Towards the Origin of Microblade Technology in Northeastern Asia
The history of the emergence, distribution and space-time analysis of microplate technology in North and East Asia. Radiocarbon assessment of wedge-shaped micronuclei and retouched microplates found on the Korean Peninsula, the Far East, and Siberia.
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1Center for East Asian Prehistory, Dьsseldorf
2 Institute of Archaeology & Ethnography, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
3Sobolev Institute of Geology & Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
4Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
Towards the Origin of Microblade Technology in Northeastern Asia
1S. G. Keates, D. Philos. in Archaeology, Professor,
2A. V. Postnov, PhD in History, Senior Researcher
3Y. V. Kuzmin, Doctor in Geography, Leading Researcher
4Leading Researcher, Laboratory of Mesozoic
and Cenozoic Continental Ecosystems
Germany, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation;
Abstract
Microblade technology is one of the most remarkable phenomena in the Upper Paleolithic of northern Eurasia, primarily the northern and eastern regions of Asia. Here we present an overview of the most recent developments in attempting to understand the emergence and spread of this technology, based on data known for Siberia and the Russian Far East, Mongolia, China, Korea, and Japan. The main assumptions for selection of the earliest microbladecomplexes are: 1) the presence of three artifact types: wedge-shaped microcores; microblades; and retouched (utilized) microblades; 2) a reliable chronology based on critical evaluation of radiocarbon dates; and 3) the stratigraphic integrity of artifacts. The pressure flaking was a technique to make microblades, and this is important issue which was often not taken into account previously. Based on these criteria, the oldest microblade-bearing complexes for each of the regions listed above were selected. Using these data, we can conclude that the earliest evidence of microblade technology is known from the Korean Peninsula where it is dated to ca. 25,500-24,200 BP. In other regions (China, Siberia, Russian Far East and Japan), the first microblade assemblages are dated to ca. 21,100-19,400 BP. As a result of our analysis, two possible explanations for the emergence of microblade technology in northern and eastern Asia can be considered: 1) invention and diffusion from a single core area; and 2) independent creation in several places and subsequent expansion. Currently, we cannot solve this issue, but generate some suggestions which may bring us closer toward identifying its origin and spread. Factual data as presented in this paper can be used as a primary source for future research. Keywords: Upper Paleolithic, microblade technology, lithic analysis, chronology, spatiotemporal patterns, Asia.
Аннотация
К происхождению микропластинчатой технологии в Северо-Восточной Азии
С. Г. Китс, д-р филос., проф., Центр изучения древней истории Восточной Азии, ФРГ, Дюссельдорф
А. В. Постнов, канд. ист. наук, ст. науч. сотр., Институт археологии и этнографии Сибирского отделения Российской Академии наук, Российская Федерация, Новосибирск
В. Кузьмин, д-р геогр. наук, вед. науч. сотр., Институт геологии и минералогии Сибирского отделения Российской Академии наук, Российская Федерация, Новосибирск, вед. науч. сотр., Лаборатория континентальных экосистем мезозоя и кайнозоя, Томский государственный университет, Российская Федерация, Томск
Микропластинчатая технология является одним из самых выразительных явлений в верхнем палеолите Северной Евразии, в основном в северных и восточных регионах Азии. В работе представлен обзор новейшей информации для попытки понять появление и распространение этой технологии с опорой на данные по Сибири и Дальнему Востоку России, Монголии, Китаю, Корее и Японии.
Основными критериями для выбора самых ранних микропластинчатых комплексов являются: 1) присутствие трех типов артефактов: клиновидных микронуклеусов, микропластин и ретушированных (утилизованных) микропластин; 2) надежная хронология, основанная на критической оценке радиоуглеродных дат; 3) стратиграфическая целостность комплексов артефактов. На этих основаниях выбраны самые древние комплексы с микропластинами для каждого из перечисленных регионов. Анализ данных позволяет заключить, что самое раннее свидетельство микропластинчатой технологии известно на Корейском полуострове, где оно датировано около 25 500-24 200 радиоуглеродных лет назад (л. н.). В других регионах (Китай, Сибирь, Дальний Восток России и Япония) первые микро- пластинчатые комплексы датируются около 21 100-19 400 л. н. В результате можно рассматривать два допустимых объяснения появления микропластинчатой технологии в Северной и Восточной Азии: 1) изобретение и проникновение из единственного очага; 2) независимое появление в нескольких местах и последующее распространение. В настоящее время данная проблема неразрешима, однако могут быть предложены некоторые соображения, приближающие к пониманию особенностей культурного развития региона, причин появления и распространения микропластинчатой технологии. Фактические данные, собранные в работе, представляют собой основу для последующих исследований в этом направлении.
Ключевые слова: верхний палеолит, микропластинчатая технология, анализ каменного материала, хронология, пространственно-временной анализ, Северо-Восточная Азия.
Introduction
The origin of the Upper Paleolithic in Eurasia is among the most important issues in Old World prehistory The early Upper Paleolithic beyond Western Europe / eds P. J. Brantingham, S. L. Kuhn, K. W Kerry. Berkeley; Los Angeles, 2004. P 1-15.. As a part of Upper Paleolithic studies, microblade technology is one of the most remarkable phenomena Origin and spread of microblade technology in Northern Asia and North America / eds Y. V. Kuzmin,
S. G. Keates, C. Shen. Burnaby, 2007. P 1-24., the origin of which is still not well known Inizan M.-L. Pressure dйbitage in the Old World: Forerunners, researchers, geopolitics -- handing on the baton // The emergence of pressure blade making / ed. by P M. Desrosiers. New York, 2012. P 11-15; Gomez Coutouly Y. A. The emergence of pressure knapping microblade technology in Northeast Asia // Radiocarbon. 2018. Vol. 60, iss. 3. P 821-824.. Recent discoveries of Upper Paleolithic sites and excavations in Siberia and East Asia Emergence and diversity of modern human behavior in Paleolithic Asia / eds Y. Kaifu, M. Izuho,
T. Goebel, H. Sato, A. Ono. College Station TX, 2015. P 1-16. show a more complex picture of the development of lithic technology compared to what was known 20 years ago. Several volumes have appeared in the last 25 years regarding the emergence and diffusion of microblade technology in northern Eurasia The origin and dispersal of microblade industry in Northern Eurasia / ed. by Kimura H. Sapporo, 1993. P 1-45; Origin and spread of microblade technology in Northern Asia and North America; The emergence of pressure blade making / ed. by P M. Desrosiers. New York, 2012. P 1-65..
The latest developments and new data call for an evaluation of the existing evidence on the origin and expansion of microblade technology in the northeast Asian region (Fig. 1).
We argue that only the combined presence of microblade cores, microblades, and backed microblades in an assemblage represents confirmation for intentional microblade manufacture. We take into account the most recent research results from the northern and eastern parts of Asia, and also consider the current status of the identification of pressure flaking, an essential technique in the manufacture of microblades Takakura J. Emergence and development of the pressure microblade production: a view from the Upper Paleolithic of northern Japan // The emergence of pressure blade making / ed. by P. M. Desrosiers. New York, 2012. P 285-290; Gomez Coutouly Y. A. The emergence of pressure knapping microblade technology in Northeast Asia // Radiocarbon. 2018. Vol. 60, iss. 3. P 821-824.. microplate technology radiocarbon asia
The aim of this paper is to present a critical analysis of the earliest microblade complexes in Siberia and the Russian Far East (both in Russia), Mongolia, China, Korea, and Japan (Fig. 1) in the context of the spatiotemporal patterns of the origin and spread of this technology in the northern and eastern regions of Asia.
Fig. 1. The position of early microblade sites mentioned in the text (see also Table 1).
1 -- Khayrgas; 2 -- Listvenka; 3 -- Tarachikha; 4 -- Maininskaya; 5 -- Krasny Yar; 6 -- Studenoe 2; 7 -- Ust'-Ul'ma 1; 8 -- Ogonki 5; 9 -- Sinbuk; 10 -- Jangheung-ri; 11 -- Kashiwadai 1; 12 -- Xiachuan (created by authors)
Material and Methods
Main assumptions. In this study, we suggest that microblade technology in northern and eastern Asia emerged from the use of flat-faced core technology. An important component of this technology was the application of pressure flaking to produce microblades.
At some Upper Paleolithic sites in Siberia tortsovy (narrow-faced) cores for making small irregular bladelets appear to be preforms (i. e., background) for the development of the wedgeshaped core technique Abramova Z. A. Klinovidnye nukleusy v paleolite Severnoi Azii // Paleolit i neolit. Leningrad, 1986. P. 11-14..
The narrow-faced core is a core worked on its narrow side; it has also been described as an edge-faceted or end core Vasilev S. A., Bozinski G., Bredli B. A., Vishniatskii L. B., Giria E. V., Gribchenko Iu. N., Zheltova M. N., Tikhonov A. N. Chetyrekh''iazychnyi (russko-anglo-franko-nemetskii) slovar'-spravochnik po arkheologii paleolita. St. Petersburg, 2007. P. 156.. It is crucial to understand that the narrow-faced core must have a volumetric appearance in order to allow the production of multiple blades from the same narrow front (face). In this case, numerous blades can be detached, by either percussion (narrow-faced core sensu stricto) or pressure flaking (microblade core). The former core type emerged in the Initial Upper Paleolithic in northern Asia at least at ca. 43,000 radiocarbon years ago (hereafter. -- B. P.) Rybin E. P. Middle and Upper Paleolithic interactions and the emergence of modern behavior in Southern Siberia and Mongolia // Emergence and diversity of modern human behavior in Paleolithic Asia. College Station, 2015. P. 470-475..
According to the studies by M.-L. Inizan and coauthors Inizan M.-L., Roche H., Tixier J. Technology of knapped stone. Meudon, 1992. P. 1-32., a fine-grained stone is needed for the successful application of the pressure flaking technique, which is important for achieving the standardization of microblade manufacture.
The “Very straight and regular parallel arrises” -- and, one should add, the narrow scars found on microblades -- identify cores worked by pressure from other nuclei Ibid. P. 63..
Other distinguishing marks include, for example, edges and arrises that are parallel and usually straight on microblades Ibid. P. 63-64.. The analysis of obsidian microblades identified fracture wings under the microscope that can differentiate between direct percussion and pressure percussion Takakura J. Emergence and development of the pressure microblade production: a view from the Upper Paleolithic of northern Japan. P. 285-291.. In this respect, when publishing microblade cores, it would be helpful if authors included clear, detailed photographs of areas that were pressure flaked.
In order to properly examine the earliest microblade complexes in northern and eastern Asia, we chose the following criteria. As the main criterion, and a novel approach, we used the presence of three artifact types:
1) wedge-shaped microcores (as the most common of microblade nuclei);
2) microblades; and
3) retouched (utilized) microblades. A similar view was expressed earlier Abramova Z.A. Klinovidnye nukleusy v paleolite Severnoi Azii. P. 11-13..
This can ensure that only those artifacts are recognized as microblades that were not made accidentally but intentionally, and were used as such.
The existence of this trio represents solid evidence for microblade technology. This kind of caution is necessary because in the early Upper Paleolithic, percussion was employed to detach blades Ibid. P. 11-14..
Thus, without microblade cores and evidence of microblades since ca. 40,000-45,000 BP many small blades (bladelets) and blade fragments were produced by use of percussion, and it would be a mistake to regard these small blades as indicators of microblade technology.
The second criterion is the secure age determination based on critical analysis of radiocarbon (14C) dates Kuzmin Y. V., KeatesS. G.: 1) Dates are not just data: Paleolithic settlement patterns in Siberia derived from radiocarbon records // American Antiquity. 2005. Vol. 70, iss. 4. P. 773-775; 2) Dynamics of Siberian Paleolithic complexes (based on analysis of radiocarbon records): the 2012 state-of-the-art // Radiocarbon. 2013. Vol. 55, iss. 2-3. P 1314-1317.. We refer to 14C-dated sites only because 14C is the most reliable dating method for the time range under consideration. The third criterion is the stratigraphic integrity of artifacts. Only those assemblages found in an in situ context are taken into account here.
Definition of microblade technology. We use the following terms of microblade technology and its elements. A microblade generally refers to a small and narrow blade produced mostly from conical or wedgeshaped microcores Darvill T. The concise Oxford dictionary of archaeology. Oxford, 2003. P 1-506; The new Penguin dictionary of archaeology / ed. by P Bahn. London, 2004. P 1-537.. B. Kipfer Kipfer B. A. Dictionary of artifacts. Singapore, 2007. P 195. defines a microblade as “a small, narrow stone blade, ranging from less than 5 to 11 mm (0.1-0.4 inches) wide and about 15-45 mm (0.6- 1.7 inches) long”. T. Akazawa and coauthors Akazawa T, Oda S., Yamanaka I. The Japanese Palaeolithic: A techno-typological study. Tokyo, 1980. P. 74. determine microblade dimensions as with a length more than twice the width, while the width is smaller than 12 mm.
Some authors Akazawa T., Oda S., Yamanaka I. The Japanese Palaeolithic: A techno-typological study. P. 74-75; Inizan M.-L., Roche H., Tixier J. Technology of knapped stone. P. 65; Vasilev S. A., Bosinski G., Bradley B. A., Vishniatskii L. B., Giria E. V., Gribchenko Iu. N., Zheltova M. N., Tikhonov A. N. Chetyrekh''iazychnyi (russko- anglo-franko-nemetskii) slovar'-spravochnik po arkheologii paleolita. P. 147. also refer to microblades as “microbladelets” and “bladelets”.
However, unlike microblades, bladelets can be produced from any blade cores, including narrow-faced ones, while microblades were usually made on either wedge-shaped, prismatic, or conical cores by pressure flaking Morlan R. E. Wedge-shaped core technology in northern North America // Arctic Anthropology. 1970. Vol. 7, iss. 2. P. 17-20..
Here we distinguish also between microblades and microliths; the latter is a more general category determined as “any of various very small stone tools varying in size from 1 to 5 cm (0.4-2 inches) -- mainly thin blades or blade fragments with sharp cutting edges, usually geometric in shape... using the microburin technique” KipferB. A. Dictionary of artifacts. P. 196; Inizan M.-L., Roche H., Tixier J. Technology of knapped stone. P. 69-70..
In China, microliths also include some small lithic artifacts Chen C., WangX.-Q. Upper Paleolithic microblade industries in North China and their relationships with Northeast Asia and North America // Arctic Anthropology. 1989. Vol. 26, iss. 2. P. 128..
J.Flenniken Flenniken J. J. The Paleolithic Dyuktai pressure blade technique of Siberia // Arctic Anthropology. 1987. Vol. 24, iss. 2. P. 117-120. established the use of the pressure blade technique for making microblades in the Dyuktai culture of Yakutia as part of greater northern Asia. It is now obvious that people who invented the microblade technology almost always employed pressure blade flaking Inizan M.-L. Pressure dйbitage in the Old World: Forerunners, researchers, geopolitics -- handing on the baton. P. 11-15; Takakura J. Emergence and development of the pressure microblade production: a view from the Upper Paleolithic of northern Japan. P. 285-291; Gomez Coutouly Y. A. Migrations and interactions in prehistoric Beringia: the evolution of Yakutian lithic technology // Antiquity. 2016. Vol. 90, iss. 349. P. 9-15..
While this technique (more strictly, pressure retouch Inizan M.-L. Pressure dйbitage in the Old World: Forerunners, researchers, geopolitics -- handing on the baton. P. 11-14.) had appeared a long time before microblade technology and was known in the Middle Stone Age of South Africa Mourre V., Villa P., Henshilwood C. S. Early use of pressure flaking on lithic artifacts at Blombos Cave, South Africa // Science. 2010. Vol. 330, iss. 6004. P. 659-660., it was not in use in northern and eastern Asia until microblade production emerged there.
Regional perspectives
Siberia. The first summaries on microblade technology for Siberia were published in the 1980s Abramova Z. A. Klinovidnye nukleusy v paleolite Severnoi Azii. P. 11-14; Abramova Z. A. Paleolit Severnoi Azii // Paleolit Kavkaza i Severnoi Azii. Leningrad, 1989. P. 145-150.. Z. A. Abramova established four stages of the Upper Paleolithic in Siberia; the distinct feature of stages 1 (end of Karginian interstage, corresponds to MIS 3 isotope stage) and 2 (the beginning of the Sartan glaciation, correlates with the early part of the Last Glacial Maximum [LGM], or early MIS 2) is the absence of wedge-shaped microcores Abramova Z. A. Klinovidnye nukleusy v paleolite Severnoi Azii. P. 240-243..
Stage 3 of the Siberian Upper Paleolithic (second part of the Sartan glaciation, corresponds to the late LGM, or late MIS 2) includes sites where wedge-shaped microcores appear and become widespread, and is associated with the microblade technique necessary to equip slotted tools with insets.
The individual sites and cultural complexes are: Mogochino; Afontova Culture (sites of Afontova Gora 2 and 3; Kokorevo 2; Tashtyk 1 and 2; Maininskaya; and Kantegir); Kokorevo Culture (sites of Kokorevo 1; and Novosel- ovo 6 and 7); Golubaya 1; upper layers of Ust-Kova and Krasny Yar; Sosnovy Bor (Layer5; Makarovo 2; and Verkhne-Troitskaya, Ezhantsy, and Dyuktai Cave Ibid..
The Dyuktai Culture of Yakutia was always connected with the microblade technology Mochanov Y. A.: 1) Paleolithic finds in Siberia (resume of studies) // Beringia in Cenozoic era / ed. by V. I. Kontrimavichus. New Delhi, 1984, P 694-700; 2) The earliest stages of settlement by people of Northeast Asia. Anchorage, AK, 2009. P 1-286; Abramova Z. A. O vozraste paleolita Aldana // Sovetskaia arkheologiia. 1979. No. 4. P 5-12; Flenniken J. J. The Paleolithic Dyuktai pressure blade technique of Siberia. P 117-120; Gomez Coutouly Y. A. Migrations and interactions in prehistoric Beringia: the evolution of Yakutian lithic technology. P 9-14.. However, the chronology of this cultural complex was a topic of intense discussion until recently Abramova Z. A. O vozraste paleolita Aldana. P 9-12; Yi S., Clark G. The “Dyuktai culture” and New World origins // Current Anthropology. 1985. Vol. 26, iss. 1. P 1-12; Kuzmin Y. V., Orlova L. A. Radiocarbon chronology of the Siberian Paleolithic // Journal of World Prehistory. 1998. Vol. 12, iss. 1. P 22-33; Pitulko V. V., Pavlova E. Y. Geoarchaeology and radiocarbon chronology of Stone Age Northeast Asia. College Station, TX, 2016. P 112-130..
It was proposed Abramova Z. A. O vozraste paleolita Aldana. P 10-14. that the earliest 14C dates from the Dyuktai Culture sites, dated to ca. 23,000-35,000 BP according to another view Mochanov Y. A. The earliest stages of settlement by people of Northeast Asia. P 264-265., were too old, and that no microblade complexes of a similar age existed in Siberia.
Later, it was suggested that the beginning of the Dyuktai Culture can be dated to ca. 17,000/18,000-10,000/11,000 BP, and possibly older, beginning at ca. 22,000/23,000 BP Pitulko V. V., Pavlova E. Y. Geo archaeology and radiocarbon chronology of Stone Age Northeast Asia. P 125-130..
Fig. 2. Wedge-shaped and other cores, and microblades from the early microblade complexes of Siberia:
A -- Khayrgas site: 1 -- pencil-like core (Layer 6); 2 -- wedge-shaped core (Layer 6); 3 -- wedge-shaped core (Layer 7) [Stepanov et al., 2003]; B -- Mainiskaya site, Layer A-3: 1-2 -- retouched microblades; 3-4 -- wedge-shaped cores [Vasilev, 1996]; C -- Tarachikha site, Layer 1: 1-2 -- wedge-shaped cores [Lisitsyn, 2000]; D -- Listvenka site, Layer 15A: 1-4 -- wedge-shaped microcores; 5 -- wedge-shaped core [Akimova et al., 2005]; E -- Krasny Yar, Layer 2: 1-2 -- wedge-shaped cores [Abramova, 1965]; F -- Studenoe 2, Layer 4/5: 1-4 -- wedge-shaped cores [Konstantinov, 2001]
Recent progress with 14C dating of the Khayrgas site in central Yakutia Kuzmin Y. V., Kosintsev P A., Stepanov A. D., Boeskorov G. G., Cruz R. J. Chronology and faunal remains of the Khayrgas Cave (Eastern Siberia, Russia) // Radiocarbon. 2017. Vol. 59, iss. 2. P 575-580. (see Fig. 1), with its layers 6-7 associated with the Dyuktai Culture Stepanov A. D., Kirillin A. S., Vorobeva S. A., Soloveva E. N., Efimov N. N. Peshchera Khaiyrgas na Srednei Lene (rezultaty issledovanii 1998-1999 gg.) // Drevnie kul'tury Severo-Vostochnoi Azii. Astroarkheologiia. Paleoinformatika, 2003. P 98-100. (Fig. 2, A), allowed researchers to establish the beginning of this complex to at least ca. 20,700 BP. Layer 7 of the Khayrgas site contains a few wedge-shaped cores and microblades, and more items directly related to microblade technology are found in Layer 6 dated to ca. 16,000 BP (Table 1).
Table 1. The earliest sites in northern and eastern Asia with presence of microblade technology
|
Region, site, cultural layer and thickness |
Wedge shaped cores |
Other microblade cores |
Microblades |
Retouched microbladesa |
14C age, BP |
|
|
Siberia |
||||||
|
Khayrgas Cave, Layer 7 (0.45-0.60 m) |
2 |
-- |
1 |
-- |
ca. 20,700-21,500 |
|
|
Khayrgas Cave, Layer 6 (0.40-0.50 m) |
5 |
2 b |
25 |
3 |
ca. 16,000 |
|
|
Maininskaya, Layer A-3 (0.30 m) |
12 |
10 c |
778 d |
5 |
ca. 19,300 |
|
|
Tarachikha, Layer 1 (0.30 m) |
2 |
-- |
46 |
12 |
ca. 18,90019,900 e |
|
|
Listvenka, Layer 15A (0.02-0.03 m) |
5 |
-- |
59 |
1 |
ca. 17,100 |
|
|
Krasny Yar, Layer 2 f (0.10 m) |
3 g |
? |
? h |
? |
ca. 19,100 |
|
|
Studenoe 2, Layer 4/5 (0.10 m) ' |
5 |
1i |
48 |
2 |
ca. 16,200-17,200 |
|
|
Studenoe 2, Layer 5 (0.04-0.07 m) |
7 |
-- |
157 |
-- |
ca. 17,200 |
|
|
Russian Far East |
||||||
|
Ust'-Ul'ma 1, Layer 2b (0.30-0.40 m) |
18 |
1 i |
2 |
-- |
ca. 19,400 |
|
|
Ogonki 5, Horizon 3 (0.40-0.70 m) |
66 |
-- |
339 |
-- |
ca. 18,900-19,400 |
|
|
Korean Peninsula |
||||||
|
Sinbuk, Paleolithic layer (ca. 0.20 m) |
6 |
ca. 160 j |
> 300 k |
-- |
ca. 18,500-25,500 |
|
|
Jangheung-ri, Layer 1 (0.50-0.60 m) |
1 |
4 |
34 |
6 |
ca. 24,200-24,400 |
|
|
Japanese Islands |
||||||
|
Kashiwadai 1, Layer 4 (0.60 m) |
5 |
-- |
638 |
137 |
ca. 19,800-20,800 |
|
|
Northern China |
||||||
|
Xiachuan, Layer 2 1 (1.00-1.50 m) |
15 |
204 m |
186 |
? |
ca. 15,90023,220 n |
Thus, we can tentatively accept that the earliest evidence of microblade production in Yakutia is now dated to ca. 20,700 BP. It is clear that more data are needed to resolve the issue of the beginning of the Dyuktai Culture in Yakutia.
In the Yenisei River basin (see Fig. 1), some sites can be associated with the early microblade technology (Fig. 2, B-D). At the Maininskaya site (Layer A-3), several wedgeshaped cores and some microblades (the exact number is not indicated) were found (Tab. 1) Vasilev S. A. Pozdnii paleolit verkhnego Eniseia (po materialam mnogosloinykh stoianok raiona Mainy). St. Petersburg, 1996. P 200-215..
The latest chronological data show the age of this stratum as ca. 19,300 BP Vasilev S. A., Yamskikh A. F, Yamskikh G. Yu., Kuzmin Y. V., Jull A. J. T. Novye dannye po khronologii
1 paleosrede mnogosloinykh stoianok Maininskogo raiona na Verkhnem Enisee // Aktualnye voprosy evraziiskogo paleolitovedeniia / eds A. P Derevianko, M. V. Shunkov. Novosibirsk, 2005. P. 25-30.. At the Tarachikha site, the microblade complex can be associated with 14C dates of ca. 18,930 BP and ca. 19,850 BP Kuzmin Y.V., Orlova L.A., Zenin V. N., Lbova L. V., Dementiev V. N. Radiouglerodnoe datirovanie paleolita Sibiri i Dalnego Vostoka Rossii: materialy k katalogu 14C dat (po sostoianiiu na konets 2010 g.) // Stratum plus. 2011. No. 1. P. 186.; however, no information exists about the direct association between these values and the microblade-bearing layer Lisitsyn N. F. Pozdnii paleolit Chulymo-Eniseiskogo mezhdurechia. St. Petersburg, 2000. P 137..
At the Listvenka site, Layer 15A contains five wedge-shaped cores and numerous microblades (Table 1); the 14C date of this component is ca. 17,100 BP Akimova E. V., Drozdov N. I., Laukhin S. A., Chekha V. P., Orlova L. A., Koltsova V. G., Sanko A. F., Shpakova E. G. Paleolit Eniseia. Listvenka. Krasnoiarsk, 2005. P 154..
In the Angara River basin, the Krasny Yar (a.k.a. Krasnyi Iar) site has the earliest evidence of microblade technology (Figs 1 and 2, E; Table 1). It has been studied several times, and a 14C date of ca. 19,100 BP was obtained for Layer 2 Abramova Z. A. Krasnyi Iar -- a new Palaeolithic site on the Angara // Arctic Anthropology. 1965. Vol. 3, iss. 1. P 122-126.. Despite a disagreement about the numbering of the cultural layers Abramova Z. A. Krasnyi Iar -- Krasnyi Iar -- a new Palaeolithic site on the Angara. Arctic Anthro-pology, 1965. Vol. 3, iss. 1. P 122-128. Versus: Medvedev G. I. Archaeological investigations of the stratified Palaeolithic site of Krasnyi Iar on the Angara in 1964-1965. Arctic Anthropology, 1969. Vol. 6, iss. 1. P. 30-44., the association between the 14C value, wedge-shaped cores and microblades looks secure.
In the Transbaikal region, the Studenoe 2 site (see Fig. 1) contains the earliest microblade complex (Fig. 2F; Fig. 3A). Layer 5, dated to ca. 17,200 BP, has seven wedge-shaped cores and more than 150 microblades (Table 1). In Layer 4/5 directly above it, artifacts related to the manufacture of microblades are also found.
The chronology of this component is to some extent controversial, with a wide range of 14C values: from ca. 14,490 BP to ca. 18,300 BP Kuzmin Y. V., Jull A. J. T., Razgildeeva 1.1. Chronology of the Upper-Paleolithic site Studenoe
2 (Transbaikal, Siberia): case study of the multi-hearth dwelling in horizon 4/5 // Current Research in the Pleistocene. 2004. Vol. 21. P 6-7.. While the youngest 14C date may well be an outlier, the oldest 14C value is accepted by some scholars Buvit I., Waters M. R., Konstantinov M. V., Konstantinov A. V. Geoarchaeological investigations at Studenoe, an Upper Paleolithic site in the Transbaikal region, Russia // Geoarchaeology. 2003. Vol. 18, iss. 6. P 649-655.. However, this contradicts the site's stratigraphy, and the most reliable age estimate for Layer 4/5 is ca. 16,200-17,200 BP.
The Russian Far East. In the middle part of the Amur River basin, the Ust'-Ulma 1 site (Fig. 1) contains the earliest representation of microblade technology in the region. Two wedge-shaped cores were found in the lowermost component, Layer 3 Derevianko A. P, Zenin V. N. Paleolit Selemdzhi. Novosibirsk, 1995. P 105-114.. In Layer 2b immediately above Layer 3, there are 18 wedge-shaped cores and one prismatic core, and two microblades (Tab. 1; Fig. 3, B). The 14C age of Layer 3 is undetermined; Layer 2b is dated to ca. 19,400 BP.
Fig. 3. Wedge-shaped cores and microblades from the early microblade complexes of Siberia and the Russian Far East:
A -- Studenoe 2, Layer 5: 1-4 microblades; 5-7 -- wedge-shaped cores [Konstantinov, 2001]; B -- Ust'-Ul'ma 1, Layer 2b: 1-4 -- wedge-shaped cores [Derevianko, Zenin, 2005]; C -- Ogonki 5, Horizon 3: 1-4 -- wedge-shaped cores [Vasilevsky, 2003]
Another example of an early microblade complex in the Russian Far East is the Ogonki 5 site on Sakhalin Island (Figs 1 and 3, C). It has numerous wedge-shaped cores and microblades in Horizon 3 Vasilevsky A. A. Periodization and classification of the Upper Paleolithic of Sakhalin and Hokkaido in the light of the research conducted at the Ogonki-5 site // Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia. 2003. No. 3 (15). P. 51-60. (see Table 1). The 14C age range of Horizon 3 is ca. 19,40018,900 BP.
China. The earliest reliable evidence of microblade technology in China can be found in its northern part Lu L. D. The microblade tradition in China: regional chronologies and significance in the transition to Neolithic // Asian Perspectives. 1998. Vol. 37, iss. 1. P. 84-90.. The well-known Xiachuan site complex in Shanxi Province (see Fig. 1), with 16 “microlithic” localities has yielded between 204 Wang J., WangX., Chen Z. Xiachuan culture // Kaogu Xuebao. 1978. No. 3. P. 259-280; Tang C. The Upper Palaeolithic of North China: the Xiachuan culture // Journal of East Asian Archaeology. 2000. Vol. 2. P. 37-45. and 219 Chen C, WangX.-Q. Upper Paleolithic microblade industries in North China and their relationships with Northeast Asia and North America // Arctic Anthropology. 1989. Vol. 26, iss. 2. P. 134. Figs 5 and 6. microblade cores, including 15 wedge-shaped cores and 186 microblades from Layer 2 Chen C., WangX.-Q. Upper Paleolithic microblade industries in North China and their relationships with Northeast Asia and North America; Tang C. The Upper Palaeolithic of North China: the Xiachuan culture // Journal of East Asian Archaeology. (see Table 1).
The 14C dates for Cultural Layer 2 range in age from about 23,220 BP to 15,900 BP The Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS). Radiocarbon dates in Chinese archaeology, 1965-1991. Beijing, 1991. P. 39-41; The Laboratory, Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS). Report on radio-carbon dates (V) // Kaogu. 1978. No. 4. P 280-282. and cluster around ca. 20,700-16,400 BP. The oldest dates are ca. 23,220 BP and 21,090 BP The Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS). Radiocarbon dates in Chinese archaeology, 1965-1991. 1991. P 40-41.. For the 21,090 ± 1000 BP date (ZK-384), the context “microlith culture layer” is specifically noted The Laboratory, Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS). Report on radio-carbon dates (V). P. 281..
However, the dated samples are from four localities “...rather than from a sequential profile of cultural deposits.” Chen C., Wang X.-Q. Upper Paleolithic microblade industries in North China and their relationships with Northeast Asia and North America. P 135., and the “.ages are problematic owing to poor stratigraphic control of the samples” Nian X., Gao X., Xie F., Mei H., Zhou L. Chronology of the Youfang site and its implications for the emergence of microblade technology in North China // Quaternary International. 2014. Vol. 347. P 113-118; see also: Chen C., Wang X.-Q. Upper Paleolithic microblade industries in North China and their relationships with Northeast Asia and North America. P 135; An Z. Carbon-14 dating and its problems of the Late Paleolithic in China // Acta Anthropologica Sinica. 1983. Vol. 2, iss. 4. P. 342-350.. While we here provisionally accept the ca. 21,100 BP date for Xiachuan Yi M., Gao X., Li F., Chen F Rethinking the origin of microblade technology: a chronological and ecological perspective // Quaternary International. 2016. Vol. 400. P 136., the poor stratigraphic and relatively thick layer context from which the dating samples were collected, leave some doubts about the chronology of this site.
The existence of Pleistocene microblade technology south of the Yangtze River is still unresolved. T. Qu and coauthors Qu T., Bar-Yosef O., Wang Y. The Chinese Upper Paleolithic: geography, chronology, and techno-typology // Journal of Archaeological Research. 2013. Vol. 21, iss. 1. P 40-43. do not mention any microblade sites in southern China, and L. D. Lu Lu L. D. The microblade tradition in China: regional chronologies and significance in the transition to Neolithic // Asian Perspectives. P. 85. refers to microblades from Guang dong Province dated to the mid- Holocene. On the other hand, the presence of microblades in the Yangtze Phase in Jiangxi Province is indicated at ca. 24,500-17,000 BP MacNeish R. S. A Paleolithic-Neolithic sequence from South China Jiangxi Province, PRC // Interdisciplinary perspectives on the origins of the Japanese. Kyoto, 1999. P 233-250..
Korea. At the Sinbuk site on the southern tip of the Korean Peninsula (Fig. 1), about 160 microblade cores were found, including five wedge-shaped cores, and also more than 300 microblades The Sinbuk Upper Palaeolithic site in Jangheung county, Jeollanam Province, Korea / Chosun University Museum. Gwangju, 2008. P. 1-168. (see Table 1; Fig. 4, A).
The 14C dates from Sinbuk can be combined in two clusters: ca. 25,500-23,900 BP and 21,800-21,000 BP Seong C. Evaluating radiocarbon dates and Late Paleolithic chronology in Korea // Arctic Anthropology. 2011. Vol. 48, iss. 1. P 93-110..
The existence of a third a Included in the total number of microblades. b Pencil-like cores. c These are “untypical” wedgeshaped cores. d Including bladelets. e Exact layer number is not indicated. f Main cultural layer. g Minimal number; the exact number is not indicated. Sixteen “Gobi” (i. e. wedge-shaped) cores are mentioned in Horizon VI by G. I. Medvedev, most closely related to the “main cultural layer” of Z. A. Abramova. h Numerous microblades are mentioned by Z. A. Abramova. At least ten microblades are illustrated by G. I. Medvedev. i Prismatic core. j Exact number of cores is not indicated, these include one boatshaped core. k G.-K. Lee, personal communication, August 2016. l Note that Layer 2 is numbered as Layer 1 in paper by Wang et al. (1978). m Two hundred and nineteen microblade cores according to the paper by Chen and Wang (1989).
Fig. 4. Wedge-shaped cores and microblades from the early microblade complexes of Korea:A -- Sinbuk site: 1-2 -- wedge-shaped cores [The Sinbuk Upper Palaeolithic site in Jangheung county, Jeollanam Province, Korea… 2008]. B -- Jangheung-ri site: 1 -- wedge-shaped core; 2-4 --microblades [The Janghung-ri Palaeolithic site… 2001]
Other core types from Xiachuan are: 100 conical, 51 semi-conical, 19 boat-shaped, 10 cylindrical, and 24 funnel-shaped. n The dated sites are: Shunwangping, Xiachuan, and Xiaobaihua; in some sources the Shanshanyan locality is also referred to cluster, at ca. 18,500 BP, is also possible See discussion: Seong C. Evaluating radiocarbon dates and Late Paleolithic chronology in Korea. P. 106.. The relatively wide spread of 14C dates at Sinbuk Ibid. P. 107; Seong C. Diversity of lithic assemblages and evolution of Late Palaeolithic culture in Korea // Asian Perspectives. 2015. Vol. 54, iss. 1. P. 94-109. should not prevent us from accepting the oldest values considering that the dates were produced on charcoal from hearths Seong C. Evaluating radiocarbon dates and Late Paleolithic chronology in Korea. P. 106.. Also, the phenomenon of a wide range of 14C ages at Paleolithic sites in northern Asia is well-known, indicating more than one occupation See: Kuzmin Y. V., Keates S. G. Dates are not just data: Paleolithic settlement patterns in Siberia derived from radiocarbon records. P. 780..
A site in central Korea, Jangheung-ri, yielded five microblade cores and 34 micro- blades The Janghung-ri Palaeolithic site / ed. by Choi B. K. Chuncheon, 2001. P. 1-143. (see Table 1; Figs 1 and 4B). The two 14C dates for Jangheung-ri are ca. 24,400 BP and 24,200 BP The Janghung-ri Palaeolithic site. P. 123-126; Seong C. Evaluating radiocarbon dates and Late Paleolithic chronology in Korea. P 106-107..
Japan. The Kashiwadai 1 site on Hokkaido Island (Fig. 1) has yielded five wedge-shaped cores, 638 microblades, including 137 retouched microblades from Layer 4 Kashiwadai 1 iseki / eds J. Fukui, K. Koshida. Sapporo, 1999. P 1-312; Sato H., Tsutsumi T. The Japanese microblade industries: technology, raw material procurement, and adaptations // Origin and spread of microblade technology in Northern Asia and North America. Burnaby, 2007. P 17-29. (see Table 1; Fig. 5). The 14C dates for this layer are ca. 20,800-19,800 BP Ono A., Sato H., Tsutsumi T., Kudo Y. Radiocarbon dates and archaeology of the Late Pleistocene in the Japanese Islands // Radiocarbon. 2002. Vol. 44, iss. 2. P 477-484.. According to some authors Takakura J. Emergence and development of the pressure microblade production: a view from the Upper Paleolithic of northern Japan. P 293., the dates cluster around 20,500 BP. In other parts of the Japanese Islands, microblade technology sites are significantly younger, beginning at ca. 16,000-15,000 BP Sato H., Tsutsumi T. The Japanese microblade industries: technology, raw material procurement, and adaptations. P. 40-43..
Other potentially early microblade sites. Beside the complexes described above, there are other sites in northern and eastern Asia which have a certain potential to be considered.
However, the ambiguities surrounding their age and artifact typology prevent us from accepting them at face value. Below, we briefly discuss these sites.
In northern Mongolia, the Tolbor 15 site yielded one boat-shaped microcore and one wedge-shaped microblade core from Layer 5 (Archaeological Horizon 5), 0.2 m thick, dated to ca. 32,200-28,500 BP Gladyshev S. A., Tabarev A. V. Mikroplastinchatoe rasshcheplenie v rannem verkhnem paleolite Mongolii // Stratum plus. 2018. No. 1. P 339-345.. However, directly above this, there is Layer 4 (thickness of 0.25 m), a stratum with numerous microblades 14C-dated to ca. 14,800-14,700 BP.
Because the boundary between layers 5 and 4 is irregular due to erosion Gladyshev S., Tabarev A., Olsen J. W Origin and evolution of the Late Paleolithic microindustry in northern Mongolia // Current Research in the Pleistocene. 2010. Vol. 27. P 37. Fig. 1., the possibility that microblade cores and microblades were redeposited from the upper layer to the lower one should be considered.
The mixture of sediments at the Tolbor 15 site, including underlying layers 7 and 6, is evident from two 14C values for layers 6-7, 15,750 ± 80 BP (Beta- 263741) and 19,520 ± 280 BP (AA-93138), which are much younger than accepted ages of ca. 33,200-29,120 BP; it is also noted that Layer 5 is re-deposited Khatsenovich A. M. Rannie etapy verkhnego paleolita Severnoi Mongolii. Diss. ... kand. ist. nauk. Novosibirsk, 2018. P 1-287.. The presence of animal burrows, especially in layers 5 and 4 Gladyshev S. A., Tabarev A. V. Mikroplastinchatoe rasshcheplenie v rannem verkhnem paleolite Mongolii. P 346-351; Khatsenovich A. M. Rannie etapy verkhnego paleolita Severnoi Mongolii. P 77., could also have facilitated movement of artifacts Rybin E. P., Khatsenovich A. M., Gunchinsuren B., Olsen J. W., Zwyns N. The impact of the LGM on the development of the Upper Paleolithic in Mongolia // Quaternary International. 2016. Vol. 425. P 69-80..
Fig. 5. Microblade cores (A) and microblades (B) from the Kashiwadai 1 site [Kashiwadai 1, 1999]
In northern China, other, potentially early microblade sites include Chaisi, Shanxi Province (Locality 77:01, Dingcun site complex), with six microblade cores (wedgeshaped, conical and boat-shaped) and 53 microblades found in a cultural layer 0.3-0.6 m thick Wang J., Tao F, Wang Y. Preliminary report on investigation and excavation of Dingcun Palaeolithic sites // Journal of Chinese Antiquity. 1994. No. 3. P. 1-66.. A single 14C value on shell dates the site to ca. 25,650 BP The Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS). 1991. P. 33.. However, there are doubts about the stratigraphic integrity of the materials An Z. Radiocarbon dating and the Neolithic period of China // Kaogu. 1984. No. 3. P. 271-273; Wang J., Tao F., Wang Y. Preliminary report on investigation and excavation of Dingcun Palaeolithic sites. Journal of Chinese Antiquity. P. 1-25.. The lower cultural layer of the Xishi site in Henan Province has yielded three microblade cores and 82 microblades Yi M., Gao X., Li F., Chen F Rethinking the origin of microblade technology: a chronological and ecological perspective. P 130-135.. The artifacts, including blade cores and blades, were found at the base of the ca. 3 m thick Malan loess in a 0.20 m thick context Wang Y., Qu T. New evidence and perspectives on the Upper Paleolithic of the Central Plain in China // Quaternary International. 2014. Vol. 347. P 179. and 14C-dated to ca. 22,100 BP Wang Y. P. New evidence of modern human behavior in Paleolithic Central China // Emergence and diversity of modern human behavior in Paleolithic Asia / eds Y. Kaifu, M. Izuho, T. Goebel, H. Sato, A. Ono. College Station, TX, 2015. P 250-253.. Judging from the illustration Yi M., Gao X., Li F., Chen F Rethinking the origin of microblade technology: a chronological and ecological perspective. P. 36. Fig. 3.5., we cannot be certain if the specimen is a true wedge-shaped core.
At Longwangchan Locality 1 in Shaanxi Province, lithic artifacts including “micro- liths” were recovered from the 2.5-3.4 m thick layers 4-6 with a 14C date range of ca. 24,145-20,710 BP Zhang J.-F., Wang X.-Q., Qiu W.-L., Shelach G., Hu G., Fu X., Zhuang M.-G., Zhou L.-P. The Paleolithic site of Longwangchan in the middle Yellow River, China: chronology, paleoenvironment and implications // Journal of Archaeological Science. 2011. Vol. 38, iss. 7. P 1539.. The optically stimulated luminescent (OSL) dates are in the range of ca. 44,300-21,400 years ago Ibid. P 1540., while another paper reports OSL ages of ca. 28,80021,400 years ago Yi M., Gao X., Li F., Chen F Rethinking the origin of microblade technology: a chronological and ecological perspective. P 135-136.. The 14C date distribution is not always consistent with depth Zhang J.-F., Wang X.-Q., Qiu W.-L., Shelach G., Hu G., Fu X., Zhuang M.-G., Zhou L.-P. The Paleolithic site of Longwangchan in the middle Yellow River, China: chronology, paleoenvironment and implications. P 1541., and there is inversion in the 14C date sequence of Layer 6 and the OSL chronology Ibid. P 1541, 1543. Table 1-2.. Further, OSL dates from some Chinese Paleolithic sites such as Longwangchan and Shuidonggou 1 and 2 cannot be shown to fit the independently established 14C chronology Keates S. G., Kuzmin Y. V. Shuidonggou localities 1 and 2 in northern China: archaeology and chronology ofthe Initial Upper Palaeolithic in north-east Asia // Antiquity. 2015. Vol. 89, iss. 345. P 714-719.. Frequencies of individual categories and specific layer origin are not provided Zhang J.-F., Wang X.-Q., Qiu W.-L., Shelach G., Hu G., Fu X., Zhuang M.-G., Zhou L.-P. The Paleolithic site of Longwangchan in the middle Yellow River, China: chronology, paleoenvironment and implications. P 1540-1543; Yi M., Gao X., Li F., Chen F Rethinking the origin of microblade technology: a chronological and ecological perspective. P. 135-136.. According to M. Yi (pers. comm. July 2015), a few microblade cores were found. At least four microblade cores, classified only as “microlithic cores” were recorded: these are conical and cylindrical Zhang J.-F., Wang X.-Q., Qiu W.-L., Shelach G., Hu G., Fu X., Zhuang M.-G., Zhou L.-P. The Paleolithic site of Longwangchan in the middle Yellow River, China: chronology, paleoenvironment and implications. P. 1540, Fig. 3.. While there is a claim that the Youfang site (Hebei Province) is the earliest microblade complex in northern China Nian X., Gao X., Xie F, Mei H., Zhou L. Chronology of the Youfang site and its implications for the emergence of microblade technology in North China // Quaternary International. 2014. Vol. 347. P. 113-121., the ages of ca. 29,000-26,000 years ago are based on OSL dating of the thick (1.9-3.1 m) cultural layer. Other OSL dating results Nagatomo T., Shitaoka Y., Namioka H., Sagawa M., Wei Q. OSL dating of the strata at Paleolithic sites in the Nihewan Basin, China // Acta Anthropologica Sinica. 2009. Vol. 28, iss. 3. P. 276-280. determined the age of the Youfang site as ca. 16,000-14,000 years ago. With regard to the Youfang chronology and their preferred use of OSL dating, it is contended that “charcoal from archaeological sites is readily contaminated...” Nian X., Gao X., Xie F, Mei H., Zhou L. Chronology of the Youfang site and its implications for the emergence of microblade technology in North China. P. 116. citing several references Gillespie R., Brook B. Is there a Pleistocene archaeological site at Cuddie Springs? // Archaeology in Oceania. 2006. Vol. 41, iss. 1. P. 1-11; Blong R. J., Gillespie R. Fluvially transported charcoal gives erroneous 14C ages for recent deposits // Nature. 1978. Vol. 271, iss. 5647. P. 739-741; El-Daoushy F., Eriksson M. G. Radiometric dating of recent lake sediments from a highly eroded area in semiarid Tanzania // Journal of Paleolimnology. 1998. Vol. 19, iss. 4. P. 377-384.. In fact, the samples used for the 14C dates in these papers derived from disturbed and fluvial contexts; the results of 14C-dated charcoal are described as “reliable” Gillespie R., Brook B. Is there a Pleistocene archaeological site at Cuddie Springs? P. 6.. Concerning the Siberian sites of Ust'-Karakol 1 and Anui 2 Derevianko A. P., Shunkov M. V., Agadzhanian A. K., Baryshnikov G. F., Malaeva E. M., Ulianov V. A., Kulik N. A., Postnov A. A., Anoikin A. A. Prirodnaia sreda i chelovek v paleolite Gornogo Altaia. Novosibirsk, 2003. P. 1-448; Derevianko A. P., Volkov P V. Evolution of lithic reduction technology in the course of the Middle to Upper Paleolithic transition in the Altai Mountains // Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia. 2004. No. 2(18). P. 21-35., it is not certain if pressure flaking was used on the not fine-grained stone material available. At other Siberian sites, Kamenka B Lbova L. V. Paleolit severnoi zony Zapadnogo Zabaikal'ia. Ulan-Ude, 2000. P. 1-237., Barun-Alan Tashak V. I., Antonova Y. E. Paleoenvironment and peculiarities of stone industry development on Barun-Alan-1 site (Western Transbaikal) // Quaternary International. 2015. Vol. 355. P. 126-133., and Malta Kimura H. The blade industry of the Malta site // Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia. 2003. No. 1 (13). P. 11-33., there are no wedge-shaped cores. A caution was expressed about the absence of true wedge-shaped cores at the Malta and Buret sites, as well as other sites in Western Siberia and Central Asia, which contain small blades (bladelets) produced from flat-faced cores Abramova Z. A. Klinovidnye nukleusy v paleolite Severnoi Azii. P. 14-16.. In our opinion, there are no early microblade assemblages dated to before ca. 20,000 BP in most of Siberia, including the Altai Mountains, the Angara River basin and Transbaikal, unlike views expressed earlier See: Derevianko A. P., Shunkov M. V., Agadzhanian A. K., Baryshnikov G. F, Malaeva E. M., Ulianov V. A., Kulik N. A., Postnov A. A., Anoikin A. A. Prirodnaia sreda i chelovek v paleolite Gornogo Altaia. P. 224-235; Derevianko A. P., Volkov P V. Evolution of lithic reduction technology in the course of the Middle to Upper Paleolithic transition in the Altai Mountains. P. 31-35; Keates S. G. Microblade technology in Siberia and neighbouring regions: an overview // Origin and spread of microblade technology in Northern Asia and North America. Burnaby, 2007. P. 125-146; Kuzmin Y. V. Geoarchaeological aspects of the origin and spread of microblade technology in Northern and Central Asia // Origin and spread of microblade technology in Northern Asia and North America. Burnaby, 2007. P 115-124; Yi M., Gao X., Li F, Chen F Rethinking the origin of microblade technology: a chronological and ecological perspective. P. 135-136; Terry K., Buvit I., Kontsantinov M. V. Emergence of a microlithic complex in the Transbaikal Region of southern Siberia // Quaternary International. 2016. Vol. 425. P. 88-99; Buvit I., Izuho M., Terry K., Konstantinov M. V., Konstantinov A. V. Radiocarbon dates, microblades and Late Pleistocene human migrations in the Transbaikal, Russia and the Paleo-Sakhalin-Hokkaido-Kuril Peninsula // Quaternary International. 2016. Vol. 425. P. 100-119..
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