Investment of human resource in the economy of the Khmelnytsk area

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Investment of human resource in the economy of the Khmelnytsk area

INTRODUCTION

human capital khmelnytsk area

Relevance of the topic. Modern transformation processes in the Ukrainian economy arising from global changes in the socio-economic area, general world trend to increase the role of human capital in economic growth of countries, increased competition in the labor market and other factors have changed the conditions of formation and development of human capital of Ukraine in general. This resulted in the allocation of very different conditions of its formation as a nation, region, regions and organizations.

Human capital, firstly, is dominated by steady economic growth, improving social and economic relations, which makes institutional reforms in the transformation processes, and second, including the potential ability to provide for a certain period of food and income, and investment as an expense in support of this ability, and thirdly, acting battery of social experience as the main factor of economic development and a stable economy.

The contribution of human capital in economic growth is not only due to higher productivity of skilled and educated workers, but also by the ability of human capital to generate new ideas and innovations.

In the modern understanding of human capital is considered as a factor that facilitates the perception of innovation and dissemination of research aimed at finding new ways to develop all sectors of the economy.

Search approaches to the formation of an effective system of integrated sustainable development of human capital determines the need for comprehensive investigation of this problem and determine the urgency of the study.

The object of research course work are the processes of formation and use of human capital in Khmelnytsky region.

The subject of research is the theoretical base of human capital concepts and ways of its formation

The purpose of the course work is to study the factors and the formation of human capital and analyze their impact on the growth potential of the human capital of the state.

The purpose of course work:

- To determine the theoretical and conceptual development of human capital;

- Highlight the main components of human capital of society;

- Examine the level of formation and preservation of human capital at regional level;

- Analyze the status and conditions for the development of human capital in Ukraine Khmelnytsky Oblast;

analyze the use of human capital;

- To assess the impact of economic and demographic factors on human capital formation, Khmelnytsky region;

- Identify ways to render human capital;

- Noted investment as a method of improving human capital formation;

- Explore ways of effective use of human capital.

A significant increase in the role of man in the formation of an economic mechanism actualizes the study of the conditions of formation and use of human capital. Speaking dominant economic development, human capital enterprises in the process of wear and needs investment.

The lack of stability, low growth, high inflation and public deficit sharply put the issue of development and use of human capital. Solving this problem requires an effective combination of human capital concepts and practical action in the management of human capital.

1. THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF HUMAN CAPITAL

1.1 Conceptions of human capital development

Human capital is the object of study as economists and sociologists. It is believed that the preconditions for the development of human capital theory were laid in the works of classical political economy, which started in ¬ scholarly analysis of human abilities to work, their formation, reproduction and efficient operation. In particular, A. Smite in the "Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of nations' (1776) argued that increased productivity more dependent on improving the skills of workers than the improvement of machines and tools [28, p. 196].

The next generation of economists have concluded that improving the abilities are capital. [20, p. 27].

In his work "The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit capitalism" (1905) M. Weber, technology assigns a secondary role, focusing on person's attitude toward labor (human resources). F. Liszt considered an essential component of the national capital stock skills and achievements of hereditary qualities (abilities) Rights and argued that the contribution of elementary human ¬ whom capital as shown in production and in its consumption.

Human capital put into scientific circulation representative of the Chicago school, a prominent American economist, Nobel Prize in economic (1992) G. Becker, who is considered the author of the new sections of economic theory - economic discrimination, human capital theory, economics household economy and more. In his work "Human Capital" (first edition, the -1964, -1975, the second edition), which became a classic of modern economic thought, he gave a definition of human capital allocated and his types.

G. Becker entered a kind of human capital - specific - contains elements that are useful to one employer. This capital is paid by an enterprise of which it is connected. The author comes to the disclosure on the matter bilaterally. On the one hand, an employee who has a special reserve accumulated capital as a result of years of work at one company is unlikely to rely on the identifying wages in another company. On the other hand, under businessmen such employee has a higher value than a new one. This allows awareness of wash cause of lower turnover of employees with greater seniority you and a higher proportion of occupancy of vacancies the firm based on internal westwards considerations than against a set of external sources. According to the classification of human capital, H. Becker grounded difference respond ¬ investment relations man (special and general) [12, p. 184].

The main contribution in popularizing the idea of human capital made another member of the Chicago school, the Nobel Prize in Economics (1979) Theodore Schultz. It is called the author of the concept of "human capital", the coverage provisions of which is devoted to a number of his works ("fault ¬ kayucha economic scene and school education" 1958, "Investment in human capital ¬ Tal: the role of education and scientific research", 1971 "Investing in people : ¬ ka economy as the population ", 1981, etc.)..

Subjects of human capital also developed in the writings of W. Beysbroda, J. Mintser, J. Kendrick, L. Hansen. Zatsikavlyuye study M. Katz, who has studied the impact on the performance of human living conditions, according to resettle employees of backward Chicago to better-equipped cent of the city. He showed that provided housing for workers seeking higher employment success.

In economic theory on human capital in the broadest sense of will be able to set inherent to every man of knowledge, skills, abilities and qualifications media workforce that can be used in its production or consumer purposes. He alone among resources has the ability to renew, develop improved [28, p. 199].

Obviously, such an interpretation of the term "human capital" is not enough to outline it as an economic category. To confirm this idea turn to the interpretation of economic science related definitions (Table 1.1).

Hrishnova human capital is characterized as a set of generated and developed as a result of investment of productive abilities, personal traits and motivations of behavior of individuals who are in their ownership, the use rystovuyutsya in economic activity, promote productivity growth and thus affect the growth of income your owner and income [4, p. 17].

L.T. Shevchuk, the approach to treatment of human capital as the capital resources of society, invested in people, human rights or as opportunities to participate in production, create, build, create value, the concept of "human capital" opens as part of the total knowledge qualifications media workforce that can generate income that is used to produce goods and services [32, p. 31].

In considering whether to consider human capital completely unused and training of non-carriers of the labor force, completely unused talents and skills of media workforce by attracting people to unskilled work, which is only used their muscle (biological) potential or partially unused talents and skills of media workforce using individuals in the work only of a share received during vocational training knowledge, the author suggests potentiating and real human capital (Figure 1.2) [32, p. 32].

Selected L.T Shevchuk approach to the interpretation of human capital actualizes an important theoretical and methodological problem of its measurement in the public equivalent. Potential human capital territorial society system (locality, region, country, world), the author evaluates the value as obtained by persons residing within the studied territory initiative deserves public system of vocational education (secondary specialized, does not completely region of higher and higher), regardless on where they got that education, including funds for the financing of science.

The actual (real) man - as pitch dough obtained by persons involved in the production of goods, services and benefits, education, regardless of where they got that education, including funds re you to fund science. The real (actual) human capital volumes in monetary terms is smaller than the potential [32, p. 33].

Potential and actual human capital LT Shevchuk sees as basic human capital and introduces the concept of "human capital prepaid-Tal." It is a cash capital, designed to provide preschool and school-health system, culture, housing, institutions, organizations and businesses that ensure ¬ hear normal living conditions, without which can not be credit basic human capital and ensure its reproduction.

Hence, these basic concepts and conceptual related to human capital, demanding the formation of new theoretical and methodological views on the effectiveness of its use, and therefore new research ¬ researches aimed at the determination of its losses.

1.2 The main components of human capital

Human capital - stock of natural or acquired as a result of investment abilities, skills, experience, knowledge, informants culture, motivation and mobility of the individual whose use in economic activity gives him higher profits. Based on what additions of social development is manifested in constant dynamic, changing content and economic life, therefore, undergo changes and place, role and components of human capital in the national economy. Thus, even Plato in his treatise "State" wrote that "people have a different nature and ability to this or that case" and "every thing you can do not only more but also better and putting less effort when do it by their abilities "[16, p. 60].

His disciple Aristotle pointed out the various natural abilities of people, above all, knowledge, understanding and experience. He argued that "... Knowledge and understanding are more art than experience, who has some art wiser than those who have experience, wisdom for everyone more dependent on knowledge, and this is the first known cause, and some - not "[22, pp. . 66].

Similarly, the idea catches only similarity bodies. Only one interest ¬ dialect grasps the essence of things. This intellectual principle, which is called mind or intellect, makes it act through itself and the body is not involved. " [12, p. 91].

Thus, the scientist put the mental work above the physical. He argued that the work is for man, where it reveals its elementary human digitations. A. Monkretyen in his book "Treatise on Political Economy" mishear, among other economic measures revive the economy it is important to improve the quality of labor through the use of professional Navierence of people. "

The first attempt to examine the impact of knowledge and education on economic phenomena and processes made representative of the classical school of political economy W. Petty. In his "Political arithmetic", he draws attention to the special value of the knowledge and skills of the person and states that "a person using artificial devices can perform the same amount of work that takes a lot of people without them" [12, p. 157].

He also considered the work as a source of value. This doctrine is adhered to and the French economist F. Quesnay, which the study "Population" argued that "the method of working people and population growth depends on maintaining and increasing the nation." He wrote that the increase in wealth and population growth requires confidence in freedom and the possession of wealth, for "underleads to performance that people enjoy volume that they provide, get used to the amenities of life: good food, good clothes, and afraid poverty. They bring up their children to habits of labor and nights and children continue their efforts "[15, p. 75].

Special place in the development of the theory of labor capital is the doctrine of Adam Smith. In the book "Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of nations', he wrote that work, which the individual learns will allow them to realize their human capital and to reimburse him the cost of education. In his works, Smith studied the model of economic man and emphasize HLW that capital is also capitalized value "acquired and useful of all citizens or members of society" along with machines, various tools and attributed them to the capital. Scientific smoked that as the basis for a life of wealth is work, it makes a man sacrifice for them, "their leisure, freedom and peace" [9, p. 114].

Try a different position on the importance of population for the nation's wealth defended T. Maltus. In the work "An Essay on the Principle of Population", he said: "I am ready to acknowledge, as the wise men of antiquity, that state power is not measured by the size of its territory and population. I rozhodzhus these authors only about how to obtain numerous and both strong and not healthy population. " Scientists believed that an important factor that obstructs the normal reproduction of a healthy population in the country is the effect of the natural law of population, which means "constant desire inherent in all living beings populate rather than to let ¬ quantity of food that is in their possession , "while noting that population growth Self-Regulating the existing limitations of life [9, p. 136].

An important contribution to the theory of human capital did David Ricardo. He first introduced the concept of "labor" for those people who want and can ¬ zhut work. The main reason that leads to the country in economic development scientist considered low educational qualification its population. Thus, one could argue that David Ricardo, as well as Adam Smith recognized that economic activity is determined by human economic foreign economic needs, satisfaction of material needs.

A significant contribution to the theory of human capital made Ukrainian economists. In particular, V. Karazin, M. Tugan-Baranovsky, D. Zhuravs cue. In their writings they focused considerable attention on the impact level of the population in the development of national economy. Thus, V. Karazin smoked cigarettes that economic development depends largely on osvichenos ¬ those managers. M. Tugan-Baranovsky said that the main factors that determine the level of social development, religion, patriotism and freedom human rights. D. Zhuravskaya classified as level of education of people depending on you ¬ use of acquired knowledge.

Opponents of such views were representatives of the historical school of political economy, and the formation of which was held to develop a theory of Liszt national economy in Germany. In their scientific work "National System of Political Economy" scientist took to the capital than material wealth and the natural and acquired abilities of people. Great importance he attached to the organizational and economic relations, morale of the nation. F. Liszt said that the nation must produce spiritual knowledge for Quantity ¬ us produce productive forces, while other benefits - only exchange value. Hence the wealth of the nation largely depends on the level of "understanding of the Public Organization ¬ capital" because "the current state of the nations is the result of accumulated masses of various discoveries, inventions, improvements, enhancements and efforts of all generations who have preceded us, all of which is intellectual capital of the existing people and every separate nation is productive in so far as she was able to assimilate this legacy of previous generations and to replenish his own achievements ... "[27, p. 191].

An important contribution to the theory of human capital made by representatives of the neoclassical school of political economy. Thus, A. Marshall pointed to high costs for the national wealth "disregard, which assumes that a talented person who was destined to be born in the family poor, spent their abilities in a primitive work. Nothing will contribute rapid growth material wealth as the improvement of school education "because the economic benefits of a large industrial opening may cover educational expenses for the entire city.

Thus, the evolution of economic thought was based on the objective laws of social production, which dictated significant structural changes tour of human needs: from material to immaterial. Therefore, in the second half of the twentieth century. taking into account the significant development of services in post-industrial countries, human capital theory independent scientific field of world economics. First published by HLW scientific papers on the theory of human capital T. Schultz, "Formation of capital ¬ Lu School" (1960) and "Investment in human capital" (1961). Scientists that investing in human capital will provide a significant increase in production and will be a source of future growth or future pleasures. He emphasized that a person acquires property capital only after it cost to improve the quality of her work. In his book "Investment in human capital" Schultz made a special emphasis on the impact of educational level on the growth, efficiency of investment in people.

Significant development of the concept of human capital acquired in the works of G. Becker. In 1964 he published a research paper "Human capital: theoretical and empirical analysis" [27].

By G. Becker, Human capital theory EID income people as a natural result of earlier decisions, increasing future income by investing in their education and professional training of health. The scientist claims that students and their parents, making investments in education, behave rationally, as are intended to get future high returns from such investments. In his writings Becker attempted to determine the profitability day in person by comparing benefits and costs of education.

Thus, the theory of human capital determines the goal of national production of quality of life, that create conditions for comprehensive development. Developing alternative concepts of human capital caused by the reality ¬ not a market economy, to increase earnings when importance is attributed not only knowledge, skills and education, and ethical factors (ethics, law, religion, informal relations person).

Thus, in post-industrial countries, the productive capabilities and characteristics of the person recognized as human capital on the basis that their development requires certain investments, which ultimately provide its owner a high return. Thus, according to American scientists, 70% of U.S. wealth is created through human capital [27, p. 324]. Already in the second half of the twentieth century. the preparation of scientific and technical workers in the United States spent about 800 thousand dollars. confirming the growing importance of employees as an important form of investment society.

So theory of human capital can be argued that its origins date back to ancient works of thinkers. However, the design of this concept in a separate theory was whether in the 60 years of the twentieth century. Representatives from all schools and trends in the economic live-in agree that knowledge and human capacity is one of the most important sources of wealth counterpart ¬ nation, and investments in science recognize the most promising and most profitable. All these serve as important information portfolio the basis for modern economic science and define prospects in further research in this area.

1.3 Formation and preservation of human capital at regional level

Formed or developed as a result of investments and accumulated a reserve man health, knowledge, skills, abilities, motivation and other qualities, which deliberately used in a particular area of economic activity, contributes to productivity growth and thus affect the growth of its income owner called human capital.

It should be noted that the preservation and restoration of health, education and education, development of individual skills are a kind of investment in human capital, which increase the productive capacities of man, and then, and its productivity. Research conducted by scientists in developed countries; amply demonstrate their high efficiency, which often exceeds the efficiency of investment in physical capital. The theory of human capital in these countries was a turning point in the motivation of human development trends in relation to the social sectors to ensure that development (education, health, culture, etc.), particularly in terms of their resources [24, p. 98].

Admittedly, investment in human capital is an important factor in economic development, a key factor productivity growth and efficiency in general.

Development of human capital is closely interrelated with socio-economic development and the level of security people in the country [21, p. 157].

A negative trend in the social and economic life of Ukraine and differentiation of regional development indicate that no such protection and social security infiltrations, which are the consequences of poor performance of state and regional management of social processes. Among the major social threats are:

A. Immaturity of the middle class. The experience of foreign countries shows that the strengthening position of the middle class is only possible in parallel with the development of human capital and providing valuable feedback on its operation.

2. Low purchasing power due to low purchasing power by unjustifiably low value of the national labor force that does not provide a decent level and quality of life in Ukraine. However, the low return on human capital to its owners reduces the incentives to accumulation of the capital.

3. Lack of environment preservation and development of human potential through poor state of social infrastructure and low level of innovative education and creative activity of citizens. It is known that in developed countries, there are flexible and enabling programs to attract skilled workers. And according to experts outside Ukraine is about 30% of Ukrainian scientists enriching the science and economics of foreign countries [8, p. 21].

4. Crisis in financing the social sphere, which is due to the lack of guaranteed obligations of the state for financial support of social services at the regional level, the permanent under-funding and ineffective mechanisms expenditures of local budgets, lack of local officials incentives to search for additional sources of funding.

5. Development of negative demographic trends in relation to low health, reduced life expectancy and more.

6. Improving living standards in Ukraine and reach European standards of life are crucial factors for the maintenance and development of human capital. Important role in its formation play a direct investment in education and training, health, information search and mobility of human resources.

7. The real state of affairs regarding the use of human capital in Ukraine analyze the example of the Rovno region [8, p. 23].

Trends of human resources and capabilities of human capital formation in the Khmelnytsk region showed that the overall decrease in the population of Ukraine, Khmelnytsk population as of December 1, 2010 amounted to 1152.7 thousand persons, and since the year 1051 increased by person [38].

But, despite the fact that Khmelnytsk had a positive natural population growth, it rapidly reduced the number of economically active population, which means inevitably reduce the supply of labor and increasing the number of economically inactive people and children.

Low living standards, and hazardous working conditions, degradation of natural resources, lack of calorie foods, lack of access to medical services and drugs are accompanied by deteriorating health, which affects the quantitative and qualitative indicators of human development.

As in Ukraine, human capital is primarily in the form of higher educational level of population, the study found that the qualification of the regional human resources are among the highest in Western Ukraine. In Khmelnytsk over 50 thousand students in 34 schools of I-IV level of accreditation, which employs 52 doctors and 750 candidates involved in scientific and technological research and development. The network of regional education and skills of research and teaching faculty is quite sufficient to ensure the educational qualification of human resources needed for a modern economy. Scientists study of the region have established links with relevant educational institutions in Poland, Germany, USA, France, Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Algeria, Canada, Russia, Belarus, and such ties promote further integration of the region in the world of science [38].

These data confirm the high educational and professional potential of the region and quite a significant amount of accumulated human capital. It is well known that the formation of more compact groups with high and quality education and providing appropriate return on its use:

- Firstly, increasing economic, labor and creative activity of the population that has a positive effect on socio-economic processes in the region, increase performance and competitiveness of the workforce;

- Second, workers with higher education have the opportunity to earn more, including much smaller share of low wages;

- Thirdly, provides an opportunity to use innovative technology in manufacturing;

- Fourth, expanding resource opportunities, creating conditions for economic development;

- Fifth, increases productivity through greater possibilities of technical equipment of enterprises of high technology products, creative and individual attitudes to work, its better organization [6, p. 152].

At the same time, human capital formation at the region faces some problems, among them distinguished:

- Low level of financial return on human capital;

- Lack of opportunities a quality education and vocational education, training in production that does not stimulate development of human capital [3, p. 147].

The main element of the return on human capital and a source of satisfaction of material and partly spiritual needs are wages, which in most cost-employed people are now low and does not fulfill its stimulating function, despite the fact that in 2010 average wages in the Khmelnytsk region increased against the level in 2009 to 24.3% (20% growth in Ukraine) and amounted to 1960 UAH.

Low return on human capital creates another problem, such as low per capita incomes, low life, undermining the economic foundations of human capital formation.

Thus, this competitive advantage as vocational and educational level of the Ukrainian labor force is unstable; there is a real threat of losing it. Under these conditions and to ensure that social security is necessary to develop the perfect mechanism for reconciling the interests of states and regions, forming a system of priorities of the state, taking into account regional specifics and the personnel policy of enterprises. Priority should be placed so as to not only preserve existing human potential, but also ensure its formation and development.

These measures will help ensure that the necessary conditions for the formation and preservation of human capital to create a sustainable mechanism for the development of state and regional economies, improving the welfare of Ukraine to achieve European standards of living. Also, keep in mind that when dealing with excessive inter-regional disparities in socio-economic development problems and human capital formation regions, effective measures are also indirect regulation aimed at improving the investment climate, infrastructure, job creation, simplification of registration and reporting entities.

2. STATE OF HUMAN CAPITAL in Khmelnytsk area

2.1 Status and conditions of human capital development in Ukraine Khmelnytsk area

The main burden on the stage of development of human resources person yang age in Ukraine relies on family households. However, as research has shown, financial resources of the vast majority of households with children, very small. According to the survey of household living in Ukraine in 2010, the average per household member total cost amounted to 1040 UAH. month in urban households - 1125 USD. in the village - 861 USD. Number of people whose income is less than the subsistence minimum is gradually reduced, but a lot - 25.5% employees. Average monthly total cost of a household with children accounted for 2704 USD. for 9 months. 2010, which is 5% higher than in the corresponding period in 2008 Most of these costs was directed at food - 52% of education is - only 1.7%.

Of all the total household expenditures accounted for 88% of consumer spending (in January - September 2008 - 80%). When purchasing food goods and services (excluding the cost of eating out) sent a third of all household expenses.

To purchase consumer goods and services (excluding the cost of eating out) monthly household directed 32% of total costs. On housing, gas, water accounted for 9%, to update the wardrobe - 5% to other areas of consumption (health care, transportation, communications, for the purchase of household items, current housing, leisure and culture, education ) - from 3% to 1.4% of total costs [29, p. 36].

Real income (GDP per capita GVA, their distribution, the possibility of population that has children, invest in education) are crucial for the formation of human capital in Ukraine. The volume of GDP per capita and comparing the characteristics of human capital in Ukraine and a number of developed countries shows significant features not in favor of Ukrainian society.

In our view, it follows that we should focus on households as an important factor of development of human capital, that create economic and social conditions to improve household incomes, especially those with children. It is necessary to improve the overall social and economic indicators, including GDP per capita, legislation to ensure more equitable distribution of national income between various population groups, social groups, to provide equal opportunities to everyone who needs it and wants to gain knowledge, get the necessary medical assistance to strengthen health, develop their abilities, etc. Only on this basis can be introduced lending (interest free) education, education for the state budget and upgrade physical infrastructure of educational institutions to ensure implementation of all educational institutions of the latest advances in the educational process and an effective system of quality control training, etc. .

In fact, in Ukraine's transition to a market economy and based on the nature of the actions and interests of participants in this process, the state can affect a fair and rational distribution of resources, financial flows, and thus significantly increase the possibility of forming competitive workforce by increasing opportunities, especially of the population, create and play is necessary for the country's human capital. To assess the extent feasible, should consider the condition and the possibility of its formation in Ukraine and its regions, based on state statistics data, the following important factors: financial capacity of the family in the upbringing and education of children, public funding for the development of human capital improvement and education.

First, to analyze the dynamics of base formation of human capital of the country - the general population and its distribution by age groups in Ukraine and its regions.

So, on January 1, 2010 resident population of Ukraine was 45.9 million against 51.9 million in 1991. That is the basis for human capital formation decreased by 11%. Population under working age is 14.1% of the total. Higher than average in Ukraine this index (17,2-20,7%) with Vinnitsa, Zhitomir, Ivano-Frankovsk, Lvov, Rovno and Ternopol regions. Close to the average other regions, except in Donetsk, Sumy, Kharkov, Chernigov regions, where the proportion of the population yang age is much lower than the average (13-13,9%) [33].

The social development of these 7071 thousand people under working age, requires significant investments to human capital formation. However, a significant lack of investment observed in the youngest age groups. Thus, according to statistics, the number of pre-school institutions decreased from 24.5 thousand in 1990 to 15.5 thousand - at the end of 2010, and the number of children who were in these institutions - more than twice (in 1990 was - 2,428 thousand persons in 2010 - 1214 thousand). The number of children covered by these institutions, the percentage of children of appropriate age, barely decreased - 57% in 1990, and 56% at the end of 2010, which also shows the corresponding reduction of children in this age group for the period.

According to statistics, the number of trained skilled workers (graduates) in vocational education in Ukraine in 2011 amounted to 239.4 thousand to 266.8 thousand in 2000, is declined during this period by 10%. At the same time in the Khmelnytsk region during this time their number has decreased from 15.5 thousand to 10.0 thousand, by 35%. According to State Statistics Committee of Ukraine, the number of higher educational establishments and II levels of accreditation at the beginning of 2010/2011 teach. in comparison with 1990/1991 teach. was reduced by more than 31% (from 742 to 511 institutions), the number of students enrolled in these years was 354.2 thousand to 757 thousand people, in Khmelnytsk region of these institutions fell from 49 to 33, in these students from 55.6 thousand to 22.8 thousand, 2.4 times [33].

The number of universities III, IV accreditation was in 2010/2011 teaches. was 350 against 149 in 1990/91 teach. , the number of students they have respectively reached 2245.2 thousand against 881.3 thousand, the number of establishments increased by 2.3 and the number of students by 2.5 times. In Khmelnytsk region remains similar trend: the number of universities III, IV accreditation levels increased 1.7 times (from 22 to 37 schools), and they had the number of students increased almost 2-fold (from 128.7 to 244.7 thousand ) [33].

Every year the percentage of students enrolled in higher education for a fee.

Thus, as evidenced by these data, in Ukraine in general the pace of training professional and technical personnel, specialists with higher education in quantitative terms, not decreased. It remains unclear circumstances as training and professionals is essential for the formation of competitive human capital mobility, national experts, the ability to quickly re-orientated in the field of new technologies that dynamically change to adapt to new conditions of production, seize new technological equipment, improve their skills, etc. This aspect is important training in new occupations and postgraduate programs. According to statistics, in 2008 in Ukraine, studied new occupations 310.8 thousand, or 2.7% discount to the number of staff, improve skills 1071.2 thousand people, or 9.2% discount to the number of staff [33].

In Khmelnytsk region studied, new professions in 2008 - 16 thousand persons or 2.2% discount to the number of staff, improve skills - 62.5 thousand people, or 8.6% discount to employees.

Given that the period of updating technology in developed countries is 2-3 years, the percentage of people covered by the training for new occupations and retraining of workers in our country too low and should reach 25 to 30% per year, which is of paramount importance for formation of the quality of human capital and its adaptation to the conditions of globalization, the international division of labor.

That is, as shown by studies, question the quality of formation and development of human capital as in the working age groups and in groups yang age are problematic. Give a complete and objective assessment of the competitiveness of human capital of Ukraine, some of its regions with a set of specific performance under current conditions is almost impossible: there are only certain substantive development and characteristics in terms of the level of general and special education. But the conclusion of many researchers, and we share this view, we can give completely objective assessment based on the investments that are invested in human capital, as in generalizing the main indicator - GDP per capita, and on specific economic indicators that directly influence the formation of human capital, namely costs, the cost due to savings, those costs that determine the economic part of the quality of life. The quality of life and ensure human health at all stages of its development, opportunities to receive education, training, employment skills, develop a natural ability to increase its mobility (the ability to quickly adapt to new circumstances), etc. Overall, the economy and its component - the labor market determines the development of competitiveness and people are interdependent with human capital.

The study of theoretical and methodological principles of labor market in terms of adaptation to globalization and human capital development, the formation of competitive labor are undoubtedly important in the regions. In this case, consider the status and opportunities for development of human capital in the Brussels region.

Population in Khmelnytsk region to start in 2010 amounted to 2782.4 thousand to 3194.8 thousand in 1991. That fell over this period by almost 13%, and thus on the same amount of base decreased the formation of labor and human capital region. According to statistical data analysis, pre-school education in 2010 covered 64.8 thousand children. Compared with 2006 the number increased in 2008 to 12.3%. In the field work in 2010/2011 teach. , the 919 secondary schools, which enrolled 234.1 thousand students. In 54 vocational schools studied, 18.8 thousand students. In higher education institutions of all accreditation levels studied area 267.5 thousand people, which is 7% less than in 2006 (287.5 thousand). Increased training of specialists of higher qualification: Ph.D. in 2007 were 996 against persons - 511 in 1991, doctors of sciences in 2007 - 61 person against 3 persons in 1991 [35].

It is important to healthy individuals yang age, the first stage of formation and development of human capital. In 2010 in Khmelnytsk Oblast worked 863 children's recreation facilities, including 40-of-town children's recreation facilities and 2 camp sanatorium.

That is, we can conclude that the basic criteria provided in some regions, like in Ukraine in general, are unsatisfactory and not conducive to the formation of competitive human capital yang age. This conclusion is logical, since the expected costs of formation and development of human capital limited economic capabilities of the state, and they, as research has shown (egg, gross domestic product per capita) is 5-7 times lower than in the developed world Cain.

Analysis of the formation and development of human capital in the Khmelnytsk region II stage, groups of people who are of working age and is largely covered teaching in secondary schools, vocational and higher educational institutions of different levels of accreditation indicates that they are inherent in Basically, the same trends as for Ukraine as a whole. Yes, there is a general tendency to reduce the number of learners in secondary schools, vocational and higher education.

Thus, assessing the current state of competitiveness of human capital - labor, we can state:

- Ukraine still has quite high by international estimates, the education index (0.92) and level of competitiveness of workers - due to the presence of high-tech industries in engineering, aerospace industry, which remained from the former Soviet Union;

- Ukraine has lost a large number of highly skilled workers due to external migration, during the same period of stagnation of industry decreased quality of labor, was replacing a large number of high-tech jobs for low-quality labor force, go wash the pressure of foreign corporations, jobs with high technology with appropriate degradation of human capital;

- Difficult economic situation of many high-tech industries also led to the loss of highly skilled workers and reduce the competitiveness of those remaining;

- The whole Ukrainian society is at this stage are limited opportunities for reproduction and human capital development of proper quality: low (in 5-8 times less than in developed countries) GDP per capita, as a result leads to a decrease in base play (reduction population of the country), human capital leads to lower competitiveness of the national workforce;

- Good thing is to maintain the database of educational training, but it requires a substantial strengthening of logistics;

- Lack of economic development does not allow to provide fair, differentiated pay for employees with a level that would meet European indices.

2.2 Analysis of Human Capital

The economic crisis has shown that in Ukraine through inconsistency "in choosing a strategy of economic reforms," the failure of employment by easing regulatory and coordination functions at the national, regional and local levels, non-legal, financial, billing and labor discipline, "failure to state regulation of employment population and so there are no effective mechanisms of influence on social and labor sphere. Declared in January 2009 amendments to the Law of Ukraine "On employment" [36] - restrictions on social and labor sphere, creating opportunities for working people receive high wages and profits, saving achieved employment and tackling unemployment, providing financial assistance to Unemployment - not conducive to effective employment and preservation of the workforce in times of crisis and do not correspond to real conditions. It does not account for what the labor market is a means of coordination of interests of employers and employees, it is the socio-economic subsystem in the system of market relations, which is based on the balance of demand and supply of labor that characterizes the level of employment in general and the state of its institutions is an instrument regulating relations workers, labor market and employers. The above inconsistency in times of crisis in Ukraine brought to the fore a range of problems in the use of human capital.

Analysis of statistical data and other sources of information allowed in general an idea of the problems in the labor market Brussels, which appeared during the economic crisis. This made it possible to compare data in pre-crisis and crisis periods with certain trends and characteristics that have developed in recent years in the labor market area. Over the past few years, the economic activity of population in the Khmelnytsk region gradually began to increase. The level of the economically active population in 2010 decreased by 2.1% compared with 2000, despite the fact that in previous years was available another trend - the tendency to increase (by 0.8% in 2009, 0.1 % in 2008, 0.6% in 2007 compared to 2000). But this positive trend in recent years began to decline from 2009 [31]

For professional groups demand and labor supply has a slightly different form, so the load on one job in 2008-2009 varies depending on the scope. The greatest stress occurs in agriculture and forestry, fish farming and fishing (191 at 17 in 2006) and the smallest in trade and services (13 at 15 in 2006).

The level of registered unemployment in the Khmelnytsk region. of 01.01.2010 amounts to 2.4% at 3% in all regions of Ukraine. So, in this short period of unemployment in the level reached in 2007 and there is a tendency to deterioration. Total for Ukraine for the period 2009-2010, the unemployment rate of economically active working age population on average is 1.8%, load it on one job increased by 7-8 persons despite the fact that the dynamics of the main indicators of labor suggests that labor market Khmelnytsk region. in 2008 compared to 2007, resulted in an increase in economic activity of population aged 15-70 years. The number of persons in accordance with the methodology (ILO) classified as unemployed decreased, and persons employed economic activity, increased. The increase was due to the arrival of the labor of people of retirement age, of which relatively in 2007 increased by 10.6%. Thus, the economic turmoil in the global economy affected the socio-economic situation in Ukraine and its regions and reflected throughout the system using the human capital of the country.

Analyzing the dynamics of labor demand in some economic activities, determined that the industry in 2010 was needed - 620 people, which is 42.5% less than in 2009, in trade, the -2010 - 148 that 10.4% more than in 2009, the financial activity - in 2010 - 20, which is 54.5% less than in 2009, in Public Administration - in 2010 - 82, which is 46.4% less than in 2009; in Education - 2010 - 40, which is 62% less than in 2009, thus trend fluctuations of the total available labor demand for these types of economic activity.

Another significant feature of the crisis of 2009-2010 is that in order to preserve human capital ever used this form as underemployment. The enterprises and organizations in the application of a reduced working day (week) in comparison with 2008 year increased on average 2.4 times. At 41.6% the number of employees who were granted administrative leaves.

These trends in the labor market area also affected the level and structure of remuneration of employees. Overall in 2010 the average monthly nominal wage amounted to 1873 UAH (Ukraine 1806 USD), which is 5.9% exceeded the corresponding figure in 2009. The above change was generally due to increasing wages and rising living wage for able-bodied people. Index of nominal wages in 2010 was 105.9% against 133.7% in 2009, and real - 90.6% versus 106.2% in 2009

In Ukraine, the amount of unpaid wages on August 1, 2010. amounted to 1559.0 million. Arrears of wages in Khmelnytsk region. on 01.08.2010r. is: the economically active enterprises - 86,670 of a bankrupt - 36,579ths of economically inactive companies - 2,466ths.

These are some negative effects of the economic crisis and highlighted certain trends in the use of human capital as Ukraine in general and in the Khmelnytsk region. The result was a recession:

1) at the Khmelnytsk region.: Increase citizens who are registered in the State employment service, increase in unemployment of the economically active population and, consequently, increasing the load on each vacancy, fluctuations in demand and labor supply, depending on scope.

2) at the level of enterprises and organizations to reduce the number of employees of enterprises and organizations, increasing the number of enterprises and organizations, which used a shortened working day (week) and increase the number of employees who were granted administrative leave, aggravation of the situation in the settlements with employees.

Thus, these and other effects of the economic crisis in Ukraine and its regions wiped out all the positive trends in the use of human capital in recent years. It will take considerable time before the unemployment rate will drop to an acceptable level, and motivation in the system of work will be positive developments. The situation on the labor market Brussels, has significant negative trends that are predicted to get worse in the future.

2.3 Impact of economic and demographic factors on human capital formation region

Khmelnytsk region belongs to a group of poorly urbanized oblasts, the proportion of urban residents is significantly lower rate nationwide. Kamenets HIodilskyy, Slavutych, Starokostyantynovsky, Shepetovsky and Khmelnytsk regions with relatively low Urbanities, as the city-regional centers derived from the area - a city of regional significance[30].

Regional labor market quickly reacted to the general deterioration of the financial and economic situation in Ukraine as well as in 2009-2010, an increase in the number of unemployed who are registered, and is 8,104 persons or 18.4%. Despite the increasing number of unemployed, the need for enterprises in the field of workers also increased slightly and is 242 people, representing 9.9% at a load of unemployed per vacancy, 18 people.

Such artificial withdrawal from the districts of cities where they have administrative, economic and cultural centers affects all indexes district and impedes the development of its rural areas.

During the last 5 years the urban population in the region increased by 0.2%, the rural population decreased by 8.5% (in Ukraine, these figures were 1.6 and 5.5%), showing a tendency migration of rural population in the city, as the number of cities in this time has not changed.

Quite numerous remains rural population - reserve addi ¬ tions of the incident workforce to accommodate a new industry.

As the number of working-age population, among the administrative units of mass area place a considerable disproportion. At an average number of working-age population in the region 58.2% in Netishyn - 70.7% in Slavutsky area - 49.2% and then remains uneven and demographic pressure.