Translation of neologisms

Some words which were considered as negative ones now have the opposite positive estimation, are rehabilitated because such type of semantical changes as neutralization. For example neologism "black" in new combination has the positive seme: black is beautiful, black is power.

The instants of new meanings just contrary already existent are also observed. Such meanings are called enuntiosemes. For example: "head" - new meaning: 1) a drug addict (-); 2) a devotee (+).

It is worth marking that the given neologism in both meanings serves initial basis for derivatives which have positive or negative seme in its lexical meaning, for example, basehead (-), headcase (+).

Changes of lexical meaning also include euphemisms or the usage of indirect expressions omission of rough or scornful lexical units in the opinion of a linguist: "otherly abled" or "challenged" - instead of "disabled" or "handicapped", "a client" instead of "a convict", "socially disadvantaged" in the meaning of "mentally ill". In general, euphemisms are rather interesting in the modern linguistics, where there is a tendency to the direct nomination, that is the result of people's freedom from the great majority of religious prohibitions, their greater relaxation in the moral plan freedom of ethnic additions and reglamentations which are characteristical for nowadays. Therefore it is possible to estimate the tendency of direct nomination is greatly blocked by contrary ability to express one's thoughts parafrastically.

For the last decades the formation of euphemisms has been taken place according to the typical for English language models. It is first of all the semantical displacements among which the narrowing of meaning according to its wide spread takes the first place, that is the usage of words or word combinations of wide semantic and polysemantical in much narrower meaning. For example: "amateur" in the meaning of "an unprofessional politician", "golden age" instead of "old age", "newsreader" in the mean of the "reader of the latest news on the TV or internet". Euphemisms-neologisms functioning in different subject - conceptual spheres where the moral factors of tabu and euphemistic replacement act and they are formed with the help of all typical for English language semantical and formal means. Having looked at different models of the formation of the semantical neologisms it is possible to make certain conclusion. Semantical transfers serve as the means of strengthening of expression of the vocabulary at the expense of new formed more expressed lexical units - synonyms to already existent neutral words. The amount of neologisms on different topical groups depends on the development intensity of the corresponding kinds of people's activity and on the degree of changes in the way of life of the society. It is worth mentioning that for the last time it gets more complicated to separate exactly terminological and current vocabulary as the wide usage of everyday technique is followed by the penetration of the great amount of the technical words in the everyday vocabulary. Popular-science TV-programs and articles of media also help the appearance of diffusion of words into the everyday colloquial speech. In general, according to the laws of language development there exist mechanisms which regulate the addition and anewing of the vocabulary thanks to the semantical innovations, supporting them in corresponding activity. Some of the new meanings of the old words become an integral part of the language, the others can find the resistance in the language usage.

Conclusion

Unlike numerous (even for enough short time) lexical and phraseology neologisms new word building elements do not arise up suddenly, the amount of affixes in a language almost is exactly known, addition to their arsenal can not take place during decades. For the last period of time ten new (after a form or on maintenance) affixes began to function, to the center of the lexical or word building system ten morphemes, which were to it on periphery, that were limited in functioning, relocated yet, was finally designed yet: certain amount of word building elements which arose up in a previous period of development of English.

The analysis of neologisms of English testifies that high word building activity of affixation (with the help of suffixes and prefixes are built more 30 % lexical innovation) is determined not only by participation of traditional word building elements but also all by the greater role of new affixes. Words of full meaning (both the German origin and adopted from other languages), and also parts of words, can serve as primary material for creation of affixes.

It is necessary to mark that creation of new words by analogy, that according to the sample concrete existent word, is the most widespread way of forming of new affixes.

The processes of origin and registration of new derivational facilities expose intercommunications between the morpheme and lexical levels of language and proper units of these levels. Rather spread in English it is possible to suppose the phenomenon of "bifunctionality" (functional homonymy) units which execute at the same time the role of lexemes and the role of affixes, thus such bifunctionality inherent not only to the word building elements which arose up on the base of lexical units, but also on the base of pseudomorphemes, fragments of words.

Phenomenon of bifunctionality, interlevel correlation, the presence of intermediate linguistic elements (semiaffixes) testifies about the absence of clear border between morpheme and lexical levels, about "diffusion" units of these levels. Bilateral communication between lexical and word building innovation consists in that neologisms create condition for forming of new derivational elements which, in their turn, are used for subsequent lexical innovations etc.

The general tendency of word building development is traced in direction of expansion of realization of its potential due to much more freedom, expansion the limits of normativeness in the conditions of cross-purpose of action of the factors related to intervariant and intravariant migration of vocabulary. The role of complex methods of creation of innovations is growing, inclusion of a few nominative-derivational mechanisms that, from one side, show the certain system of word building, and from other side, is the evidence of complication of onomasiological processes in connection with complication of our knowledge and notions about the surrounding world.

Semantic innovations is related to those modifications of content of existent units which arise up as a result of their functional dictionary composition

Distributing of innovations after sociofunctional classes enables to light up a problem "language and its environment", to set the role of the concrete social factors which most influence on innovative processes, to expose the sociofunctional marking centers of forming of new word building elements and lexico-semantical paradigms. In the spheres of social life, which are the spheres of radical changes, actively there are the processes of update and enrichment of dictionary composition, the certain tendency of the development of lexico-semantical system of English are engendered.

A new vocabulary which is correlated with economic life makes most sociofunctional group of innovation of the last decades (in a previous period other spheres of social life went out on the first plan). Neologisms of economy sphere and business represent the radical changes which are connected with the circulation and realization of economic theories, with transition of many countries to the market economy, with the improvement of management by an economy and its separate links, with introduction of modern informative technique.

Round concepts which are correlated with these processes and phenomena, there is most concentration of a new vocabulary and phraseology. The role of economic sphere in the supply of innovation in a language becomes more noticeable, in enrichment of phraseology fund. It testifies about growth of influence of factors, connected with economic basis of society.

Neologisms of social and political sphere show two sides of the civilized progress of humanity - integrational and differential processes, political and public motions, testify about growth of influence on the innovative processes of such factors, as sex, age, social status, valuable orientations of transmitters of English. As a result of growth of influence of the noted factors all anymore the political pragmalinguistic parameter of "political correctness" determinates not only political but also other discussion. The necessity of the change of reference points of the civilized development entailed not only the explosion of ecological neologisms but also forming of highly productive resources of lexical and semantic derevation, lexico-sementical and phraseology paradigms.

Sharpening of the problem of criminality, terrorism, drug addictions and fight against these negative phenomena find the reflection in the considerable amount of innovations, in the origin and fixing after the ''criminal sphere" of whole row of word building elements, in creation of wide synonymous rows round the defined notions. Growths of delinquency and drug addiction rates entailed growth of scales of penetration in the "standard" language of words and combinations of words from the jargon criminal world of drug addicts.

Important role in society of mass media, predetermines that fact, that exactly "media" is the sphere of "primitive context", by the main channel of spreading of neologisms, which are the product of word building of state, political, public figures, journalists, writers, scientists.

Considerable influence on dictionary composition of the English language, on development of its lexico-semantical system corrected informative revolution. The explosion of computer neologisms causes action of mechanisms of semantic changes necessary for fixing of existent units after new reviewers. Expansion of the special vocabulary related to the informative technique in a common language is also accompanied by semantic changes and modifications. The consequences of semantic processes and changes find the embodiment in new linguistic phenomena which all anymore pierce the system, influence on existent semantic subsystems and semantic group of the vocabulary.

The whole row of lexical units is fastened on the concepts related to the modern informative technique by the all semantic structure or separate lexico-semantical variants. These units not only become keywords but also grow into the centers of word- and creation of phrases, enter as dominant elements in the ramified new lexico-semantical paradigms.

Actuality of processes and phenomena of modern stage of scientific and technical progress predetermines aspiration to remove these processes and phenomena by variation and nominative facilities, as a result is observed attraction synonyms to the proper concepts. Informative revolution caused both the phenomenon of polynomination of its important concepts and stipulated the necessity of more clear differentiation of the defined "cybernetic" notions by retronyms, that the phenomenon "differentiating renomination".

Computerizing made substantial alterations in the word building system, generated the whole row of new productive derevative elements entailed moving of whole row of prefixes and suffixes (together with moving of whole layers of vocabulary) from periphery of the system, where they served only ("languages for the special aims") to the kernel, to national language, wearing away the same border between a kernel and periphery of language.

A new vocabulary and phraseology which arose up in connection with informative revolution pierces now almost all spheres of social life, it removes both the numerous blessings and benefits and new social problems, negative consequences of modern stage of scientific and technical progress.

Bibliography

1. Жлуктенко Ю.А., Березинский В.П. и др., под ред. Жлуктечко Ю.А. Английские неологизмы. - К.: Наукова думка, 1983 - 172 с.

2. Арутюнова Н.Д., Падучева Е.В. Истоки, проблемы и категории прагматики. Вступительная статья // Новое в зарубежной лингвистике. - М.: 1985 - Вып. 16 - с.

3. Ахманова О.С., Краснова И.Е. О методологии языкознания // Вопросы языкознания. - №6. - 1974

4. Баранникова Л.И. Особенности проявления действия экстралигвистических факторов в лексических системах и подсистемах // Язык и общество: межвузовский научный зборник. - Саратов: Исдательство Саратовского университета, 1989 - Вып. 3.

5. Беляева Е.И. Социолингвистческий аспект семантики слова // Вопросы морфологического и семантического анализа лексики в германских языках. - Горький: Горьковский ГПИ, 1983.

6. Бортничук Е.М., Верба Л.Г. Сложные слова семантического типа - неологизмы // Вестник Киевского университета. - 1987 - Вып. 21

7. Волков С.О. Сенько Е.В. Неологизмы и внутренние стимулы языкового развития // Новые слова и словари новых слов - Л.: Наука, 1983.

8. Гак В.Г. О современной французской енологии // Новые слова и словари новых слов. - Л.: Наука, 1987.

9. Дубенец Э.М. Неологизмы в английском языке // Иностранные языки в школе. - 1991. - №5.

10. Заботкина В.И. Новая лексика современного английского языка. - М.: Высшая школа, 1989 - 126 с.

11. Зацный Ю.А. "Юппи" и другие // Иностранные языки в школе - 1991 - №5.

12. Ирисханова К.М. Коммуникативные форматы стиля // Сборник научных трудов Московского педагогического института иностранных языков - 1987 - Вып. 286.

13. Кацев А.М. Эвфемизмы-неологизмы в английском языке // Лексическая семантика и фразеология - Л.: ЛГПИ, 1987.

14. Краткий словарь литературоведческих терминов под ред. Тимофеев Л.И., Тураев С.В. - М.: Просвещение, 1985 - 208с.

15. Кубрякова Е.С. Номинативный аспект речевой деятельности - М.: Наука, 1986 - 157 с.

16. Кубрякова Е.С. Роль словообразования в формировании языковой картины мира // Роль человеческого фактора в языке: язык и картина мира. - М.: Наука, 1988.

17. Мыркин В.Я. В какой мере язык (языковая система) является отражением действительности // Вопросы языковедения. - 1986 - №3.

18. Негматов Х., Сафаров Ш. Принципы систематизации лексического фонда и пути оптимизации их усвоения // Сборник научных трудов Ташкентсокого университета. - 1982 - №702.

19. Петрова М.А. Лексика. Фонетика. Словообразование. - М.: Высшая школа, 1983 - 160с.

20. Прокудина О.А. Инновации в окказиональных антропонимах персонажей // Неологизмы и лексике, грамматике, фонетике - Рига: ЛГУ, 1985.

21. Ретунская М.С. Тематические группы социально маркированной лексики в английском языке // Язык и общество: Межвузовский научный сборник - Саратов: Издательство Саратовского университета, 1989.

22. Ретунская М.С. Социодинамика лексического состава современного английского языка // Вопросы английской лексикологии и лексикографии - Пятигорск: ПГПИИЯ, 1990.

23. Серебрянников Б.А. О материалистическом подходе к явлениям языка. - М.: Наука, 1983 - 319 с.

24. Словарь-справочник лингвистических терминов под ред Розенталь Д.Э, Теленкова М.А. - М.: Просвещение, 1985 - 400с.

25. Степанов Г.М. Образование новых значений в разговорных словах английского языка как следствие употребления // Слово и организация высказывания - Калининград: КГУ, 1984.

26. Судзиловский Г.А. Сленг - что это такое? - М.: Воениздат, 1973 - 182 с.

27. Трофимова И.Н. Некоторые средства номинации в нестандартной лексике // Сборник научных трудов Ташкентского университета - 1982 - №676.

28. Черкасская Е.Б. Стилистическая дифференциация словарного состава современного английского языка // Иностранные языки в школе - 1984 - №2.

29. Шевчук Ю.И. Частичные архаизмы как продукт развития словаря английского языка // Вестник Киевского университета. Романо-германская филология - 1986 - Вып 20.

30. Arnold I.V. The Engish Word. - М.: Высшая школа, 1986 - 296 с.

31. Galperin I.R. Stylistics - М.: Высшая школа, 1971 - 243 с.

32. Word Formation: Collins Cobuild English Guides - London: Harper Collins Publishers, 1993 - 209 p.

33. The Oxford Dictionary of New Words./ Elisabeth Knowles, Julia Elliot. - Oxford University Press, 1997. - 357 p.

34. www. andromeda. rutgos. edu

35. www. ditl. info

36. www. lisatalk. su

37. www. wordspy. com.

Размещено на Allbest.ru