The limits and opportunities of the agriculture cooperation between China and Russia at the current situation

Compared with the Uruguay round, the DOHA round of agricultural negotiations involves a wider range of topics, higher negotiation objectives, and greater conflicts of interest among all parties. As a result, the situation of agricultural negotiations is more complex and the challenges are more severe. The analysis shows that after 10 years of DOHA agricultural negotiations, there is still no agreement, there are a variety of complex factors, highlighted in the following aspects. Firstly, it is difficult to sharply coordinate the conflicts of interest of all parties. All parties in the special safeguard mechanism of SSM, sensitive products such as divisions over market access and in cutting trade-distorting domestic support total OTDS, blue box support, such as domestic cotton subsidies support issues of conflict, profoundly reflected in the DOHA round agricultural negotiations both developed and developing members of the sharp contradictions, also have agricultural exporters and importers, the fundamental conflict between new and old members and members of interest game, various complicated relations in interests, the negotiations difficulty is bigger than any field. Secondly, the DOHA round adopted a package negotiation mechanism, which linked the negotiations in various fields and increased the technical difficulty and complexity of the agricultural negotiations. Some developed members, particularly those with no agricultural export interests, have added to the complexity of agricultural negotiating commitments by demanding that developing members must slash non-agricultural tariffs and link sector concessions to overall non-agricultural market access (NAMA) levels. This package negotiating mechanism determines that the parties will not reach a final deal on agriculture until the last minute. Thirdly, developed members continue to dominate agricultural negotiations, becoming major obstacles to the process of agricultural negotiations. On the one hand, developed members attempt to maintain their high tariffs and subsidies on agricultural products by adding such exceptional measures as sensitive products and new blue boxes. On the other hand, developed members have joined forces to put pressure on developing members to further open their agricultural markets. Fourth, the US lacks the necessary political will and incentive to negotiate.

2. The problems of the agriculture cooperation and trade between China and Russia

Agriculture is the guarantee of the national economy. China and Russia have abundant land with a vast area of fertile land suitable for farming. The land area spans multiple latitudes and longitudes and has a variety of climatic zones, providing natural conditions for planting a variety of crops. In the modern history, the two countries have close ties in agriculture. In recent years, the trade between the two countries has become more frequent and the dependence is higher. However, there is still a big difference between the two countries. Whether it is the position of agricultural industry in the national economy, or the importance of the country to agriculture. However, through the comparative development of data, the two countries' agricultural products import and export are highly complementary, which provides a foundation and opportunity for future development.

2.1 The comparative analysis of development of agriculture sector in China and Russia

There are many differences between China and Russia in terms of agricultural development. Here I will make a comparison between the two countries, from the social and historical development trajectory, changes in agricultural policies, natural climatic and geographical conditions, and the types of crops planted in the two countries.

a. Social and historical development trajectory and agricultural policies corresponding to historical periods. China has a history of 5,000 years. The earliest agriculture in China was developed from gathering industry and gradually transferred to planting industry. It was first initiated in the Yellow River and the Yangtze river. In ancient times, people have a thought that the agriculture is the most important, the agriculture was closely connected with the state and the government. Agriculture was the main source of national wealth and the foundation of a rich and strong people. Only when people were important to agriculture could they have a great land. In the era of Mao Zedong, «based on agriculture» is the basic agricultural thought, without rural reform and agricultural development there is no national political consolidation. After the founding of the China, in China the socialist economic construction must put agriculture in the first place, with agriculture as the foundation of the national economy, agriculture is to develop industry, the foundation of socialist industrialization, food is the root of the country economy, have to care about the material interests of farmers, improve the standard of living of farmers. Under Deng Xiaoping, solving agricultural and rural problems was the top priority in all aspects of work. The agricultural problem was first and foremost the food problem. In China the experience with the famine is more focused on food, agricultural issues on the top of the list.

During the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties, China entered the classic society, and the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River began to gradually transition from primitive agriculture to traditional agriculture, this period is also the beginning of intensive farming system. Because the bronze farming tools were gradually used widely. In the Shang dynasty, the fallow system, the continuous production system and the leisure system coexist, and then the continuous production system gradually takes the dominant position. The western Zhou dynasty was dominated by the continuous cropping system. During this period, the well field system was adopted and the land could not be bought and sold. The land was equally divided and distributed to individual farmers for cultivation. The next historic period states period were a period of great development of the social productive forces and great transformation of social system. The development of iron smelting industry promoted the agriculture to enter the era of iron farming tools and animal husbandry. Large-scale irrigation and water conservancy projects were built, and the production efficiency of agricultural labor was improved. During this period, abandoned well fields were used to open paths, and private land was recognized, which could be bought and sold. Construction of large water conservancy facilities in Paobo, Zhangshui 12th canal, Dujiangyan and Zhengguo canal; Food crops have soybeans, small beans, barley and wheat, poultry chickens, ducks and geese began to thrive; Reweighting rotation system began to appear, farmers began to improve the characteristics of the crops themselves, the selection of good varieties.

During the Qin and Han dynasties, iron cattle plowing and two cattle carrying poles were popularized and used. The Guanzhong irrigated area, the northwest irrigated area and the Jianghuai river basin irrigated area were formed. The further development of drought prevention and conservation tillage techniques in north China. And people have resulted in the division of spring tillage, summer tillage and autumn tillage. The formation and application of generation field method and district field method; Farmers also gradually mastered fertilization and management techniques in cultivation. During this period, the grain crop wheat from grain to flour, can make steamed bread, noodles, etc., soybean from the staple food slowly made other non-staple food, such as bean putrid, etc.; Cash crops, such as sesame, cucumber, garlic and cabbage, were sold to other countries because of the silk road. Animal husbandry is mainly divided into: government ranches, landowners and individual farmers, and rapid development. During the period of Wei, jin and southern and northern dynasties, agriculture went through twists and turns in the violent social turmoil. The techniques of intensive dry farming in the Yellow River basin became more mature, and the techniques of agricultural production in the Yangtze river basin and the southern areas were also improved. During this period, cereal and legume rotation was widely used, and green manure was added to the rotation. Intercropping, mixed cropping and intercropping patterns were further developed. Horticultural crops and their cultivation techniques were further developed, animal husbandry and veterinary techniques were further matured, the modes of grazing and feeding in houses were basically formed, and the mulberry industry developed rapidly, species of mulberry, Jinsan and Lusang and so on. In the Sui, Tang and five dynasties period, China formed a unified national situation and put an end to wars and conflicts. At this time, agriculture was recuperating and in the stage of gradual recovery and development. Later, agriculture in the south developed rapidly, and by the later stage, it had steadily surpassed that in the north. During this period, irrigation works were built vigorously, such as Liumen canal, Sanbai canal, Jiang shidu rebuilt the Yinluo irrigation area, successfully irrigating the Yellow River, etc. The agricultural production tool Quyuan plow was created and put into use, irrigation tools overturned and the use of drum; The rapid development of paddy field cultivation technology in south China led to the rise of rice and wheat rotation and recropping. During this period, the tea export trade was mainly in the form of «tea horse policy». The development of silkworm production and silk weaving technology in the south provided the foundation for the maritime silk road. The equine in animal husbandry has been developed, and the equine registration system has been further improved. The veterinary system has been further improved, with 670 full-time veterinarians, in the whole world, the oldest veterinary college and the oldest monograph on Chinese veterinary medicine, «si mu an jun ji».

During the Song and Yuan dynasties, in China the economic center of gravity moved further to the south, and agriculture in the south developed by leaps and bounds. The agricultural production level in the north was much higher than that in the north. At this time, northern agriculture was basically at a standstill, but there was still some progress in some aspects. During this period, new forms of land use appeared, such as terraced fields, frame fields, Shatin and Tutian fields. The fertilization technology and theory get breakthrough development; Buckwheat, sorghum, rice and wheat became the most important food crops, cotton planting is also unprecedented prosperity, vegetables, flowers and fruit trees planted variety increase and a large number of excellent varieties.

At the Ming and Qing dynasties, the population increased sharply, with a population of 60 million in the Ming dynasty and 400 million in the opium war in the Qing dynasty. Therefore, people should make every effort to open up new farmland, introduce and promote new crops, but still rely on the tradition of intensive farming to improve the land utilization rate and yield per unit area. People began to open up the sankey fish ponds, and began to cultivate the mountainous and frontier areas, such as the emergence of «Pengmin» and «Guandong». In the south, rice paddies generally grow and mature twice a year, resulting in three harvests a year, one for rice, one for soybeans and one for wheat. In the north, rice and wheat are harvested twice a year, wheat, beans and autumn cereals are ripe three times in two years, and rotation is carried out in the first ripe areas. Various kinds of intercropping are prevalent, such as intercropping of rice beans, intercropping of wheat beans and mixed planting, intercropping of cotton and wheat, intercropping of grain and vegetable, intercropping of potato and potato, intercropping of grain and grass and intercropping of forest and grain. During this period, corn was planted on a large scale because it was easy to grow, corn cheaply and was high in yield. Sweet potato was introduced into China at the end of the 16th century and began to be cultivated. It has a high yield, easy to eat and breed, simple to grow, drought and flood resistant and do not to locust. Potato was introduced into China in late Ming and early Qing dynasty and began to be planted. Peanuts, tobacco, sugar cane and opium poppies were planted in large areas, setting the stage for a century of humiliation.

After the Qing dynasty, China experienced the world war and the civil war between the Kuomintang and the communist party. During this period, the agriculture had been going backward and was seriously damaged, it was not until the founding of new China that development gradually resumed. After the founding of the China, the country started from the land reform, experienced the era of communal collectivization, and then developed the household contract responsibility system created by farmers. In 2017, the NO. 1 document of the central committee emphasized the in-depth promotion of agricultural supply-side structural reform. Based on the analysis of the exploration path of national agricultural policy and the change of agricultural policy from the perspective of land issue and food security, some ideas and suggestions for the future development of agricultural policy are put forward.

During the period of land reform (1949-1952), in China it was large about the proportion of rural population, and the development of agriculture was directly related to the stability of the new China regime, the key is to give priority to the problem of feeding farmers. In 1950, the government issued a law principle, which abolished the land ownership exploited by the landlord class in feudalism and implemented the land ownership of peasants. After the land reform, we will guide farmers to carry out a campaign of mutual assistance and cooperation, build water conservancy projects on a large scale, and develop production. By 1952, agricultural production had been restored and developed. Since 1953, the state has carried out socialist transformation of agriculture, from low to high level. The great leap forward and the movement of the people's communization seriously damaged the interests of the peasants. During the «cultural revolution», agriculture suffered serious damage and agricultural had not been developed for a long time.

In November 1978, in Xiaogang village, Fengyang county, Anhui province, 18 farmers signed the contract of «life and death» and contracted the land in the village to their households, creating a precedent for the household contract responsibility system. That year, Xiaogang village grain harvest. The household contract responsibility system adopts the contract work to the household, each contracting household pays the agricultural tax to the state, sells the contract to order the product and turns over to the collective accumulation fund, the public welfare fund and so on the public reserve, the rest product all returns the farmer to own. Contract production to the household, the implementation of fixed output, fixed investment, fixed work, over production to their own, production reduction compensation, the vast majority of the region is to use the form of contract to the household. At the same time, it started to put the market mechanism into the development of agriculture and rural economy, and encouraged farmers to engage in non-agricultural industrial activities such as industry and commerce and develop township enterprises. As the result, it tended to be diversified of the agricultural production structure and rural economic structure, and township enterprises also flourished. By 1988, the total number of township enterprises had grown to 18.882 million, with the output value of 476.43 billion yuan and the total number of 95.455 million employees. In 1992, comrade Deng Xiaoping delivered his talk on the south, which marked the beginning of the transformation of rural reform into a socialist market economy. Through legislation, the basic rural operation system has been stabilized, and the period of land contract has been extended for another 30 years to maintain the stability of the rural land system. We have gradually abolished the system of unified distribution and purchase of agricultural products, established the policy of purchasing protected prices for agricultural products, expanded the scope of market regulation for agricultural products, and initially established a market system and established the protection mechanism of the price for products. Export-oriented agriculture has been developed, then the industry trade, agricultural production and marketing of agricultural industrialization management to form a consensus.

Since 1992, the government speeds up the property right system reform of township enterprises, township enterprises in the high-speed second growth period, at this stage, China agricultural comprehensive production capacity is still improving, the supply of agricultural products from shortage to basic balance of supply and demand, harvest more than historic transformation, for agricultural and rural economic development in new stage laid a solid foundation. From 1999 to 2012 was a period of deepening rural reform, which was confronted with deep-seated contradictions between agriculture and rural development. The main characteristics of agricultural policies were protecting productions, increasing farmers' income, reducing farmers' burden and promoting agricultural development. In 2000, the reform of taxes and fees in rural areas. In 2002, it was promulgated the law on rural land contracting, which «grants farmers long-term and guaranteed land-use rights» in the form of law. In the same year, the 16th national congress of the communist party of China pointed out that she had entered a new stage of «industry supports agriculture and city support the countryside», and implemented the policy of «giving more and taking less and freeing more». In 2004, the central committee issued the NO. 1 document on agriculture, which implemented a new policy on agriculture with the main content of «abolished agricultural tax and supporting agriculture through the industry», and the work agriculture, rural areas and farmers will become the most priority in the party's work. In 2005, it proposed to build a new socialist countryside, and its agricultural policy was aimed at promoting the all-round development of rural areas. From 2000 to 2006, through the reduction of agricultural tax, farmers have reduced their burden by 1,250 yuan per person. At the same time, the rural cooperative medical system was initially piloted in some counties (cities) in 2003, then gradually implemented, and basically covered all rural residents by 2010. The new rural social endowment insurance has been established since 2009 and is gradually covering rural areas across the country. The 17th national congress of the communist party of China put forward the general thought «balancing urban and rural, pushing the construction of a new socialist countryside». The third plenary session of the 17th central committee issued the decision of the central committee on some major issues concerning the promotion of rural reform and development, which put forward to stabilize land contract relation and encourage land legal circulation. Through these reforms, the structure of the agricultural industry has been further optimized, rural society has remained stable, farmers' income has quadrupled than the first stage, and the supply of agricultural products is sufficient, laying the foundation for the building of the moderately prosperous society. Since the 18th national congress CPC, the party central committee and the state council have always made solving problems concerning agriculture, rural areas and farmers. This is the most priority in the party's work and introduced a series of policies and measures for rural economic, cultural, governance, livelihood, and ecological development. The government has adjusted the agricultural subsidy policy, changing the style of the agricultural input mechanism and constructed under the new situation of national food security strategy, the establishment of a market-oriented agricultural products price formation mechanism, explores the rural property right system reform, the implementation of household contract responsibility system at the beginning of the reform and opening up, collective ownership, right to the contracted management belong to the self-employed. At the present, contracted land in rural areas is divided into three categories: ownership belongs to the collective, contracting right to farmers and management right to land management. This measure has improved the precision, effectiveness and sustainability of poverty alleviation. Under this series of reforms, many problems concerning agriculture, rural areas and farmers have been effectively solved, creating a new situation of bumper harvests in agricultural production, marked improvement in farmers' lives, harmonious and stable rural society, and laying a foundation for comprehensively advancing the modernization of agriculture and rural areas and building a new countryside.

In the past 50 years, and especially in the decades following the reform and opening up, China has made remarkable achievements in agricultural development. Although the population of China has increased by more than 2.5 times, which from 540 million in 1949 to 1.4 billion in 2018, agricultural production has grown faster than population growth, leading to significant improvements in the availability of food. China agricultural output accounts for 11.9% of its GDP, compared with the world average of 3.4%. The output of some grain (wheat, meat, rice, cotton, etc.) is the firstly in the world. As the fact, since the mid-1980s, China has become a net exporter of agricultural, and by the mid-1990s, it had become a net exporter of food. Chinese Engel coefficient was 29.33 percent in 2017. According to the standard by the UN agriculture organiation, an Engel coefficient over 59% is poverty, about 50-59% is fine, about 40-50% is well-off, about 30-40% is rich, and below 30% is the most wealthy. In addition to increasing the output of products, the requirements on the quality of agricultural have been constantly raised. The standards for agricultural product drug residues and animal and plant quarantine have been constantly raised. Import and export of agricultural products sales in strict accordance with international and national inspection standards, the quality and safety level of agricultural products has been effectively guaranteed. At present, there are 3,293 agricultural product quality inspection institutions in China, with 32,000 inspectors, and the agricultural product inspection system has basically covered all cities and counties. China has reached the world leading level in some fields of agricultural science and technology, and the contribution of science and technology to agricultural development has exceeded 42%. Agricultural scientific and technological achievements have been increasing rapidly, and remarkable achievements have been made in basic research and high-tech research. Breakthroughs have been made in the application and research of gene engineering and cell engineering, plant hybridization and breeding, and physiological metabolism of plants and animals. The level of science and technology are close to or reach the world's advanced level.

In 1856, after the defeat in the Crimean war, Russia began to actively learn advanced western technology and develop national industry, which opened the prelude to industrialization. In the 1890s, Russian industrialization was very successful. Russia had reached the level of a medium-sized capitalist country. Russian industrial development was outstanding, but agricultural production stagnated. The dispute over the form and size of agricultural loans reflects the absence of government economic and agricultural policies, which were among Russia thorniest problems in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. After the 1861 reform, the government failed to recognize the role of agricultural loans. It believed that the landlord's obtaining a ransom could adapt his economy to the new economic conditions, while the peasants' social status could be improved after they no longer attached to the landlord. At first private land Banks were used to satisfy landlords' thirst for mortgages, but ransoms and loans from private Banks were mostly used for non-productive purposes by the aristocracy, and many landlords had just paid off old debts and were trapped in new ones. After the reform, the rapid development of agricultural production relied on extensive methods to expand the area of cultivated land (reclaiming the south and southeast of Europe and Russia) and to change grassland into cultivated land, which resulted in the shrinkage of animal husbandry. In 1891, with the escalation of the tariff war between Russia and Germany, the export share of Russian agricultural products to the German market shrank, which again highlighted the problem of loan for the territorial nobles. After his accession to the throne on October 20, 1894, Nicholas ii became very concerned with agricultural issues. In order to enhance the intensification of agricultural production, he reorganized the ministry of state property into the ministry of agriculture and state property. Based on the early results of hydrology research, Yermalov put forward the work plan of soil improvement in the south and southeast of Europe and Russia at the end of 1896, that storing and collecting spring floods and rainwater for irrigation. Unlike mortgages, soil improvement loans are special forms of loans designed to improve agricultural production conditions. In the mid-19th century, due to the impact of the world agricultural crisis, western European countries urgently needed to improve agricultural production technology and implement intensive production, and took the lead in promoting soil improvement loans. At the same time, there was a consensus on the necessity of establishing soil improvement loans in Russia. In the mid-19th century the Valuyev council advocated the universal spread of soil improvement loans, the agricultural gangs were keen to extend them to the whole of agricultural production, and the finance ministry was keen to limit them to a smaller scope. In the summer of 1892, the ministry of state property planned to implement the first program to improve agricultural loans, since the state bank was promised to be responsible for agricultural loans, but in 1894 the bank's charter authorized only loans for the purchase of farm tools. In his plan, Yermalov emphasized the contribution of agriculture to the country, emphasizing that the transition from extensive food production to an intensive economy requires more bulk loans. The ministry of agriculture and state property admitted that the ransoms and mortgages received by the nobles had not been fully used for agricultural, and suggested that additional mortgages earmarked for soil improvement be used for strict supervision. In 1896, after many discussions, a temporary decree on improving agricultural loans was passed, which was implemented by the ministry of agriculture and state-owned property. The state set up a special fund each year to provide loans for drainage, irrigation, irrigation, river bank reinforcement, gulch dredging and wine making. The loan is capped at 75% of the cost of the project, with a repayment term of 30 years and interest of 4% a year. The law stipulates that loans are available at all levels, and the borrower can get a loan of 1,000 rubles as long as he USES real estate, income, etc., as collateral. A new decree was issued on 29 May 1900, stipulating that, in addition to the previous loan items, loans could be made for auxiliary facilities and agricultural processing enterprises used to improve the landlord's economy, as well as for the purchase of breeding stock.

In the 1895 and 1897 budgets, the new tsar was told to emphasize the ideas of Alexander iii's time to maintain a balanced budget, prepare for currency reform, and develop domestic industry. The development of industry may have led to some sacrifices in agriculture, but such sacrifices were in the long-term interests of Russia. The interests of the nobility were private and could not be compared with those of the state or agriculture. This position of the state was fiercely opposed by farm folk, who saw the decline of aristocratic estates as a political misfortune. In the spring of 1897, the provinces held special conferences on hierarchical affairs, asking the government to take responsibility for the fall in food prices, to buy non-aristocratic land for the nobles, and to delay the repayment of the loans. This means shifting state funds from industry to agriculture, or rather to the landlord economy. In the early and mid 1990s peer petitions put hierarchy at the top of the list. Since the late 1990s, when food prices began to rise, peer criticism of economic policy has become increasingly inadequate. At the same time, the status of farmers, especially in the central black belt provinces, has deteriorated significantly, and all sides of the debate have begun to discuss openly the problem of poverty in the central region, the need to reduce the ransom, and how to solve the problem of farmers' land shortage and land shortage. By the decree of December 14, 1893, the farmer's land could neither be sold nor mortgaged, even after the payment of the entire ransom. These strict rules were later relaxed. The statutes of November 9, 1906 and June 14, 1910 provided that farmers could sell their land to their village community if the land was privately owned. In the end, the government's efforts to uphold the principle of hierarchy in property and loans came to nothing, and even aristocratic Banks set up specifically to protect aristocratic estates were powerless.

Before the October revolution, in Russia agricultural population accounted for 82% of the country's total population, and agricultural output value accounted for 57% of the total output value of workers and peasants. After the October revolution, in order to enhance its national strength, the Soviet Union gave priority to the development of industry, resulting in a relatively backward situation of agriculture. From 1951 to 1979, the average annual growth rate of agriculture was only 3.2%, far lower than that of industry, which was 8.9%. Since 1972, the Soviet union has been a net food importer, importing 30-40 million tons a year. In the 1980s, the agricultural production of the former Soviet union was almost in a state of stagnation, and the secondary structure of developed industrial countries and backward agricultural countries became the distinctive characteristics of the national economy of the Soviet union. After the collapse of the Soviet union, during the economic crisis in Russia in the 1990s, the state's investment and credit in agriculture continued to decrease. Although the land was privatized, the internal operation mechanism did not change, and the agricultural reform did not achieve the desired effect, plunged into a deeper crisis. At the same time, the output of some major agricultural products has been greatly reduced, as has the livestock industry. In order to meet the domestic demand, a large number of agricultural products have to be imported. After 2000, the Russian economy gradually recovered and developed with the stability of the political situation. From 2003 to 2008, the economy recovered and developed rapidly. After the domestic political situation stabilized, Russia began to attach importance to agricultural reform. Firstly, from the perspective of system, the new «Russian federal land code», «agricultural land circulation law» and «agricultural commodity producer financial restructuring law» were promulgated successively, which had a positive impact on agricultural development.

b. Physical geographical conditions and types of crops planted. The terrain of China is high in the west and low in the east, descending step by step from the west to the east, forming a stepped slope, which is a prominent feature of the contour of the Chinese landform. In China agricultural distribution is dominated by animal husbandry in the west, planting in the east, and the dividing line between east and west is the 400mm precipitation line. In the west, there are four major pastoral areas, namely Xinjiang pastoral area, Tibet pastoral area, Qinghai pastoral area and Inner Mongolia pastoral area. In the west, there are also a small number of planting industries, which are distributed in the plain, valley and oasis with irrigation water. The eastern part is mainly cultivated, and the northeast plain is mainly planted with wheat, rice, soybean and sugar beet, ripe every year; The north China plain is mainly planted with wheat, corn, peanuts and cotton. Rice, rape and cotton are mainly cultivated in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze river plain. Except planting industry in the east, there is forestry, distribution in the northeast, southwest of the natural forest southeast of the artificial forest; And fisheries, Marine aquaculture in the eastern seaboard and freshwater fisheries in the middle.

In China agricultural region types are: northeast commercial grain agricultural base, distributed in the Songnen plain, Sanjiang plain, here is mainly the temperate monsoon climate, summer sunshine time is long, rain and heat in the same period, and here is black land, fertile soil; Northeast China has heavy industry base to provide agricultural machinery, high degree of mechanization, conducive to large-scale market-oriented planting. The main crops are spring wheat, corn, soybean, sugar beet, etc. North China dry farming area, distributed in the north China plain, is the main commercial cotton base in China. Here is mainly a warm temperate monsoon climate, rain and heat in the same period, sufficient light and heat, sufficient labor, spring drought and summer flood, saline-alkali land than major, wind and sand days more, the soil is yellow land, two years three or two years ripe, the main crops are winter wheat, cotton, peanuts, etc. In the south, the paddy fields are mainly in the Chengdu plain, Jianghuai plain, pearl river delta. The climate is subtropical monsoon climate, rich in light, heat and water, and good combination, rice soil (mature soil) fertile, abundant labor. Low temperature and rain in spring are not good for rice production. There are droughts and floods in summer. Most of them are two crops a year. Rice, cotton and rape are planted in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze river. The Sichuan basin are suitable for planting mulberry and raising silkworms. Irrigated agricultural areas in the northwest mainly in Xinjiang oasis belt, Hexi corridor, Hetao plain, Ningxia plain. Here is a temperate continental climate, full of light, big temperature difference between day and night, irrigation water, but water shortage. Crops of good quality, high yield per unit area. Southern Xinjiang is China's high-quality long-staple cotton production base, Hami melon, raisins are famous at home and abroad. The Ningxia plain and Hetao plain mainly produce sugar beet and spring wheat. The Hexi corridor is a fruit and vegetable base. Qinghai-tibet plateau valley agricultural areas, mainly Yarlung zangbo river valley, Huangshui valley. Plateau climate, compared with the plateau, the valley is lower in elevation, higher in temperature, abundant in water, good lighting conditions, large temperature difference between day and night, and high yield of crops per unit area. Crops a year, suitable for warm and cool barley, spring wheat, peas growth.

Russia is the largest country in the world with the largest land area and the largest planting area across two continents in Europe and Asia. It has rich agricultural resources and great development potential, but its agricultural economic development is not ideal. At present, Russia food productivity is still not good enough to meet domestic demand, natural climate conditions have part of the reason, its agriculture is an important factor affecting the country's economic development. Russia land resource is rich, black soil area accounted for a third of the global black soil area, agricultural production is mainly concentrated in the eastern Siberia and the far east, Siberia, the black sea south subtropical region, northwest region and the western region, the land is fertile and the diversity of the climate for the Russian agricultural development has provided important natural material base. The cultivated land area of Russia is about 115 million hectares, and the cultivated land area per capita is 0.85 hectares. However, the crop structure is relatively simple, and food crops are an important part of planting industry. Its main food crops are wheat, barley, oats and rye; The largest area of cash crop is grain, followed by oil for beans, vegetables and fruits. The breeding industry in Russia includes cattle industry, pig industry, sheep industry, horse industry, etc., among which the average annual output of milk and eggs is on the rise year by year. In general, in Russia food production can meet domestic demand and can be exported in part, but its livestock products and vegetables and fruits cannot meet domestic demand, so it has to rely on imports. Through the historical course of Russian agricultural development, we can see the reasons for the current situation.

The structure of Russia agricultural sector attaches equal importance to farming and animal husbandry, which is determined by the vast area of Russia, the vast area of farmland and grassland and the food composition of the residents. Before the October revolution, farming and animal husbandry had the same status, with wheat in the prominent position, while cattle, sheep and horses were raised in large quantities. After the October revolution, in order to meet the needs of the people, the state adopted a large amount of investment, imported feed and strengthened management measures to accelerate the development of animal husbandry. In the 1960s, the output value of animal husbandry exceeded that of crop cultivation. After the 1980s, the output value of planting and animal husbandry was basically stable between 55:45. Since the new century, in Russia the agriculture has been attaching importance to the development of planting and animal husbandry. The 90 percent of food production is concentrated in four major crops: wheat, barley, oats and rye. Wheat is the most important food crop, with more than half of the total sown area, barley about a fifth, and a small amount of rice and corn. Cash crops account for about 11% of the total arable land, mainly sunflower, beet and flax. The cultivated area of potatoes and vegetables accounts for about 3.78% of the total cultivated area. Potatoes are both food crops and feed crops and play an important role, accounting for 2.74% of the total cultivated area. Even in the economic crisis, the output has been kept above 30 million tons, and the variety of vegetables is single, which requires a large amount of imports. Animal husbandry is as important an agricultural sector as crop farming. Russia vast grassland area provides favorable conditions for the development of animal husbandry, but at the same time there are disadvantages, for example, most of the pastures are located in desert or semi-desert areas, and the quality of grasslands is poor. The animal husbandry in Russia can be divided into two major types, namely, livestock farming area, desert area, semi-desert area and mountain grazing area. The former is distributed in the western region and the south of Siberia, mainly raising cattle and pigs. The latter is distributed in central Asia and the volga valley in the south and other areas, mainly sheep farming; There are also deer areas in the northern tundra and forest belt.

There are three types of agricultural production organizations in Russia: corporate farms, family farms and private farms. The entrepreneurial farm is a direct transformation from the original collective farm or state farm, it is the most important form of production organization in Russian agriculture. Mainly food crops and cash crops sugar beet, sunflower mainly, the yield of 70% - 90%; Animal husbandry is mainly egg production, accounting for about 75% of the total. Household farming is similar to private plots in China, and although it is a small part of Russian agriculture, it is growing the fastest. Mainly grow food, sunflower, vegetables, potatoes, etc., labor production efficiency is high, mainly to meet the needs of the family, surplus products for sale. After the reform, private farm is an organizational form adopted by the workers of collective farms to carry out agricultural production individually or jointly with the land they share. Its scale varies from 1 to 200 hectares, it is high of the degree of agricultural production specialization, the planting industry is concentrated in potatoes and vegetables, the production of dairy meat and eggs in animal husbandry is very developed, it is high of the degree of commercialization of agricultural products. While private farms operate agriculture, some also transport, process and sell produce.

The agricultural development of Russia is restricted by the natural conditions, which is manifested by the unbalanced distribution of water and heat resources in regions, with the increase of heat resources from north to south, and the decrease of precipitation distribution from north to south. Therefore, three different types of regional combinations are formed: overwet type in the north, subhumid type in the middle and drought type in the south. The tundra and forest tundra, located north of latitude 65 degrees north, cover an area of between half and half of Russia. In the north, east coast fishing and hunting walrus, dolphins and other sea animals; In the southern forest area, there is fur hunting industry such as arctic fox; The Yaku region in the northeast is dominated by horses. The central and northern part is located in the southern part of the warm and wet conifer forest belt «non-black soil belt». The planting industry is mainly grain, potato and flax, and the animal husbandry is mainly cows. The central part is located in the forest steppe and steppe belt, which is also the famous «black soil belt» composed of chernozem and chestnut soil in Russia. Hydrothermal conditions are conducive to the growth of crops, agricultural land is two-thirds of the region. Mainly planted wheat, beet, sunflower, potato, and a considerable scale of vegetables, fruit horticulture. This region is Russia's most important agricultural belt, domestic commodity grain base, sugar beet base and dairy production base. Herdsmen and irrigated farmers live in the arid steppes and semi-desert regions of the south, including the lower volga river and the Caspian lowlands. This area is mainly sheep industry, to raise semi-fine wool sheep and fine wool sheep mainly.

c. Current problems in the agricultural development of the two countries. Although China has made remarkable promotion in the past, some problems are still existed. 1. Unreasonable structure of agricultural industry. The mode of agricultural production and operation in China is still dominated by planting, but the internal structure of agricultural planting lacks rationality. The scale of grain planting is large, and the proportion of other cash crops planted is relatively small. And «three high» problem is prominent, high output: food, meat, vegetables, fruit per capita consumption are higher than the world average level; «Twelve years of continuous increase in grain»; High inventory: the problem of corn inventory is prominent. In 2015, the proportion of corn inventory in consumption reached a record high of 176%. High import: soybean is the most dependent on import, 86.5% of China soybean consumption in 2016 came from import. At the same time, China agricultural production mode is still dominated by small-scale production and operation, with low degree of industrialization, which makes it difficult to achieve scale operation and adapt to the changing market needs. 2. The contradiction between population and supply and demand. In China agricultural arable land area is 1.386 million square kilometers, accounting for 8.8% of the world arable land area and 18.5% of the global population. Due to the «two-child» policy, Chinese population is on the rise. Therefore, the contradiction between the limited agricultural production capacity and the people's ever-expanding demand is a prominent problem in the current agricultural development. 3. The insufficient power of science and technology to promote agricultural development. It is insufficient of agricultural science and technology innovation, in modern agricultural production activity, the use of modern advanced mechanical production equipment, a lot of agricultural producers or using more traditional mode of production, unable to use some advanced agricultural production machinery and equipment to the activities of agricultural production, make the development of modern agricultural production is hampered by a certain. 4. The loss of rural labor population is becoming more and more serious. With the continuous development of the society, the urban development is getting better and better, while the rural development is relatively slow, so the resource allocation will be inclined to the city. As the gap in the level of culture, education and medical treatment continues to increase, and the income gap gradually increases, agricultural benefits are not only related to market risks, but also vulnerable to the impact of natural risks, farmers' income is not stable security. The most direct result is that the rural labor force pours into the city one after another, pursues the relatively high income work, the pursuit high level life, causes the farmer to leave in great Numbers, the rural land is idle, the rural surplus personnel agriculture quality is not high, the agricultural productivity is low, causes the agricultural development level to stagnate, falls into the vicious circle.

Problems in Russian agriculture: 1. Shortage of labor force. Russia is the largest country by land area on the earth, but it has a small population and even fewer agricultural workers, especially young ones. In agricultural enterprise, 60% above is male, 80% is 30-60 years old, less than 30 years old only 18%. 2. Insufficient government input. In the Soviet union, the emphasis on industrial development made little progress in agricultural reform. After putin came to power, agriculture was developed, but it still lacked momentum. Most of Russia's agriculture is in the far east, and the far east is relatively backward in Russia in terms of technical talents and economic development. In the past year, Russia has put forward the policy of eastward advance and cooperated with China to develop the far east. It is believed that the development will be better and better in the future. 3. The sales channels are not smooth, and the products produced cannot be sold in time. A few years ago, in Russia agricultural exports greatly reduced, and insufficient domestic demand, resulting in a state of stagnation.

d. Recent developments. According to the 19th national congress CPC, the mechanism of rural vitalization was put forward. The general requirements are prosperous industry, ecological livable, rural civilization, effective governance and wealthy life. The three stages are as follows: by 2020, in rural revitalization has to get important progress, and it will be basically formed of the institutional framework and policy system; By 2035, decisive progress will be made in revitalizing rural areas, and agricultural and rural modernization will be closed realized. By 2050, rural areas will be fully revitalized, and agriculture will be huge, rural areas beautiful and farmers wealthy. To promote the development of rural economy, we have to mobilize the enthusiasm and creativity of farmers, give full play to rural characteristics and advantages, integrate personnel, technology, funds and other factors, form a joint force, and maintain the vigorous development of agricultural and rural economy. With the quickly development of e-commerce industry and cross-border e-commerce, rural e-commerce has become an important means to solve the problems of «agriculture, rural areas and farmers». The development of rural e-commerce can bring practical benefits to rural areas, and the way of Internet + agriculture can be adopted to promote rural economic development. For example, expand the sales channels of agricultural products, change the original single sales mode, and avoid the loss of unsalable products to farmers; Reduce the circulation link of agricultural products, reduce the circulation cost, ensure the freshness of agricultural products, enhance the timeliness, and thus directly improve the economic benefits. Rural e-commerce can not only help farmers sell products directly, but also bring convenience to rural areas to buy goods. For example, in the rural e-commerce platform, not only can purchase daily supplies, but also a series of products such as seeds, seedlings, fertilizers, pesticides, etc. The product quality is reliable, bringing practical convenience and benefits to the vast number of farmers. Rural vitalization strategy to improve the rural population structure, the loss of young and middle-aged labor force population, the vast rural areas in China is a big impact, this problem needs to be solved. The key to dealing with this problem is to transform the economic and industrial structure in rural areas and encourage the establishment of enterprises in towns and villages, thus creating more job opportunities and enabling more young people to stay in rural areas and take root in rural development.