Towards the Origin of Microblade Technology in Northeastern Asia

Discussion

The following spatiotemporal patterns in northern and eastern Asia can now be proposed (see Table 1, Fig. 6). The earliest evidence of microblade technology is known from the two microblade complexes on the Korean Peninsula, Shinbuk and Jangheung-ri, and can be placed at ca. 25,500-24,200 BP.After examining the spatiotemporal features of the earliest microblade assemblages in northern and eastern Asia, we suggest two possible scenarios for the emergence of microblade technology: 1) invention and diffusion from a single core area; and 2) independent creation in several places and expansion from them. The early dates from Korea and the later ages for other early microblade technology sites (in Siberia, the Russian Far East, China and Japan) suggest that an origin of this technology in the northeast Asian region may point to a single `core area' (i. e., Korea).

The increasing regularity (standardization) and higher lithic numbers at the later sites would appear to support this scenario, that is, progressive sophistication of knapping technology to manufacture increasingly more refined and numerous specimens. Several scholars are in favor of a single core area, with the Altai Mountains as the place of origin for microblade technology Derevianko A. P., Volkov P. V. Evolution of lithic reduction technology in the course of the Middle to Upper Paleolithic transition in the Altai Mountains. P. 31-35; Yi M., Gao X., Li F, Chen F Rethinking the origin of microblade technology: a chronological and ecological perspective. Quaternary International, 2016, vol. 400, pp. 130-139; Terry K., Buvit I., Kontsantinov M. V. Emergence of a microlithic complex in the Transbaikal Region of southern Siberia. P. 92-99; Buvit I., Izuho M., Terry K., Konstantinov M. V., Konstantinov A. V. Radiocarbon dates, microblades and Late Pleistocene human migrations in the Transbaikal, Russia and the Paleo-Sakhalin-Hokkaido-Kuril Peninsula. P 105-119..

In northern and eastern Asia, pressure flaking may have its origin in regions where narrow-faced core technology developed, and these are Siberia, Mongolia, Korea, and Japan Rybin E. P Middle and Upper Paleolithic interactions and the emergence of modern behavior in Southern Siberia and Mongolia // Emergence and diversity of modern human behavior in Paleolithic Asia. College Station TX, 2015. P 470-480; Lee G.-K.: 1) Characteristics of Paleolithic industry in southwestern Korea during MIS 3 and MIS 2 // Quaternary International. 2012. Vol. 248. P 12-20; 2) The characteristics of Upper Paleolithic industry in Korea // Emergence and diversity of modern human behavior in Paleolithic Asia. College Station, 2015. P 270-280; Ono A., Yamada M. The Upper Palaeolithic of the Japanese Islands: an overview // Archeometriai Muhely. 2012. Vol. 9, iss. 4. P 219-226.. Tortsovy cores (i. e., a kind of narrow-faced core) have not been identified in China. It therefore seems possible that microblade technology was invented in several places. We can provisionally suggest at least three centers of origin: Korea, Yakutia (as part of Siberia), and Hokkaido (Fig. 6).

Fig. 6. Spatiotemporal patterns of the earliest microblade complexes in northern and eastern Asia, and possible ways of spread of microblade technology from three `core areas'. Numbers correspond to the uncalibrated ¹⁴C dates for each key site (see Table 1) (created by authors)

At least one of these centers (most probably, Korea) may be responsible for the appearance of microblade technology in North China. This is supported by the non-existence of blades in North China before the emergence of microblades Yi M., Gao X., Li F., Chen F Rethinking the origin of microblade technology: a chronological and ecological perspective. P 133-136.. The proposed early presence of blade technology at the Shuidonggou 1 and 2 sites at ca. 36,300-29,800 BP Li F., Gao X., Chen F., Pei S., Zhang Y., Zhang X., Liu D., Zhang S., Guan Y., Wang H., Kuhn S. L. The development of Upper Palaeolithic China: new results from the Shuidonggou site // Antiquity. 2013. Vol. 87, iss. 336. P. 368-381. requires further chronological research because the current evidence for this age is questionable See: Keates S. G., Kuzmin Y. V. Shuidonggou localities 1 and 2 in northern China: archaeology and chronology ofthe Initial Upper Palaeolithic in north-east Asia // Antiquity. 2015. Vol. 89, iss. 345. P. 716-720; Li F., Kuhn S. L., Gao X. A response to Keates and Kuzmin // Antiquity. 2015. Vol. 89, iss. 345. P. 722-723.. For the mainland Russian Far East with the oldest microblade assemblage dated to ca. 19,400 BP, it is plausible to suggest that the Korean `center' was responsible for the appearance of microblade technology in the Amur River basin (Ust'-Ul'ma 1 site; see Fig. 6) because contacts existed in the Upper Paleolithic between Korea and the Russian Far East as testified by the exchange of obsidian Kuzmin Y. V. Obsidian as a commodity to investigate human migrations in the Upper Paleolithic, Neolithic, and Paleometal of Northeast Asia // Quaternary International. 2017. Vol. 442. P. 5-10.. The Siberian region of Yakutia with its relatively old microblade assemblage at the Khayrgas site (dated to ca. 20,700 BP) could have served as a core area for the southern Siberian regions of Transbaikal, and the Angara and Yenisei River basins (Fig. 6).The ca. 20,700 BP old microblade technology at the Kashiwadai 1 site on Hokkaido is older than the microblade assemblages from Honshu Island (ca. 14,250 BP) and Kyushu Island (ca. 16,000 BP) Sato H., Tsutsumi T. The Japanese microblade industries: technology, raw material procurement, and adaptations. P. 17-25; Iwase A. A functional analysis of the LGM microblade assemblage in Hokkaido, northern Japan: A case study of Kashiwadai 1 // Quaternary International. 2016. Vol. 425. P. 140-152.. The Kashiwadai 1 wedge-shaped cores and microblades are very standardized and advanced. For Sakhalin Island (Ogonki 5 site), Hokkaido is the most probable source area for the introduction of microblade technology (Fig. 6). The exchange of raw material (obsidian) is known to have existed between these regions since ca. 19,200 BP Kuzmin Y. V. Obsidian as a commodity to investigate human migrations in the Upper Paleolithic, Neolithic, and Paleometal of Northeast Asia. P 7-10.. The proposal that microblade technology was introduced to Hokkaido from the Altai and possibly Transbaikal via Mongolia, and to Transbaikal from Hokkaido via Sakhalin and the Russian Far East Buvit I., Izuho M., Terry K., Konstantinov M. V., Konstantinov A. V. Radiocarbon dates, microblades and Late Pleistocene human migrations in the Transbaikal, Russia and the Paleo-Sakhalin-Hokkaido-Kuril Peninsula. P. 106-119., ignores the evidence from the Korean Peninsula. It can also not account for the lack of sites between Hokkaido and Mongolia because of the absence of microblade complexes south of Hokkaido within the Japanese archipelago (Kyushu and Honshu islands) where around 13,670 Paleolithic sites are known Palaeolithic sites in the Japanese Islands: A database / Japanese Palaeolithic Research Association. Tokyo, 2010. P 1-312.. There is also no reliable evidence for human migration from Hokkaido Island to the Transbaikal via Sakhalin Island and mainland Russian Far East Kuzmin Y. V. Comment on “Radiocarbon dates, microblades and Late Pleistocene human migrations in the Transbaikal, Russia and the Paleo-Sakhalin-Hokkaido-Kuril Peninsula” by Buvit I., Izuho M., Terry K., Konstantinov M. V. and Konstantinov A. V. (Quaternary International, 425, 100-119) // Quaternary International. 2017. Vol. 436. P 171-172.. With regard to misinterpretations and misrepresentations of our views in terms of the age and origin of microblade technology, three recent cases deserve attention. O. Bar- Yosef See: Taylor R. E., Bar-Yosef O. Radiocarbon dating: An archaeological perspective. Walnut Creek, CA, 2014. P 196. states that “the early pottery examples from Japan and from eastern Siberia are found in the context of microblade industries, the origin of which is currently attributed to northern China”, with reference to our volume Origin and spread of microblade technology in Northern Asia and North America / eds Y. V. Kuzmin, S. G. Keates, C. Shen. Burnaby, 2007. P 1-222.. However, this book Ibid. does not contain any information about northern China as the place for the origin of microblade complexes, and Bar-Yosef's opinion is a plain misrepresentation See also: Kuzmin Y. V. Radiocarbon and Archaeology -- Long-Term Alliance: Review of R. E. Taylor, O. Bar-Yosef. Radiocarbon Dating: An Archaeological Perspective. 2^nd ed. Walnut Greek, 2014 // Radiocarbon. 2016. Vol. 58, iss. 3. P iii-vi.. It is stated that “.the Lake Baikal region of Siberia was the cradle of microblade technology.” Nian X., Gao X., Xie F, Mei H., Zhou L. Chronology of the Youfang site and its implications for the emergence of microblade technology in North China. P 113., citing our work Kuzmin Y. V. Geo archaeological aspects of the origin and spread of microblade technology in Northern and Central Asia. P 115-124; Keates S. G. Microblade technology in Siberia and neighbouring

regions: an overview // Origin and spread of microblade technology in Northern Asia and North America. P. 125-145.. There are no claims in these publications that Lake Baikal was a possible place for the origin of microblade technique Keates S. G. Microblade technology in Siberia and neighbouring regions: an overview. Origin and spread of microblade technology in Northern Asia and North America / eds Y. V. Kuzmin, S. G. Keates, C. Shen. Burnaby, B. C. (Canada), Archaeology Press. 2007. P. 125-146; Kuzmin Y. V. Geo archaeological aspects of the origin and spread of microblade technology in Northern and Central Asia. Origin and spread of microblade technology in Northern Asia and North America / eds Y. V. Kuzmin, S. G. Keates, C. Shen. Burnaby, B. C. (Canada). Archaeology Press. 2007. P. 115-124... X. Nian and coauthors Nian X., Gao X., Xie F, Mei H., Zhou L. Chronology of the Youfang site and its implications for the emergence of microblade technology in North China. P. 114. do not cite the right reference for S. G. Keates Keates S. G. Microblade technology in Siberia and neighbouring regions. P. 125-144., instead referring to another paper Keates S. G., Hodgins G. W L., Kuzmin Y. V., Orlova, L. A. First direct dating of a presumed Pleistocene hominid from China: AMS radiocarbon age of a femur from the Ordos Plateau // Journal of Human Evolution. 2007. Vol. 53, iss. 1. P. 1-4. which is not relevant to the issue of the origin of microblade technology. In contrast to this, it was stated that “.. .it is possible to conclude that the earliest evidence of microblade technology is now known from the Altai Mountains region of southern Siberia, dated to c. 35,000 BP...” Kuzmin Y. V. Geo archaeological aspects of the origin and spread of microblade technology in Northern and Central Asia. P. 123.. We have no idea how Nian and coauthors Nian X., Gao X., Xie F, Mei H., Zhou L. Chronology of the Youfang site and its implications for the emergence of microblade technology in North China. P. 115. arrived at these opposite conclusions.Although Buvit et al. (2016) assume that the earliest microblades in the Altai are dated to more than 41,000 calendar years Buvit I., Izuho M., Terry K., Konstantinov M. V., Konstantinov A. V. Radiocarbon dates, microblades and Late Pleistocene human migrations in the Transbaikal, Russia and the Paleo-Sakhalin-Hokkaido-Kuril Peninsula. P. 100., citing our work Keates S. G. Microblade technology in Siberia and neighbouring regions: an overview // Origin and spread of microblade technology in Northern Asia and North America. P. 125-144. as one of the sources, it does not reflect what was actually published See details: Kuzmin Y. V. Comment on “Radiocarbon dates, microblades and Late Pleistocene human migrations in the Transbaikal, Russia and the Paleo-Sakhalin-Hokkaido-Kuril Peninsula” by Buvit I., Izuho M., Terry K., Konstantinov M. V. and Konstantinov A. V. (Quaternary International, 425, 100-119) // Quaternary International, 2017. Vol. 436. P. 170-172..

Conclusions

After a critical review of the earliest microblade complexes in northern and eastern Asia, it seems clear that we cannot solve the issue of the appearance of microblade technology, but only come closer toward identifying its origin and spread. It is certain that there are strengths and weaknesses for each of the major scenarios for the emergence of the regional microblade assemblages.

In some cases, migration may explain the occurrence of microblades at sites dated after the initial or oldest finds in Korea. Thus, a “single origin scenario” would reflect the spatiotemporal patterns of the spread of the technology. However, there are large geographic gaps where no microblade sites have been reported. This prevents us from creating a more detailed picture of microblade origin(s). Alternatively, a “multiple origin scenario” could be the mechanism responsible for the emergence of microblade technology at ca. 25,500 BP and later, at ca. 24,300-20,300 BP. The inhabitants of the earliest microblade sites, i. e. in Korea, may have invented the technology independently. A major problem in resolving this is the lack of any microblade-containing localities between the earliest `core areas' in the geographically distant regions (Fig. 6).

The continuation of research in the northern and eastern regions of Asia will bring new knowledge on the Upper Paleolithic allowing a more detailed examination of the issue. The selection of sites presented in this paper (see Table 1) can be used as a basic source for future research.

References

1. Abramova Z. A. Krasnyi Iar -- a new Palaeolithic site on the Angara. Arctic Anthropology, 1965, vol. 3, issue 1, pp. 122-128.

2. Abramova Z. A. O vozraste paleolita Aldana. Sovetskaia Arkheologiya, 1979, no. 4, pp. 5-14. (In Russian).

3. Abramova Z. A. Klinovidnye nukleusy v paleolite Severnoi. Paleolit i neolit. Ed. by V. P. Lyubin. Leningrad, Nauka, 1986, pp. 11-16. (In Russian).

4. Abramova Z. A. Paleolit Severnoi Azii. Paleolit Kavkaza i Severnoi Azii. Ed. by P. I. Boriskovsky. Leningrad, Nauka, 1989, pp. 145-243. (In Russian).

5. Akazawa T., Oda S., Yamanaka I. The Japanese Palaeolithic: A techno-typological study. Tokyo, Rippu Shobo, 1980, 243 p.

6. Akimova E. V, Drozdov N. I., Laukhin S. A., Chekha V. P, Orlova L. A., Koltsova V. G., Sanko A. F., Shpakova E. G. Paleolit Yeniseia. Listvenka. Krasnoiarsk, Univers Press, 2005, 184 p. (In Russian).

7. An Z. Carbon-14 dating and its problems of the Late Paleolithic in China. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 1983, vol. 2, iss. 4, pp. 342-351. (In Chinese with English abstract).

8. An Z. Radiocarbon dating and the Neolithic period of China. Kaogu, 1984, no. 3, pp. 271-277. (In Chinese with English title).

9. Blong R. J., Gillespie R. Fluvially transported charcoal gives erroneous ¹⁴C ages for recent deposits. Nature, 1978, vol. 271, iss. 5647, pp. 739-741.

10. Buvit I., Izuho M., Terry K., Konstantinov M. V., Konstantinov A. V. Radiocarbon dates, microblades and Late Pleistocene human migrations in the Transbaikal, Russia and the Paleo-Sakhalin-Hokkaido-Kuril Peninsula. Quaternary International, 2016, vol. 425, pp. 100-119.

11. Buvit I., Waters M. R., Konstantinov M. V., Konstantinov A. V. Geoarchaeological investigations at Studenoe, an Upper Paleolithic site in the Transbaikal region, Russia. Geoarchaeology, 2003, vol. 18, iss. 6, pp. 649-673.

12. Chen C., Wang X.-Q. Upper Paleolithic microblade industries in North China and their relationships with Northeast Asia and North America. Arctic Anthropology, 1989, vol. 26, iss. 2, pp. 127-156.

13. Darvill T. The concise Oxford dictionary of archaeology. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2003, 506 p.

14. Derevianko A. P, Shunkov M. V., Agadjanian A. K., Baryshnikov G. F., Malaeva E. M., Ulianov V. A., Kulik N. A., Postnov A. V., Anoikin A. A. Prirodnaia sreda i chelovek v paleolite Gornogo Altaia. Novosibirsk, Institute of Archaeology & Ethnography, 2003, 448 p. (In Russian).

15. Derevianko A. P, Volkov P V. Evolution of lithic reduction technology in the course of the Middle to Upper Paleolithic transition in the Altai Mountains. Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia, 2004, no. 2(18), pp. 21-35.

16. Derevianko A. P., Zenin V. N. Paleolit Selemdzhi. Novosibirsk, Institute of Archaeology & Ethnography, 1995, 160 p. (In Russian).

17. El-Daoushy F., Eriksson M. G. Radiometric dating of recent lake sediments from a highly eroded area in semiarid Tanzania. Journal of Paleolimnology, 1998, vol. 19, iss. 4, pp. 377-384.

18. Flenniken J. J. The Paleolithic Dyuktai pressure blade technique of Siberia. Arctic Anthropology, 1987, vol. 24, iss. 2, pp. 117-132.

19. Gillespie R., Brook B. Is there a Pleistocene archaeological site at Cuddie Springs? Archaeology in Oceania, 2006, vol. 41, iss. 1, pp. 1-11.

20. Gladyshev S., Tabarev A., Olsen J. W. Origin and evolution of the Late Paleolithic microindustry in northern Mongolia. Current Research in the Pleistocene, 2010, vol. 27, pp. 38-40.

21. Gladyshev S. A., Tabarev A. V. Mikroplastinchatoe rascheplenie v rannem verkhnem paleolite Mongolii. Stratum plus, 2018, no. 1, pp. 339-351. (In Russian).

22. Gomez Coutouly Y. A. Migrations and interactions in prehistoric Beringia: the evolution of Yakutian lithic technology. Antiquity, 2016, vol. 90, iss. 349, pp. 9-31.

23. Gomez Coutouly Y. A. The emergence of pressure knapping microblade technology in Northeast Asia. Radiocarbon, 2018, vol. 60, iss. 3, pp. 821-855.

24. Inizan M.-L. Pressure dйbitage in the Old World: Forerunners, researchers, geopolitics -- handing on the baton. The emergence of pressure blade making. Ed. by P. M. Desrosiers. New York, Springer Publ., 2012, pp. 11-42.

25. Inizan M.-L., Roche H., Tixier J. Technology of knapped stone. Meudon, CREP Publ., 1992, 127 p.

26. Iwase A. A functional analysis of the LGM microblade assemblage in Hokkaido, northern Japan: A case study of Kashiwadai 1. Quaternary International, 2016, vol. 425, pp. 140-157.

27. Keates S. G. Microblade technology in Siberia and neighbouring regions: an overview. Origin and spread of microblade technology in Northern Asia and North America. Eds Ya. V. Kuzmin, S. G. Keates, C. Shen. Burnaby, B. C. (Canada), Archaeology Press, 2007, pp. 125-146.

28. Keates S. G., Hodgins G. W L., Kuzmin Y. V, Orlova, L. A. First direct dating of a presumed Pleistocene hominid from China: AMS radiocarbon age of a femur from the Ordos Plateau. Journal of Human Evolution, 2007, vol. 53, iss. 1, pp. 1-5.

29. Keates S. G., Kuzmin Y. V Shuidonggou localities 1 and 2 in northern China: archaeology and chronology of the Initial Upper Palaeolithic in north-east Asia. Antiquity, 2015, vol. 89, iss. 345, pp. 714-720.

30. Khatsenovich A. M. Rannie etapy verkhnego paleolita Severnoi Mongolii. Unpublished Candidate of Sciences Dissertation. Novosibirsk, Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, 2018. 287 p. (In Russian).

31. Kimura H. The blade industry of the Malta site. Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia, 2003, no. 1 (13), pp. 11-33.

32. Kipfer B. A. Dictionary of artifacts. Singapore, Blackwell Publ., 2007, 349 p.

33. Konstantinov A. V. Drevnie zhilishcha Zabaikal'ia (paleolit, mezolit). Novosibirsk, Nauka, 2001, 224 p. (In Russian).

34. Kuzmin Y. V. Geoarchaeological aspects of the origin and spread of microblade technology in Northern and Central Asia. Origin and spread of microblade technology in Northern Asia and North America. Eds Y. V. Kuzmin, S. G. Keates, C. Shen. Burnaby, B. C. (Canada), Archaeology Press, 2007, pp. 115-124.

35. Kuzmin Y. V. Radiocarbon and Archaeology -- Long-Term Alliance: Review of R. E. Taylor, O. Bar-Yosef. Radiocarbon Dating: An Archaeological Perspective. 2^nd ed. Walnut Greek, Left Coast Press., 2014. Radiocarbon, 2016, vol. 58, iss. 3, pp. iii-vii.

36. Kuzmin Y. V. Obsidian as a commodity to investigate human migrations in the Upper Paleolithic, Neolithic, and Paleometal of Northeast Asia. Quaternary International, 2017, vol. 442, pp. 5-11.

37. Kuzmin Y. V. Comment on “Radiocarbon dates, microblades and Late Pleistocene human migrations in the Transbaikal, Russia and the Paleo-Sakhalin-Hokkaido-Kuril Peninsula” by Buvit I., Izuho M., Terry K., Konstantinov M. V. and Konstantinov A. V. (Quaternary International, 425, 100-119). Quaternary International, 2017, vol. 436, pp. 170-172.

38. Kuzmin Y. V., Jull A. J. T., Razgildeeva I. I. Chronology of the Upper-Paleolithic site Studenoe 2 (Transbaikal, Siberia): case study of the multi-hearth dwelling in horizon 4/5. Current Research in the Pleistocene, 2004, vol. 21, pp. 6-7.

39. Kuzmin Y. V., Keates S. G. Dates are not just data: Paleolithic settlement patterns in Siberia derived from radiocarbon records. American Antiquity, 2005, vol. 70, iss. 4, pp. 773-789.

40. Kuzmin Y. V., Keates S. G. Dynamics of Siberian Paleolithic complexes (based on analysis of radiocarbon records): the 2012 state-of-the-art. Radiocarbon, 2013, vol. 55, iss. 2-3, pp. 1314-1321.

41. Kuzmin Y. V., Kosintsev P. A., Stepanov A. D., Boeskorov G. G., Cruz R. J. Chronology and faunal remains of the Khayrgas Cave (Eastern Siberia, Russia). Radiocarbon, 2017, vol. 59, iss. 2, pp. 575-582.

42. Kuzmin Y. V., Orlova L. A. Radiocarbon chronology of the Siberian Paleolithic. Journal of World Prehistory, 1998, vol. 12, iss. 1, pp. 1-53.

43. Kuzmin Y. V, Orlova L. A., Zenin V. N., Lbova L. V., Dementiev V. N. Radiouglerodnoe datirovanie paleolita Sibiri i Dalnego Vostoka Rossii: materialy k katalogu ¹⁴C dat (po sostoianiiu na konets 2010 g.). Stratum plus, 2011, no. 1, pp. 171-200. (In Russian).

44. Lbova L. V. Paleolit severnoi zony Zapadnogo Zabaikal'ia. Ulan-Ude, Buryat Scientific Center, 2000, 237 p. (In Russian).

45. Lee G.-K. Characteristics of Paleolithic industry in southwestern Korea during MIS 3 and MIS 2. Quaternary International, 2012, vol. 248, pp. 12-21.

46. Lee G.-K. The characteristics of Upper Paleolithic industry in Korea. Emergence and diversity of modern human behavior in Paleolithic Asia. Eds Y. Kaifu, M. Izuho, T. Goebel, H. Sato, A. Ono. College Station, TX, Texas A&M University Press, 2015, pp. 270-286.

47. Li F., Gao X., Chen F., Pei S., Zhang Y., Zhang X., Liu D., Zhang S., Guan Y., Wang H., Kuhn S. L. The development of Upper Palaeolithic China: new results from the Shuidonggou site. Antiquity, 2013, vol. 87, iss. 336, pp. 368-383.

48. Li F., Kuhn S. L., Gao X. A response to Keates and Kuzmin. Antiquity, 2015, vol. 89, iss. 345, pp. 721-723.

49. Lisitsyn N. F Pozdny paleolit Chulymo-Yeniseiskogo mezhdurech'ia. St. Petersburg, Peterburgskoe Vostokovedenie, 2000, 232 p. (In Russian).

50. Lu L. D. The microblade tradition in China: regional chronologies and significance in the transition to Neolithic. Asian Perspectives, 1998, vol. 37, iss. 1, pp. 84-112.

51. MacNeish R. S. A Paleolithic-Neolithic sequence from South China Jiangxi Province, PRC. Interdisciplinary perspectives on the origins of the Japanese. Ed. by K. Omoto. Kyoto, International Research Center for Japanese Studies, 1999, pp. 233-255.

52. Medvedev G. I. Archaeological investigations of the stratified Palaeolithic site of Krasnyi Iar on the Angara in 1964-1965. Arctic Anthropology, 1969, vol. 6, iss. 1, pp. 30-44.

53. Mochanov Y. A. Paleolithic finds in Siberia (resume of studies). Beringia in Cenozoic era. Ed. by V. I. Kontrimavichus. New Delhi, Amerind, 1984, pp. 694-724.

54. Mochanov Y. A. The earliest stages of settlement by people of Northeast Asia. Anchorage, AK, Shared Beringian Heritage Program, 2009, 286 p.

55. Morlan R. E. Wedge-shaped core technology in northern North America. Arctic Anthropology, 1970, vol. 7, iss. 2, pp. 17-37.

56. Mourre V., Villa P., Henshilwood C. S. Early use of pressure flaking on lithic artifacts at Blombos Cave, South Africa. Science, 2010, vol. 330, iss. 6004, pp. 659-662.

57. Nagatomo T., Shitaoka Y., Namioka H., Sagawa M., Wei Q. OSL dating of the strata at Paleolithic sites in the Nihewan Basin, China. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2009, vol. 28, iss. 3, pp. 276-284. (In Chinese with English abstract).

58. Nian X., Gao X., Xie F., Mei H., Zhou L. Chronology of the Youfang site and its implications for the emergence of microblade technology in North China. Quaternary International, 2014, vol. 347, pp. 113-121.

59. Ono A., Sato H., Tsutsumi T., Kudo Y. Radiocarbon dates and archaeology of the Late Pleistocene in the Japanese Islands. Radiocarbon, 2002, vol. 44, iss. 2, pp. 477-494.

60. Ono A., Yamada M. The Upper Palaeolithic of the Japanese Islands: an overview. Archeometriai Muhely,

61. vol. 9, iss. 4, pp. 219-228.

62. Pitulko V. V, Pavlova E. Y. Geoarchaeology and radiocarbon chronology of Stone Age Northeast Asia. College Station, TX, Texas A&M University Press, 2016, 222 p.

63. Qu T., Bar-Yosef O., Wang Y. The Chinese Upper Paleolithic: geography, chronology, and techno-typology. Journal of Archaeological Research, 2012, vol. 21, iss. 1, pp. 1-73.

64. Razgildeeva I. I. Planigrafiia paleoliticheskogo kompleksa zapadnogo Zabaikal'ia. Arkheologicheskie Vesti,

65. no. 19, pp. 12-25. (In Russian).

66. Razgildeeva I. I. Planigrafiia shestiochazhnogo kompleksa pozdnepaleoliticheskogo poseleniia Studenoe-2 v Zabaikal'ie. Stratum plus, 2016, no. 1, pp. 243-263. (In Russian).

67. Rybin E. P. Middle and Upper Paleolithic interactions and the emergence of modern behavior in Southern Siberia and Mongolia. Emergence and diversity of modern human behavior in Paleolithic Asia. Eds Y. Kaifu, M. Izuho, T. Goebel, H. Sato, A. Ono. College Station, TX, Texas A&M University Press, 2015, pp. 470-489.

68. Rybin E. P., Khatsenovich A. M., Gunchinsuren B., Olsen J. W., Zwyns N. The impact of the LGM on the development of the Upper Paleolithic in Mongolia. Quaternary International, 2016, vol. 425, pp. 69-87.

69. Sato H., Tsutsumi T. The Japanese microblade industries: technology, raw material procurement, and adaptations. Origin and spread of microblade technology in Northern Asia and North America. Eds Y. V. Kuzmin, S. G. Keates, C. Shen. Burnaby, B. C. (Canada), Archaeology Press, 2007, pp. 17-43.

70. Seong C. Evaluating radiocarbon dates and Late Paleolithic chronology in Korea. Arctic Anthropology, 2011, vol. 48, iss. 1, pp. 93-112.

71. Seong C. Diversity of lithic assemblages and evolution of Late Palaeolithic culture in Korea. Asian Perspectives, 2015, vol. 54, iss. 1, pp. 94-112.

72. Stepanov A. D, Kirillin A. S., Vorobiev S. A., Solovieva E. N., Efimov N. N. Peshchera Khayrgas na Srednei Lene (rezultaty issledovanyi 1998-1999 gg.). Drevnie kul'tury Severo-Vostochnoi Azii. Astroarkheolo- giia. Paleoinformatika. Ed. by A. N. Alekseev. Novosibirsk, Nauka, 2003, pp. 98-113. (In Russian).

73. Takakura J. Emergence and development of the pressure microblade production: a view from the Upper Paleolithic of northern Japan. The emergence of pressure blade making. Ed. by P. M. Desrosiers. New York, Springer Publ., 2012, pp. 285-306.

74. Tang C. The Upper Palaeolithic of North China: the Xiachuan culture. Journal of East Asian Archaeology, 2000, vol. 2, pp. 37-49.

75. Tashak V. I., Antonova Y. E. Paleoenvironment and peculiarities of stone industry development on Barun- Alan-1 site (Western Transbaikal). Quaternary International, 2015, vol. 355, pp. 126-133.

76. Taylor R. E., Bar-Yosef O. Radiocarbon dating: An archaeological perspective. Walnut Creek, CA, Left Coast Press, 2014, 403 p.

77. Terry K., Buvit I., Kontsantinov M. V Emergence of a microlithic complex in the Transbaikal Region of southern Siberia. Quaternary International, 2016, vol. 425, pp. 88-99.

78. The Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS). Radiocarbon dates in Chinese archaeology, 1965-1991. Beijing, Cultural Relics Publishing House, 1991, 487 p. (In Chinese with English abstract).

79. The Laboratory, Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS). Report on radiocarbon dates (V). Kaogu, 1978, no. 4, pp. 280-287. (In Chinese with English title).

80. Vasilev S. A. Pozdny paleolit verkhnego Yeniseia (po materialam mnogosloinykh stoianok raiona Mainy). St. Petersburg, Peterburgskoe Vostokovedenie, 1996, 225 p. (In Russian).

81. Vasilev S. A., Yamskikh A. F., Yamskikh G. Y., Kuzmin Y. V., Jull A. J. T. Novye dannye po khronologii i paleosrede mngosloinykh stoyanok Maininskogo reiona na Verkhnem Yenisee. Aktualnye voprosy evraziiskogo paleolitovedeniia. Eds A. P Derevianko, M. V. Shunkov. Novosibirsk, Institute of Archaeology & Ethnography Press, 2005, pp. 25-35. (In Russian).

82. Vasilev S. A., Bozinski G., Bredli B. A., Vishniatski L. B., Giria E. Y., Gribchenko Y. N., Zheltova M. N., Tikhonov A. N. Chetyrekh”iazychnyi (russko-anglo-franko-nemetskii) slovar'-spravochnikpo arkheologii paleolita. St. Petersburg, Peterburgskoe Vostokovedenie, 2007, 264 p. (In Russian).

83. Vasilevsky A. A. Periodization and classification of the Upper Paleolithic of Sakhalin and Hokkaido in the light of the research conducted at the Ogonki-5 site. Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia, 2003, no. 3 (15), pp. 51-69.

84. Wang J., Tao F., Wang Y. Preliminary report on investigation and excavation of Dingcun Palaeolithic sites. Journal of Chinese Antiquity, 1994, no. 3, pp. 1-75. (In Chinese with English title).

85. Wang J., Wang X., Chen Z. Xiachuan culture. Kaogu Xuebao, 1978, no. 3, pp. 259-288. (In Chinese with English title).

86. Wang Y., Qu T. New evidence and perspectives on the Upper Paleolithic of the Central Plain in China. Quaternary International, 2014, vol. 347, pp. 176-182.

87. Wang Y. P New evidence of modern human behavior in Paleolithic Central China. Emergence and diversity of modern human behavior in Paleolithic Asia. Eds Y. Kaifu, M. Izuho, T. Goebel, H. Sato, A. Ono. College Station, TX, Texas A&M University Press, 2015, pp. 250-258.

88. Yi S, Clark G. The “Dyuktai culture” and New World origins. Current Anthropology, 1985, vol. 26, iss. 1,pp. 1-20.

89. Yi M., Gao X., Li F., Chen F. Rethinking the origin of microblade technology: a chronological and ecological perspective. Quaternary International, 2016, vol. 400, pp. 130-139.

90. Zhang J.-F., Wang X.-Q., Qiu W.-L., Shelach G., Hu G., Fu X., Zhuang M.-G., Zhou L.-P The Paleolithic site of Longwangchan in the middle Yellow River, China: chronology, paleoenvironment and implications. Journal of Archaeological Science, 2011, vol. 38, iss. 7, pp. 1537-1550.

Размещено на Allbest.ru