icco, pl. wil-ii'le `young (of sheep, goat)'.