Investment of human resource in the economy of the Khmelnytsk area

The region is characterized by considerable demographic pressure on the working-age population that is above average.

In recent years demographic pressure is quite noticeable, especially for older people of working age. In Khmelnytsk in 2010 for every 1000 people of working age fell in the mid 717 disabled persons in rural areas the figure of glass gave ¬ 947 people. It should be noted that the rate of demographic loading in the Khmelnytsk region is among the highest after Chernigov and Vinnitsa regions. There are quite significant disparities in this indicator in the administrative-territorial units of the region and among urban and rural population. The chart shows the greatest disparity on the number of disabled people working in 1000.

Among the districts biggest load of 1,000 people of working age in Slavutsky (1032 persons), Starokonstyanhynivskomu (1008 people) and traveling along (1009 people) Vinkovetsky (1054 individuals) (Table 3.10). Of course, this situation is negative, because in these conditions there is a curtailment of production (Table 2.3).

The situation in rural areas of demographic load is quite dramatic. In 8 parts per thousand workers account for more than a thousand is not working by age, and in view of the unemployed, the figure looks even worse (see Table 2.4) [31].

These processes also affect the budgeting matched, in turn, creates problems in the pension system. Thus, the cost of living forces of childbearing, working contingent of rural population are not aimed at updating the younger generation and the maintenance of parents and grandparents, as evidenced by indicators of narrowing demographic base reproduction of the rural population. Without stimulating small business development in rural areas to keep the situation is not possible.

These processes also affect the formation of the budget, which in turn creates problems in the pension system. Thus, the cost of living forces of childbearing, working contingent of rural population are not aimed at updating the younger generation and the maintenance of parents and grandparents, as evidenced by indicators of narrowing demographic base reproduction of the rural population. Without stimulating small business development in rural areas to keep the situation is not possible.

The most important parameters that characterize the population reproduction are relative indicators are calculated based on the ratio of birth and death. So versatile in ¬ indicator is the coefficient of vitality and rate of natural increase (decrease) per thousand people. Overall, from 1990, the general trend characterized by increasing natural population reduction and decreases the coefficient of vitality. If in 1990 to 1,000 residents of rural areas initial reduction was 8.1 persons, whereas in 2005 this figure reached 15.8, and in 2010 dropped to 12.1 persons (Table 2.5).

3. Ways and directions ADVANCEMENT OF HUMAN CAPITAL

3.1 Ways of reproduction of human capital

The international community recognizes the investment in human capital as the most favorable for the growth of competitiveness of national economy and, consequently, to strengthen the state, because they provide a significant volume, long time and integral economic and social impact. That human capital stimulates growth and development - both directly (contributing to the growth of knowledge production, enterprise development, which is intensively used in practice innovations) and indirectly (by more efficient use of capital are excess personnel and investment in human capital that leads to growth and development, and thus prevents the occurrence of crises in the business).

The most important investments in human capital spending is on education. The cost of education at all levels, accounting for budget financing is not irreversible, but necessary costs of education of the younger generation - it is an investment in human capital, bringing economic and social impact. Education and professional qualifications are considered as an integral part of intellectual property rights of private human capital that revenue.

It highlights the following facts of our life as continuing high competitions to prestigious universities provided the contract learning, opening many private educational institutions, promotion of literature for self-education and so on.

Despite this, Ukraine has considerable intellectual potential (130-140 billion dollars)., It is not fully used in production. These are the data of GDP per capita in the country and wages that are among the lowest in the world.

This situation in economy and science led to the fact that since the independence of Ukraine has left about 200 scientists. According to the World Bank's human capital in national wealth is 60-70% when the basic production funds of 10-20%. Therefore, investment in human capital must exceed the investment in fixed assets. The development of the education system in Ukraine directed significant material and financial resources. The main source of financing these costs are state and local budgets. So in 2009, spending on education amounted to almost 19% of the consolidated budget or 6.4% of GDP.

In modern conditions, special attention should be paid to the improvement of educational content with the new socio-economic conditions, development of science and technology.

An important element of state policy has state requirements to improve the educational process. Only basic knowledge properly correlated with the level and pace of scientific and technological progress and competitiveness of the global community.

Human capital is created as in the public sector through public and private investment, and on a personal level in the sense that spending time and labor for self-development and self-future owner of human capital is absolutely necessary for growth of capital. These private costs must then be included in the social cost of the reproductive process, as the accumulated stock of knowledge, skills and other productive traits of man can be realized and appreciated only in the society through the active role of the owner.

Investments in human capital are divided:

- Firstly, the real and secondly, the realized and embodied in people. The first group includes all costs necessary for the formation of physical and human development;

- To others - accumulated costs of education and training, some health care costs immobility labor [19, p. 190].

Feature not real investment is that despite its invisible nature, these costs, increasing knowledge and experience of people contribute to increased productivity of capital embodied in people. Evaluating investments in education should be considered as a category of lost earnings, as the study of adults treated as exclusion from the scope of industry workforce that already have accumulated human capital and could be profitable. Investment in human capital are accompanied and moral losses of workers in the loss of free time, strain and stress during exams, certification of personnel, change of residence for the preparation, training or retraining, or to change the environment.

Index value of the cost of staff development business is absolute, so its use in analysis and decision making is limited. In this respect, is more practical indicators share the cost of staff development in total labor costs, the share of expenditure on staff development in total sales organization or enterprise. They are calculated as a percentage by dividing the total amount of expenditure on staff development for the overall labor costs or sales of enterprise.

Direct material costs for staff development multifaceted and complex. In the management of staff development they must be considered from various aspects. For qualifying features of direct costs for staff development, the main ones are: phase reproduction of the labor force, the level of investor, the purpose of the costs, funding sources, the nature of cost, time, cost recovery, commitment, feasibility of increasing or reducing costs, etc. [14, with. 218].

It should be noted that the basic costs of enterprises and occur in a phase of labor. This is the cost of maintaining high professional qualification of employees, their production adaptation, certification of personnel and planning his labor career training when changing profile of employment or mastered a new technique. In terms of market value increases costs by individuals and enterprise funds. A special place is occupied by indirect costs, which include investment in a high-performance workplaces and reduce areas of manual unskilled labor, those indirectly related to staff development.

In determining the effectiveness of vocational training is unacceptable to distinguish between its economic and social efficiency, they should be considered in close relationship. Increasing economic efficiency is not possible by reducing the social, as reflected in the social results of economic impact.

Consequently, for Ukraine, as opposed to economically developed countries, characterized by a significant inadequacy between education and GDP, indicating a diminished level of opportunities for development and productive use of human capital. That is necessary to create favorable economic and social conditions for the formation and reproduction of highly motivated and skilled workforce, which transformation fully in human capital.

3.2 Investing as a method of improving human capital formation

Human capital is the most attractive area of investment. For example, in the U.S. during the postwar period the average real rate of return of capital up 4% and the rate of return on higher education - 12.8%. The importances of human capital in society indicate the following: human resources as a source that provides welfare of every member of society, accounting for 70 to 80%. Up to 40% of GDP in most developed countries are the result of an effective education system [18, p.17].

In the general sense all types of investments in people, which can be evaluated in monetary form or another and have a sensible nature that contribute to increased productivity and increased personalized income person can be identified as an investment in human capital.

Investments in human capital (investment in human capital) can lead to positive change some of its components or even components of human capital at all levels.

Of course, with all types of investment in human capital is the most important investments in health, general and special education (including lifelong training at work). Health expenditure (spending on disease prevention, health care, adequate nutrition, better housing, etc.) create conditions for improving the quality of human capital and its effective use.

A feature of such investment in human capital is that these costs indirectly increase the knowledge and experiences of people contribute to increased productivity of capital embodied in people. General and professional education improves quality, enhances knowledge and stock rights, thereby increasing the volume and quality of human capital.

It is proved that pre-school, primary and secondary educations are of particular importance in shaping the intellectual level of human capital, its qualitative features, increase the level of knowledge. At these stages lays the initial stock of human capital in society and formed the basis for its further development and enrichment.

Investments in higher education, vocational-technical education not only promote the formation of highly qualified workers and specialists, but also because of their use, provide more rapid economic development.

Investment in health promotion also of great importance for the individual, also provide development and effective use of human potential, also increases the possibility of obtaining additional revenues. On the other hand, the strong physical and psychological healths are essential for education and professional skills.

If we consider the participation of the state to invest in human capital (education, health, activity in culture and sports), it may be noted that for the last four years, investments in education at the expense of state budget fluctuated within 15,2-21, 3% of total investment in fixed assets by economic activity, to upgrade health and social care - within 14,2-23,3% in activity in culture and sport, recreation and entertainment - within 11 ,2-24, 4%. Every economic activity the state share is about one fifth of that for socio - targeted areas is unacceptable.

As you know, knowledge, and professional and general under the influence of NTP changes that become obsolete and need updating, and this can be achieved through continuous education. In a globalized world facing Ukraine are increasingly higher demands in education, especially the constant improvement of the quality level of general and professional training of each employee. This increase in educational level of workers would allow them to better adapt to labor under conditions of accelerated development of science, technology and modern technology, which is characteristic of the globalized world.

Thus, the main features of investment in human capital are:

1) Return on investment in human capital depends on the use and the quality and duration of these investments. The earlier made these investments, the better and longer they are, the longer and longer to effect them.

2) The social benefits of investment in human capital exceeds the amount of benefits received by each individual separately. Individual benefits determined by the size of income, and social - the size of GDP.

3) The dependence of the nature, scope and types of investment in people of historical, national, cultural features and traditions of people and their mentality.

4) Physical and moral deterioration of human capital, which explains the natural aging (physical deterioration) and economic aging (mental deterioration). But human capitals, unlike physical, during use, not only wear but also enriched by the acquisition by man of professional experience, even without special investments.

5) Human capital has a much longer investment period (egg, duration of training may reach 12 - 20 years) compared to individuals (1.5 -2 years).

6) Investment in human capital has a higher degree of risk and uncertainty than the physical. By virtue of entering characteristics of the human factor, namely, individual interests and benefits of people, their interest, responsibility, outlook, overall culture [17, p. 378].

7) Investment in human capital gives a long time, considerable scope and nature of the integral for economic and social impact.

8) Regardless of the source of investment income from investments has tripartite effect: for the state in the form of GDP for the enterprise as the main technical and economic indicators for the individual as income.

9) Investment in human capital can not be temporary or one-off nature, because it reduces their overall effectiveness. Unlike physical capital, investment in human capital takes place throughout the duration of his vehicle, or the effectiveness of such investments is reduced or absent.

10) Investment in human capital return is several times higher return than savings in material production [17, p. 379].

Certainly, investment in human capital involves prosecution for any investor benefits for themselves directly, and for third parties. For example, the employee is raising incomes, more job satisfaction, increased social status, better working conditions, increase self-esteem. For the employer - increased productivity reduced lost work time and increase labor efficiency.

Improving education provides increased labor efficiency officer or by the growth of labor productivity, or a knowledge that make it capable of such employment, the results of which represent great value. For the state - improving people's welfare, an increase of ox national product, increasing the level of economic development, increase public activity.

So, for the development of human capital necessary significant costs and various kinds of resources from both the individual and by the society (government agencies, private companies, families and others).

Thus, an investment in human capital is an important prerequisite for its purposeful formation. It acquired human capital - is not only investing but also more active work of the individual, institutions, enterprises and the state. Investing in human capital will keep many kinds of valuable resources in the domestic economy, and thus make a significant breakthrough in the economy by increasing the competitiveness of domestic enterprises. At the same time, underinvestment effect on reducing the competitiveness of manufacturers and direct the future of our country. In comparison with investments in various other forms of capital, investment in human capital is the most beneficial both in terms of the individual, and in terms of society because they provide a vast, long time and cumulative in nature economic and social effect.

3.3 Areas of efficient use of human capital

Development of human capital is influenced by several factors, important among which are taken by economic and social. The study of economic factors, including their impact on human capital sufficient attention. There is a problem - increase the amount of accumulated human capital and ensure its effective use. Human capital is associated with the development of the individual, improving its quality rice. This is done through education and vocational education, information provision, health, recreation. To study and effective use of human capital necessary to examine its structure, this identifies four key elements: knowledge and productive skills, health, motivation, mobility. A factor formation and development of human capital is the demographic, socio-economic, industrial, institutional, social and mental.

Human capital is formed following items that require continuous improvement and effective management:

A. Education. High level of education in Ukraine is not yet provide the appropriate level of income. There is a need to improve the level and quality of educational services to the population, the motivation to get it to further its effective utilization. In this respect, pay attention to training employees in the requirements of scientific and technological development and innovation, increase profits and wages. The benefit of having people with the highest level of education is not only the individual, but society in general.

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