Notes on some Pre-Greek words in relation to Euskaro-Caucasian (North Caucasian + Basque)
The study of some lexical elements that may indicate the influence of some Euskaro-Caucasian language (or language family) on the Greek language. Description of the list of "pre-Greek" words compiled by Furne and Beekes, later cultural borrowings.
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Another possible trace of Euskaro-Caucasian ablaut is seen in the vowel alternation nek- / NIK- in (Pre-)Greek vЈKxap / vixap-, Basque *nega-f/ *niga-f, and PEC *newqь/ *mwqV-. Only in PEC is the variation explained as a morphologically significant ablaut alternation, in which /e/ is associated with direct stems and /i/ with oblique (NCED 81-82). It has been suggested (BCR 105-110) that there are traces of this and other North Caucasian ablaut alternations in Basque; in the case of Basque *nega-f / *niga-f `tears' the allomorphs have apparently been redistributed as regional variants, generally, (south-)western /e/ vs. (north-) eastern /i/. Beekes (2010: xxx) calls attention to an apparent alternation of /є/ with /і/ in Pre-Greek words.
Suffixes: Beekes (xxxvii, xxxix) cites the suffixes -iA- and -uA- as indicators of Pre-Greek words, and among the words cited above these suffixes figure in two words connected with fruits: pianiAov `medlar, medlar tree' and атафиА-q `bunch of grapes, grape'. Greek атафиЛр (cf. аатафіс; ~ оатафіс; ~ атафіс; `dried grapes, raisins') has a close formal match in Avar c,:ibil `grape', also with a lateral suffix. Other NC languages have a form with no suffix (e.g. Rutul c'ib `juniper') or a form with a different suffix (Lezgi c'p:-az `blackberry'); Basque *sapa-f `thicket, bramble' has been proposed as a cognate, with a common fossilized plural suffix *-f. In a Sino-Caucasian perspective Pre-Greek pianiAov may have a remote cognate in Burushaski *micil/ *bicil `pomegranate' (SCG 267), also with a suffix *-il (cf. Khinalug mic `apple' and Abkhaz a-bвc `medlar' for convergent phonetic developments). Other Euskaro- Caucasian words for plants and trees with fruits or berries and a suffix *-al-/*-il-/*-ul- include:
Basque (AN) magauri, maguri, (AN-Erratzu) mauli `strawberry', (Bzt) mauri id.< ? *mag-uli; Basque regional words for `strawberry' are exceedingly diverse, many with initial ma-but probabaly of di-verse origins (BCR P.18, P.19, P.20; EHHA map 572).cf. NC: Akhwakh muq':ali `blackberry' < PEC *niwGV (EHHA, map 572; BCR P.20; NCED 854)
Basque (B) zumel `cornel; kermes oak; holm oak', (B-Gernika) zumel `Mediterranean buckthorn (Rhamnus alaternus)'; *sumal in the personal name Pero Gonзales de Зumalburu (1293 CE); NC: Budukh jumdl `cornel', Lezgi c:umal,Avar zulвm/ zulвn (<*zum-al)`cornel', etc. (OEH zumel; BCR C.2; NCED 1107)
NC: Archi t'ummul`grape', Rutul t'imil, Tsakhur t'umil'id., Budukh t'ombul`plum' (<Proto-Lezgian *tum(:)-ul),beside suffixless Chechen t'um`marrow; kernel of fruit, nut', Abkhaz a-t'amв`peach', etc. < PNC *tьmhV`kernel, nut, fruit-stone; marrow' (NCED 1004; SCG 205). From a Sino-Caucasian perspective, cf. Bur *tumвy`shell of nut, fruit stone', with the distinctive lateral- glide-retroflex /у/ sound (SCG 205; Bengtson & Blazek 2011: 29-30).
NC: Batsbi kumel `raspberry'; Bezhta gemalo `a kind of berry'; beside suffixless Chamali gwab `raspberry', Karata gobe'strawberry', etc. < PEC *gwampV `raspberry' (NCED 443)
Other possible suffix parallels could be explored, e.g. -іуЈ, -lyyoз, identified as typical Pre-Greek suffixes by Beekes (xxxvii), in аиріу^, aьpiyyoз `quill, flute, syrinx, windpipe', etc., which is evocative of Basque -inko ~ -ingo, e.g. in eastern Basque gorrinko, western Basque gor- ringo `egg yolk' (gorri `red'); (R) baratxinko /baracinko/ `cuadrito de un huerto' <*barace `garden, orchard' = PEC *barjV `enclosure' (BCR Q.8; NCED 1039). dv0QU>noз `man' = Mycenean a-to-ro-qo/anthrцkwos/ is close in formation to Western Basque andrako, andreko `little woman; doll', with the frequent diminutive suffix -ko; cf. (EB) otso-ko `wolf cub' (*oco `wolf'), (G) musu-ko `muzzle'; in North Caucasian: Avar yasi-k'o `little girl, doll' (yas `girl, daughter'), wac:a-ko `little brother' (wac: `brother'), etc. (BCR 56).
The comparison involving Pre-Greek уєктар also calls attention to a putative suffix -ар, which Beekes (again following Fumйe) cites as a characteristic Pre-Greek element; note also -ар(а), -ар(ос;), -єр, -рр, -рр-, -ор-, etc. (Beekes 2010: xxxvi-xxxviii). The suffix *-f is very common in Basque nouns, especially those with an underlying plural or collective meaning, e.g., *nega-f/ *niga-f`tears', *lega-f`small stones, gravel', *iiha-f`peas, beans', *lance-f`drizzle', *moko-f`buttocks' etc.: see BCR 77-78.57 In East Caucasian there has been a similar development in which the well-known plural suffix *-r, attested in all branches of North Caucasian, has been lexicalized, with bleaching of the plural meaning, in a significant number of words, e.g. Avar bucu-r `fortification, dike', Tabasaran marca-r `hearth' (historical plurals of PNC *bolcE: NCED 308). In several cases the historical plural form has replaced the original singular, e.g. Agul ib-ur, Rutul ub-ur, Budukh ib-ir `ear', historically `ears' (plural of Proto-Lezgian *?Iam:< PEC *оwвnоV`ear': NCED 240); Khinalug cul-oz `tooth' (< -or: PNC *ctihV`tooth': NCED 326) has replaced the original singular, etc. Besides 'уєкхар, it would be important to discover other Pre-Greek words with these -р- suffixes and Basque and/or North Caucasian cognates. It is tempting to consider, for example, anivGpp `spark', designated as (Pre-Greek?) by Beekes (2010: 1383), possibly connected with Basque (AN) pintar, (BN, L, Z) p(h)indar, beside (L) pinta, (BN, L, Z) p(h)inda `chispa, centella / йtincelle, flammиche' (`spark, flash') (A&T XV: 910; OEH pindar).
Conclusions: As mentioned at the beginning, the putative Pre-Greek examples discussed here were selected with three constraints: (a) Pre-Greek status, or questionable IE etymology, according to Beekes, and the presence of (b) putative North Caucasian cognates, and/or (c) putative Basque cognates. Comparing Pre-Greek specimens only with North Caucasian cognates (as with Nikolaev), or comparing Pre-Greek only with Basque might reveal larger numbers of etymologies. Altogether these would form a corpus of Euskaro-Caucasian etymologies from three branches: the still extant Basque and North Caucasian languages, and the extinct Pre- Greek language recoverable from numerous substratal loanwords. The material analyzed above is summarized below in table form.
|
Greek |
Basque parallel |
North Caucasian parallel |
|
|
акарі `mite' koqiз `bug, bedbug' |
*kara-/*karkar- `beetle' |
PEC *kдrд `mosquito, gadfly', etc. |
|
|
аЛыр `threshing floor, garden' |
*larain `threshing floor' |
PEC *=VrtV `to thresh' |
|
|
вvQзuinoз`man'; Mycenean a-to-ro-qo/anFrцkWos/ |
*andere `lady; young lady; woman; wife'; (B) andrako, andreko `little woman; doll' |
- |
|
|
Sokoз, SoKava `beam' |
*tako, *tak-et `stake, post', etc. |
PNC *dwпq(w)V `log, stump' Tabasaran duq'an `pole, small beam' |
|
|
Zй^vqoз`west wind' |
- |
PNC *cфjwпlftV `autumn, winter (rainy season)' |
|
|
iKTiv ~ iKxivoз `kite' |
*saie `vulture, eagle' |
PEC *cwдm?V `eagle, vulture' |
|
|
каЛіа `wooden dwelling, hut' |
*o=kelu `stable, hall, corner', etc. |
PEC *qalV `house, hut' |
|
|
KФpq `hair, mane' |
*kima `mane (of horse); bristles (of swine)' |
PNC *q(w)вmО0 `plait, mane; hair' |
|
|
pвSpua ~ аpвSpua ~ ЯaSpua ~ аSpua `plums, sloes' |
*ma=dari ~ *u=dari `pear' |
- |
|
|
раЛкп `numbness from cold' |
*mal-gor `numb (from cold)' |
PEC *mhлlXe `cold' |
|
|
paaTФз ~ paaSФз ~ paa0Фз ~ paЈ,Фз `teat, woman's breast' |
*mosu `nose, snout, face, lip, kiss, point, tip'; *mus-ko `nipple' (Z) mьskыa`(the) nipple' |
PEC *mhйrзь `point, edge, protruding part'; Akhwakh mic':o `teat, nipple' |
|
|
рЕатс-іЛ-ov `medlar' |
*mahac `grape(s)' |
PNC *?дmcц `apple; medlar' |
|
|
(XlKpФЗ ~ a^lKpФЗ ~ (XIKKФЗ ~ (xiKФз `small, short, little' |
*miko `a little, a little bit' |
PEC *mikwV `small, young one' |
|
|
pvЛЛov `lip' |
- |
PEC *mVhwVlп / *hwVmVlп `mouth, face' |
|
|
puaTaЈ ~ ЯuaTaЈ `upper lip, mustache' |
*bisa-r `beard' |
PEC ^biljV `beard'; Tindi miza-tu id. |
|
|
vЙKTap `nectar, drink of the gods' VEKTapiov `medicine, eye-salve' viKapiov `eye-salve' |
*nega-r / *niga-r `tears, weeping' *nega-l `herpes, rash, scurf' |
PEC *newqь / *nпwqV- `tear(s); pus' |
|
|
ЈtAov ~ axAov ~ oы\ivoз `wood, timber' |
- |
PEC *зhwпlь `beam, log, pole' |
|
|
oyxvn ~ oxvn `pear, pear tree' |
*ok-(arhan) `plum, sloe' |
PEC *?eqV `grape; fruit; orchard, vineyard' |
|
|
*ar-han `plum' |
PEC *yцn2V `pear' |
||
|
pвxiз `spine, backbone, back; (mountain) ridge' |
*e=reka `gully, ravine' |
PNC *rпqwв `mountain, rock; cave' Tindi rek:a `gorge, ravine' Chechen duq' `mountain ridge' |
|
|
aaAapвvSpa `salamander' |
*suge-mandil `lizard' |
PEC *sVlVtV `lizard'; Lezgi sarat'ul `lizard' |
|
|
CTipФЗ ~ CTПpФЗ ~ CTEipФЗ `pit or vessel for keeping corn, silo' aщpiyЈ, aщpiyyoз `quill, flute, syrinx; windpipe, blood vessel' аыЛ-qv `pipe, channel'; `grooved tile' |
*sulfto `hole, cave; (anatomical) tube' (G) eztar-zulo `pharynx'; (Z) sьdьr-xilo `nostril', (B) sama-zulo `gullet' |
PEC *swцlV `hollow tube' Chamali na-s:ul `tubular bone'; Lezgi sulu-r `throat' |
|
|
aTO^^-q `bunch of grapes, `grape'; аaTo^iз ~ oaTa^iз ~ aTo^iз `raisins' |
*sapa-r `(blackberry-)bramble, thicket' |
PEC *зibV `a kind of berry'; Avar c':ibil `grape' |
|
|
pьxq `aspiration, breath, life, vitality, soul, spirit' |
*bi=si (noun) `life; lifetime', (adj.) `alive' |
PNC *(b=)sпHwV `breath; to breathe' |
57 This suffix has traditionally been described as -ar, but the examples cited here show that vowels other than /a/ could precede the *-f, e.g. Basque *moko-f `buttocks, backside' = Hinukh moko-li `back' < PNC *bцnqц`back' (NCED 310; BCR A.44).
It is important to emphasize that authentic Pre-Greek words, if they are of a more or less `basic' nature, are not loans directly from North Caucasian (as framed by Nikolaev), but instead substratal remnants of a Euskaro-Caucasian language related to (Proto-)North Caucasian, but surely not identical with it. These substratal words should be separated from later cultural loans. “The cultural words frequently discussed by Fumйe have usually been recorded in relatively late sources (Hesychius, etc.) and so they could represent also relatively late loans from various cultural languages of the East Mediterranean. If there is witness from both North Caucasian and Northwest Semitic & Akkadian, the most prob-able donor-language was Hurrian, used not only in North Mesopotamia, but also in Syria, Asia Minor and Cy-prus” (V. Blazek, p.c. 06/06/2020). From among the Pre-Greek words discussed above, this caveat seems to apply especially to, e.g., oyxvp ~ oxvp `pear tree; pear', for which there are several possible sources. Words for fruits and fruit trees are not among the most basic, and there was active trade in such items in the Mediterranean regions. (See also paSpua ~ ЯaSpua `plums, sloes'; pйarnAov `medlar'.)
On the other hand, words like акарі `mite', paaxoз `breast, teat', puAAov `lip', Я/puaxa^ `upper lip, mustache', ЈuAov `wood, timber', paxtз `spine, back, ridge', and 'фйхр `breath' are far more basic and much less likely to be counted among cultural loans. They could reflect genuine relics of a Euskaro-Caucasian Pre-Greek language. The two dozen examples discussed here are probably part of a much larger subset that a thorough study of Furnйe's and Beekes' total list of “Pre-Greek” words might yield.
Abbreviations: languages and dialects
AN Alto Navarro = High Navarrese (Basque dialect) arcArchaic or obsolete form
BBizkaian = Biscayan (Basque dialect)
BztBaztanese (Basque dialect)
BNBas-navarrais = Low Navarrese (Basque dialect)
EBEuskara Batua (standard Basque)
EC East Caucasian (= Northeast Caucasian = Nakh-Daghestanian)
GGipuzkoan (Basque dialect)
LLapurdian = Labourdin (Basque dialect)
NCNorth Caucasian
PECProto-East Caucasian
PNCProto-North Caucasian
PWCProto-West Caucasian
RRoncalese (Basque dialect)
SalSalazarese (Basque dialect)
WC West Caucasian (= Northwest Caucasian = Abkhaz-Adyghe[an])
ZZuberoan = Souletin (Basque dialect)
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