Study of the amino acids composition of Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad

Qualitative composition and quantitative content of amino acids in the Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad herb

One of the important tasks of modern pharmacy is the search for new sources of BAС for the creation of drugs based on them with different pharmacological directions. Plants of the genus Kochia Roth can be classified as promising and understudied plants. Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad. (syn. Kochia alata Bates, syn. Bassia scoparia (L.) A.J. Scott) is an annual, herbaceous, xerophytic, ornamental plant (Seitimova, 2016). Scientists have conflicting views on the issue of taxonomy of plants of the Kochia Roth genus. Most scientists believe that these plants belong to Amaranthaceae Juss. (Wei, 2021; Todorovic, 2022). However, some adhere to the outdated classification and refer them to the family Chenopodiaceae Vent. (Seitimova, 2016; El-Shamy, 2012; Kumar, 2019).

In traditional Chinese medicine, the fruits of Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad are used to treat skin diseases, eczema, rubella, diabetes, enuresis and rheumatoid arthritis (El-Shamy, 2012; Seitimova, 2016). In Korean and Japanese traditional medicine, extracts from the above-ground part of this plant are recommended to lower serum glucose levels, as an acaricidal agent against Tetranychus urticae Koch and an antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, and anti-allergic agent (El-Shamy, 2012). Kazakh scientists also reported the cardiotonic and diuretic effects of extracts from the aerial part of this plant (Seitimova, 2016). It is known from scientific sources that Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad accumulates triterpenoid glycosides, alkaloids, saponins and essential oil, the main components of which are terpenoids (El- Shamy, 2012). The stems and leaves of this plant contain essential nutrients such as protein, fiber, carbohydrates, as well as carotenoids, ascorbic and nicotinic acids, thiamin, riboflavin and trace elements (Al-Snafi, 2018). There is very little information on the amino acid composition of Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad in the literature. It is known that about 19 amino acids accumulate in the seeds of this plant, including tryptophan, tyrosine, phenylalanine, methionine, glutamine, ornithine, cysteine, asparagine, lysine, leucine and threonine (Wei, 2021; Houlihan et al., 2019). A group of Kazakh and Pakistani researchers investigated the amino acid composition of a related species of Kochia prostrata. During the analysis, 20 amino acids were identified in the aerial part of this plant, including ornithine and oxyproline. Arginine (3.32%) and leucine (3.20%) prevailed among the essential amino acids in this raw material (Seitimova, 2016). Therefore, the study of the amino acid composition of the Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad herb for its in-depth study is relevant.

The purpose of our study. The purpose of the study was the study of the qualitative composition and determination of the quantitative content of amino acids of the Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad herb.

Research materials and methods. For conducting the experiment, we used air-dried herb of the Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad, harvested in 2020-2021 in the Kharkiv region. The identification and determination of the quantitative content of amino acids wer carried out by the method of ion-exchange liquid column chromatography on an automatic amino acid analyzer T 339 in the hydrolysates of the Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad herb. The hydrolysate was prepared using 1.0 g (exact weight) of raw material of the Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad and 6 N hydrochloric acid solution. After removal of hydrochloric acid, the dry residue was dissolved in 0.3 N lithium-citrate buffer with a pH of 2.2 and applied to an ion exchange column of an amino acid analyzer. Photocell signals were recorded by a selfrecording potentiometer in the form of chromatograms. The area of the peaks on the chromatograms was calculated and compared with the area of the peaks of amino acids with a known concentration, based on which the absolute amount of each amino acid in the analyzed sample was calculated (Kyslychenko, 2019; Alrikabi, 2021).

Amino acid content in pM (X,) was calculated according to the formula:

Х, = S, / S ,

11 o'

where S, - the area of the amino acid peak in the studied sample; S_o - the peak area of the amino acid in a solution of standard amino acids, the amount of each amino acid in which corresponds to 1 pM.

To express the content in mg, the obtained amount of pM amino acid was multiplied by its corresponding molecular weight (Kyslychenko, 2019; Alrikabi, 2021).

Research results and discussion. In the course of the experiment, 18 amino acids were identified in the cochineal herb, of which 9 were classified as essential (lysine, histidine, arginine, threonine, valine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, and phenylalanine). The qualitative composition and quantitative content of amino acids in the herb of the Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad are shown in the table 1.

The total content of amino acids in the herb of the Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad was 685.69 mg/g. About a third of them were essential amino acids (208.40 mg/g).

Glutamic acid was accumulated in the most amount in the studied raw material. Its content was 207.62 mg/g. The content of aspartic acid (120.94 mg/g) was almost twice as low. Tyrosine (53.77 mg/g) was accumulated almost 4 times less than glutamic acid in Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad herb. The content of alanine (30.86 mg/g) and proline (30.49 mg/g) was almost at the same level. Leucine prevailed among the essential amino acids in the studied object. Its content was 52.52 mg/g. The content of lysine was slightly lower and amounted to 46.11 mg/g. The content of arginine (23.17 mg/g) was almost twice as low as the content of lysine in this object. Phenylalanine (32.96 mg/g) accumulated in the studied raw materials almost 1.5 times less than leucine. The content of valine (15.57 mg/g), histidine (14.76 mg/g) and isoleucine (17.51 mg/g) in the Kochia scoparia

(L.) Schrad herb did not differ much. These compounds contained almost three times less than leucine. The content of serine and glycine ranged from 10 to 25 mg/g. The content of gamma-aminobutyric acid, cysteine, methionine and threonine did not exceed 5 mg/g.

Conclusions

Using the method of ion-exchange liquid column chromatography, 18 amino acids were identified in the herb Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad, 9 of them were essential. The total content of amino acids in the Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad herb was 685.69 mg/g. About a third of them were essential amino acids (208.40 mg/g).

Substitutable glutamic (207.62 mg/g) and aspartic (120.94 mg/g) acids prevailed quantitatively in the Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad herb. A high content of alanine (50.86 mg/g) in this raw material was noted. Among essential amino acids, leucine (52.52 mg/g), lysine (46.11 mg/g) and phenylalanine (32.96 mg/g) prevailed.

The obtained results do not contradict the data of the literature, but complement and clarify them. The results of the study indicate the promising development of new medicines based on raw material of the Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad.

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