Control of the number of sucking pests of winter wheat in the conditions of the right-bank forest steppe

This article theoretically summarizes and solves an important scientific problem regarding the clarification of the species composition of the entomocomplex of phytophages in winter wheat crops and the development of effective measures to control their number, depending on the use of plant protection products.

As a result of entomological monitoring of winter wheat in Vinnytsia region, 34 species of insects from 16 families that damage this crop were specified. The Diptera range consisted of 11 species, the Coleoptera range was characterized by the greatest species diversity (14 species), their share in the structure of the entomocomplex was 30% of the total. 9 species of phytophages from a number of bugs, or Hemiptera, were identified The share of Lepidoptera and Homoptera in the structure of the entomocomplex was 8% and 10% each. The orders of Thysanoptera and Hymenoptera had 2 species each. Orthoptera represented the smallest number of species - 2%.

The main and most dangerous phytophages that cause significant damage to winter wheat crops from a complex of insect pests have been identified, namely: thrips, cereal aphids, and bread bugs.

The effectiveness of modern insecticides against the dominant pests of winter wheat and the optimized methods of their application were evaluated. According to the results of winter wheat seed treatment with insecticides-protozoans, it was established that the lowest number of phytophagous was noted in variants with protozoans Cruiser 350 FS t.c.s. (0,5 l/t), the aphid occupancy rate was 0,04%, in the version where Promet 400 –ms. (2,0 l/t) occupancy rate 0,06%. Accordingly, the technical efficiency of the Cruiser 350 FS t.c.s. (0,5 l/t) was 90.7%; Promet 400, m.s. (2,0 l/t) - 86.0%, while in the control, the density of larvae of these types of pests was almost 4,5 times higher.

It was noted that the highest yield was observed in the version using the insecticide Cruiser 350 FS t.c.s., where the preserved yield was 2,6 t/ha. The lowest grain yield - 3,5 t/ha was noted in the variant with the use of the drug Gaucho 70% s.p. the saved yield did not exceed 0,1 t/ha. It was established that the treatment with protoxins had a positive effect not only on yield, but also on seed quality, in particular, on the weight of 1000 grains. In variants using insecticides, the weight of 1000 grains compared to the control increased by 10,0, 12,5, 14,8 g compared to the control.

It was established that the use of insecticides during the winter wheat growing season, which were studied, showed high effectiveness in controlling aphids, bugs and thrips. However, it should be noted that the use of drugs Engeo 247 SC, 1,8 l/ha and Nurelle D, КЕ, 1,1 l/ha best limited the abundanceofthesephytophages.Whenusingthem,anincreaseinproductivitywasobservedby- 4,5-4,9 t/ha, in the control - 4,0 t/ha.

Keywords: winter wheat, main phytophages, harmfulness, insecticides, efficiency, yield.

Анотація

Контроль чисельності сисних шкідників пшениці озимої в умовах правобережного лісостепу

В результаті проведеного ентомологічного моніторингу пшениці озимої в умовах Вінницької обл., уточнено 34 види комах із 16 родин, які пошкоджують дану культуру. Ряд двокрилі (Diptera) налічував 11 видів, ряд жуки, або твердокрилі (deoptera) характеризувався найбільшим видовим різноманіттям (14 видів), їх частка в структурі ентомокомплексу складала 30 % від загалу. Виявлено 9 видів фітофагів з ряду клопи, або напівтвердокрилі (Hemiptera). Частка лускокрилих (Lepidoptera) та рівнокрилих (Homoptera) у структурі ентомокомплексу складала по 8 % і 10 %. Ряди трипси (Thysanoptera) та перетинчастокрилі (Hymenoptera) налічували по 2 види. Найменшою кількістю видів був представлений ряд прямокрилі (Orthoptera) - 2 %.

Оцінено ефективність сучасних інсектицидів проти домінуючих шкідників пшениці озимої та оптимізовані способи їх застосування. За результатами обробки насіння пшениці озимої інсектицидними-протруйниками встановлено, що найнижча чисельність фітофага була відмічена у варіантах з протруйниками Круізер 350 FS т.к.с. (0,5 л/т), коефіцієнт заселеності попелицею склав 0,04 %, у варіанті де застосовували протруйник Промет 400, мк.с. (2,0 л/т) коефіцієнт заселеності 0,06 %. Відповідно технічна ефективність Круізер 350 FS т.к.с. (0,5 л/т) становила 90,7 %; Промет 400, мк.с (2,0 л/т) - 86,0 %, в той час, як на контролі, щільність личинок даних видів шкідників, перевищувала майже в 4,5 разів.

Відмічено, що найвища урожайність спостерігалась у варіанті з використанням інсектициду Круізер 350 FS т.к.с, де збережена урожайність становила 2,6 т/га. Найнижча урожайність зерна - 3,5 т/га була відмічена у варіанті із застосуванням препарату Гаучо 70 % з.п., збережений урожай не перевищував 0,1 т/га. Встановлено, що обробка протруйниками позитивно вплинула не тільки на урожайність, а й на посівні якості, зокрема, на масу 1000 зерен. У варіантах з використанням інсектицидів маса 1000 зерен у порівнянні з контролем збільшилася на 10,0, 12,5, 14,8 г порівняно з контролем.

Встановлено, що застосування інсектицидів у продовж вегетації пшениці озимої, які досліджували показали високу ефективність у контролі проти попелиць, клопів та трипсів. Однак слід відмітити, що застосування препаратів Енжіо 247 SC, к.с. 1,8 л/га та Нурел Д, к.е. 1,1 л/га найкраще обмежували чисельність даних фітофагів. При їх використання спостерігалася підвищення урожайності на - 4,5-4,9 т/га, в контролі - 4,0 т/га.

Introduction

Taking into account the high rate of population growth, the intensive use of energy reserves and the awareness of the aggravation of the problems of stable supply of food to the earthly civilization, the question of increasing the gross harvest of grain crops has become acute.

One of the most important reserves for increasing the gross harvest of agricultural products is the reduction of crop losses from harmful organisms, which currently reach 42-50%, of which 26,3% are from pests.

In today's conditions, winter wheat is the most valuable and widespread grain food crop, because bread, pastries and pasta products are present in almost all kitchens of the world. In world production, it occupies the first place in terms of cultivated area (about 220 million hectares). In Ukraine, over the past 10 years, the gross harvest of grain averaged about 15,5-22,3 million tons on a sown area of more than 6 million hectares. The potential productivity of modern varieties is in the range of 8-12 t/ha, but its realization is carried out by only 30%. Among the reasons that limit the productivity of winter wheat varieties are the instability of sown areas, violations of cultivation technologies, global warming, as well as the weakening of protective measures against harmful organisms, in particular, pests are the main reasons for the decrease in the productivity of winter wheat agrocenoses, crop losses from pests are on average 12, 7%, and in some years exceed 30% [1].

Starting from the period of seed germination and throughout the growing season, wheat plants are damaged by various types of phytophagous insects. Some of them damage the sown germinated seeds, the underground part of the stem, grain in the ear, others - gnaw the leaves and stems, suck the juice. Pests cause the greatest damage - bread bugs, bread beetles, bread weevils, cereal aphids, wheat thrips. They not only lead to a significant shortage of the crop, but also worsen its baking and sowing qualities.

Cultivation of high permanent crops of winter wheat is impossible without reliable protection of the culture against harmful organisms. But, as practice shows, carrying out special pest control measures is not always economically justified, especially when it comes to chemical protection of plants. So, for example, the widespread use of chemical agents often leads to negative consequences: contamination of products and other environmental objects with pesticide residues, disruption of the ecological balance, deterioration of human health.

To prevent negative consequences in plant protection, great attention should be paid to the study of the peculiarities of ties in the agrocenosis system and, based on this, to develop the most effective measures, which will become a scientific basis for improving the existing system of plant protection [2, 3].

Therefore, in order to increase the effectiveness of protective measures and avoid possible negative consequences when using insecticides in the formation phase -milk-wax maturity of wheat grain and to deepen the study of the safe use of insecticides, which is gaining special relevance.

Analysis of recent research and publications

More than 300 species of phytophagous plants harm grain crops in Ukraine, among which about 140 species are of significant importance. Dangerous pests of winter wheat that sporadically or systematically cause considerable damage include about 50 species of phytophages, among which ear pests (bread bugs, bread beetles, cereal aphids, wheat thrips) take the leading place. The feeding of these insect pests by wheat plants affects not only the productivity of the crop, but also the quality of the products [3].

Bread bugs. Bread grains are damaged by several types of bread bugs, among which there are quite similar species, although representatives of different families: Scutellaridae (Eurygaster maurus L. and Eurygaster austriacus Schrk.) and Pentatomidae (Aelia acuminata L. and Aelia rostrata Boh. [5, 6, 7].

The harmful beetle (Eurygaster integriceps Put.) is one of the most dangerous pests of winter wheat, which dominates among other bread bugs and accounts for an average of 89,4% of the total number. Widespread in the steppe and forest-steppe. Cyclical local damage is possible in the forest-steppe areas of Kharkiv, Poltava and southern Cherkasy and Vinnytsia regions. However, in recent years, due to global warming, there is an obvious tendency to expand the range of the Eurygaster integriceps Put. and increase its share among other bugs. The increase in the number of the insect pest is also evident in the central part of the forest-steppe zone and adjacent areas, where this phytophage is found in above-threshold numbers [8].

Adult bugs hibernate under leaves in forests, field protection strips, gardens and other places with tree and shrub vegetation. During wintering Eurygaster integriceps Put. are in a state of diapause, which allows them to withstand the difficult conditions of winter with less energy expenditure. It has been established that hibernating bed bugs use up the fat body slowly and very sparingly. Bedbugs lie motionless on their backs, covered with leaf litter. Eurygaster integriceps Put. in the southern and lightly shaded areas of the forest appears in the upper layer of the litter after warming it to 12-13 °C, and the air to 8-9 °C. Mass flight of Eurygaster integriceps Put. to crops occurs when the average daily temperature exceeds 12-14 °C, and the maximum reaches 18-20 °C [10].

Males are the first to fly to the fields, as they are the first to leave their wintering grounds. By the end of the flight, the ratio of males and females equalizes. By this sign, it is possible to judge the end of colonization of crops by the shell.

Depending on the weather conditions, 10-20 days after the flight from the wintering places, egg laying begins and continues until the end of the life of the bugs. Mating of pests begins at temperatures above +13 °C. Fertility of individual females at an optimal temperature of 20-21 °C and relative humidity of 60-70% is 146-260 eggs with an average lifespan of 28-31 days. According to research data, the maximum fertility was established - 13 clutches with a total number of 182 eggs. In field conditions, the average fertility of a turtle most o^en does not exceed 2-3 clutches - 28-42 eggs. Fertility of the bug, as noted by M.P. Sekuna depends not only on abiotic factors, but also on the phase of development of bread grains during their feeding period [5].

The embryonic development of the pest lasts 6-12 days, and in cool weather - up to 20 days. Optimum conditions for the rapid maturation of the eggs of the shell bug are created at an air temperature of +20,4...+21.4 °C and a temperature of 0,50,7. The duration of larval development is from 20 to 60 days, depending on temperature and air humidity. Larvae go through five ages in their development.

Development from an egg to an adult takes at least 35-37 days, but can reach 50-60 days depending on the availability of food and weather conditions [8].

This pest damages winter wheat, starting from the moment it appears on the crops and until it leaves for wintering. First, when settling, the bug damages the leaves of the plants, later the stem and ear. When injected into the stem at the beginning of the emergence of plants into the tube, the upper leaf of the plant turns yellow and dries up. According to M. P. Sekun, stem damage can lead to a 50-54% yield reduction. If the stem is damaged before earing, then during earing, such an ear is characterized by partial or complete white spikes. In the presence of one bug per square meter, grain losses amount to 0,5-1,0 t/ha [9].

But the main damage to winter wheat crops is caused by larvae: during the period of grain formation and grain pouring - larvae of younger ages (L₁-L₃), waxy grain maturity - larvae of older ages (L₄-L₅) and adults of the new generation. Grain damaged by young larvae is deformed, and its mass decreases by 50-70% When harvesting, the so-called self-cleaning takes place - from the grain of light mass. Larvae during this period reduce the harvest and have little effect on its quality. According to numerous literature data, the criteria for the number of harmful beetle larvae for the first period of harmfulness is as follows: on crops of strong and valuable wheat - up to 10, and on ordinary - up to 15 ekz./m² [10].

When larvae of older ages feed on the mass of grain, especially when it is damaged in the phase of wax and full ripeness, it decreases slightly, and self-cleaning from it does not occur during harvesting. A minor admixture of such grain negatively affects the technological and nutritional qualities of the crop and may even lead to the loss of the condition of strong and valuable wheat. This is a consequence of the fact that the larvae of older ages, as well as bugs of the new generation, pierce the integumentary tissues with stylets, the aleurone layer, inject saliva into the central part of the grain endosperm, with the help of an enzyme extragastric digestion of plant protein occurs, which is then sucked out. It is this part of the endosperm during grain grinding that makes up the flour fraction. The content and quality of gluten in wheat grain is significantly reduced, which worsens its baking properties. As long as flour is dry, enzymes do not work, but when water is added to it to make dough, the process of splitting protein molecules begins and gluten loses its properties or degrades. Research by T.V. Topchiy established that if there are 2,5% of damaged grains in a lot, the quality of gluten decreases to the third group in winter wheat varieties Bezosta 1 and others. The criterion for the number of larvae in this period is reduced to 2-6 ekz./m² [5].

According to the researchers, in the presence of 19 larvae per 1 m of wheat in the phase of milk ripeness, 18% of the grains were damaged, the yield decreased by 2,2 tons/ha. And Y.M. Sudenko claims that with the number of overwintering bugs of 1-3 ekz./m², crop losses range from 1,3 to 3,7 tons/ha [3, 11].

The harmfulness of the Eurygaster integriceps Put. is not limited to the deterioration of grain quality. The most dangerous damage is directly to the embryo. According to the Institute of Plant Protection, with 6% grain damage, grain germination decreases by 2,5-3,1%, germination energy - by 1,7-2,4%, and with the same damage to the embryo - by 22,1 -25,9 and 18,3-21,6%, respectively [13].

Eurygaster maurus L. widespread in all soil and climatic zones of Ukraine. The color of the body is very variable - from brownish-gray with small blackish dots to almost solid black The larva is smaller and darker than that of Eurygaster austriacus Schrk. and Eurygaster integriceps Put. The mandible of older instar larvae (III-V) is of the same length as the cheekbones and is placed almost in the same plane with them. The lateral edges of the front back are straight or slightly concave in the middle part. The larval phase lasts 35-38 days (I st age - 5-8 days, II - 7-8, III - 7-12, IV - 8-14, V - 8-18 days) [5].

Mass laying of eggs is observed in late May - early June. On average, there are 14 eggs in one clutch (7 in two rows). Masonry is always two-row [9, 10].

Winter wheat crops are inhabited by the following species: Eurygaster austriacus Schrk., Aelia acuminata L., and Aelia rostrata Boh. biology and pest is similar to the Eurygaster integriceps Put.

Thrips. Studies of the species diversity of wheat thrips were conducted in a number of European countries, for example, in Germany, Serbia, Norway, Finland, Lithuania, and Poland. According to publications from these countries, the most common species for agrocenoses of winter wheat are Frankliniella tenuicornis, Limothrips denticornis, Limothrips cerealium, Haplothrips aculeatus. In Lithuania, 13 species were found on winter wheat, in Poland - 14. According to research conducted in Poland, the distribution of Haplothrips tritici is limited to southern regions. Some species of thrips are the most dangerous pests of grain [3, 12].

About 50 species grow on cereal crops in Ukraine. Among them, the most numerous and harmful Haplothrips tritici Kurd, Anaphothrips obscurus Muller, Limothrips cerealium, Limothrips denticornis Halid. and some others.

Haplothrips tritici Kurd. Widespread especially in steppe and forest-steppe areas. In the last 5 years, it has occupied 40-90 and even 100% of the cultivated areas in the steppe zone and 12-65% in the forest-steppe zone; in Polissia - few in number [7].

Larvae hibernate. Their wintering in conditions of high humidity takes place in the basal part of the stubble, cracks in the soil and in the remains of straw, and in the case of a lack of moisture - in the soil. The depth of penetration into the soil varies from 5-20 cm in the forest-steppe zone to 50-90 cm in dry steppes.

In the spring, the larvae wake up when the soil warms up to 8 °С. At this time, the main mass of them penetrates into plant remains, where in May it turns into a pronymph and a nymph. Development of nymphs lasts 7-13 days. The mass appearance of adult thrips coincides with the beginning of earing of winter wheat. First, they feed on spikelet scales, and then penetrate the spikelet and begin to lay eggs, usually 4-8 in total on the inner side of the spikelet scales. Fertility of one female is on average 23-28 eggs. Their most intense deposition continues until the phase of complete weeding within 8-12 days. On the 6th-8th day, larvae appear, which pass 2 ages. First, they suck the juice from spikelet scales and flower membranes, and then damage the grain, which is in a soft state. Before the phase of waxy grain maturity, the larvae complete their development and go to winter in the soil. During the year, one generation develops [12].

The number of thrips increases in dry and warm weather during the earing and flowering of wheat (the period of imago egg laying and the beginning of larvae feeding); both air drought and cool rainy weather are unfavorable. Hot, dry weather at the end of summer is also unfavorable, contributing to the rapid ripening of grain, and, accordingly, to the reduction of larval nutrition. In autumn and spring, many larvae die in rainy weather, which promotes the development of entomopathogenic fungi. The harmfulness of the Haplothrips tritici Kurd. is due to feeding of the imago on the flag leaf and ear, which causes their deformation. But the greatest damage is caused by larvae that suck out the contents of unripe wheat grains. Yellow-brown spots appear on the grain, as they ripen, they lighten, and on the ripe grain they look much lighter than undamaged parts. The groove of damaged grains expands and deepens, the shape of the grain changes - they take on the appearance of underdeveloped, frail. If there are 20-30 thrips per spike at the beginning of the earing phase, yield losses reach more than 14%. Larvae feeding on grains leads to a decrease in grain yield by 2-5%, in case of mass reproduction - up to 14-24%. Almost every year, they cause a 10-30% decrease in the mass of 1000 grains. In addition, the baking qualities of grain and sowing seeds deteriorate [12].

Thrips damage has local significance (for example, Haplothrips tritici Kurd. larvae - grain or its parts), but often spreads systemically and causes the drying of sprouts, sterility of the ovary, twisting and drying of leaves.

Grain aphids. The most common and most harmful are the species that damage the aerial organs of plants, namely: Sitobian avenae F., Schizaphis graminum Rond., Brachycolus noxius Mordv. and Rhopalosiphum padi L. aphids [3, 6, 14].

According to the cycle of development, aphids are divided into monoecious (Sitobian avenae F., Schizaphis graminum Rond., Brachycolus noxius Mordv.) and dioecious - Rhopalosiphum padi.

Schizaphis graminum Rond. The homeland of aphids of this species is the Palearctic, but they have spread to other parts of the world and are now observed in North and South America, Europe, Asia and Africa. In Ukraine, it occurs more often in the south of the forest-steppe zone, in the Steppe and the temporarily occupied territory of Crimea, in other areas it is less common in mass quantities [7, 13].

The life cycle is monoecious. Lives in large colonies on the lower and upper surfaces of cereal leaves. Eggs overwinter on leaves of seedlings of winter crops and wild cereals. Female founders emerge from overwintering eggs in early to mid-April. In warm, dry weather, aphids multiply in large numbers, especially in southern areas, where they cause more damage in the absence of moisture.

During the growing season, it can develop in 10-12 generations. In places of damage, plants become discolored, sometimes red. In addition to direct damage, aphids transmit viral diseases of cereals.

Sitobion avenae F. is widespread. Mass breeding is more often observed in the steppe zone and the temporarily occupied territory of Crimea.

The life cycle is monoecious. Eggs overwinter on winter cultivated or wild cereals. In April-May, larvae of founding females emerge, which form open colonies on the colossus, less often on leaves and stems. Winged individuals appear starting from the first generation and settle in the spring of cereals. It develops in several generations during the growing season [14].

Brachycolys noxius Mordv. is widespread. The life cycle is monoecious. Lives in a leaf twisted into a tube or on a damaged colossus. The leaves turn yellow and dry, the ear of corn curls. With a large population, especially during a drought, all plants dry up and die.

Eggs overwinter on leaves of barley and wheat. The rebirth of the foundress larvae occurs in early spring. The duration of larval to adult development is up to 8 days on average. In May-June, winged females appear and inhabit crops of cereals and other crops. In September-October, the sexual generation appears, the fertilized females of which lay wintering eggs [13].

Rhopalosiphum padi L. is common everywhere, it is a carrier of a dangerous viral disease - Barley yellow dwarf luteovirus (BYDV) [11].

Eggs overwinter on pine trees. At the beginning of budding, the founders hatch from them, feeding on the underside of the leaves and on the inflorescences. In May, winged aphids migrate to cereals, where they form colonies on leaves, ears, and in leaf axils. In the fall, winged stamens appear and migrate to cherry trees.

The colonies of aphids in different periods of vegetation of fodder plants have different morphotype composition, which to some extent affects the formation of their number. Changes occurring in the composition of morphs during the ontogenesis of aphid populations reflect their historically formed relationships with food plants that formed life cycles. It is known that the volume of realized fecundity in wingless morphs of various species of aphids is higher than in winged ones.

The increased attention to aphids is due not only to their complex biology and their importance in biocenoses, but also to the economic damage that representatives of this group cause by damaging crop plants, as well as by transferring numerous phytopathogenic viruses [4, 11].

If the plants are slightly colonized by grain aphids, their colonies are concentrated at the base of the leaf plates from the upper or lower side, depending on the type of phytophagous plant. During the mass reproduction of aphids, the colonies connect and cover the entire leaf and even the stem, the leaves on the plants curl, dry prematurely, the ear is deformed, twisted and does not come out of the sheath. Such plants die during droughts. Sufficient moisture causes stunted grain, empty spikelet. As the lower leaves age and wither, aphids move to the upper leaves, and later to the ear scales [7].

According to T.M. Topchiy, the main harmfulness of aphids during development on winter wheat crops is limited to a decrease in grain weight. With an average number of aphids of 27,3 ekz./ear (phase of milky grain maturity) and a plant stand density of 350 plants per 1 m², the estimated yield loss was 6,31 t/ha [13].

Aphids belong to sucking pests that, by sucking nutrients from plants, affect the grain yield and its quality. In years of mass reproduction, aphids reduce the yield of winter wheat by 10-15%. In addition to direct damage, phytophages are carriers of viral diseases. The intensity of settlement and the harmfulness of aphids depend on weather conditions during the period of their parthenogenetic reproduction. Warm, sunny weather (decadal average air temperature of 17,0-19,5 ^оС) with a moderate amount of precipitation contributes to the rapid increase in the number of phytophagous plants. Wheat plants are suitable for feeding and rapid development of aphids before the onset of the milk-wax ripeness phase, therefore mass reproduction of insects is possible when optimal meteorological conditions coincide with the period of emergence of plants into the tube - the formation of grain. In the spring, during this period, the reproduction of aphids is often restrained by cool weather with significant precipitation, in the summer, in the phase of milk-wax maturity, excessively high temperature and low air humidity [16].

Chemical method of protection winter wheat pests. In the complex of protection of agricultural crops, the chemical method has a leading place. It is based on the use of poisonous substances that, entering the body of harmful insects in various ways, lead to their death.

The chemical method using industrial preparations was started more than 250 years ago, when in the middle of the 18th century, cereal seeds were treated with arsenic and mercury preparations, copper sulphate solutions. However, only in the middle of the 19th century did science-based work on the search for chemical preparations and the organization of their industrial production begin. The first commercially produced insecticide Paris green was used in 1867 in the state of Michigan (USA) against the Colorado potato beetle. However, the rapid development of the chemical method and the total use of insecticides began after the Second World War with the production of DDT and HCG preparations [18].

Despite some disadvantages of the chemical method, it is and will be the most mobile and widely used in the global practice of plant protection. There is still no alternative to it, besides, the range of pesticides, the tactics and strategy of their use have changed significantly. Modern preparative forms of pesticides and agrochemicals (microfertilizers and plant growth regulators) have also changed radically, compared to those used in the second half of the last century. They have become well balanced according to many indicators, often the composition of the drugs contains two or three components of the active substance, which significantly expands the favorability and simplifies the dosage of the drugs, the preparation of working fluids for their use [16].

Regarding the change in the range of insecticides, highly toxic and persistent drugs are banned or replaced by more effective and environmentally safer ones. Even such insecticides as pyrethroids (deltamethrin, bifethrin, etc.), which gained popularity due to the scale of their use in 1980-1990, in the last ten years gave way to neonicotinoids (imidacloprid, acetamiprid, thiamethoxam, thiacloprid).

According to S.O. Tribelia, pesticides are so important for humanity that no serious specialist will undertake to predict when the need for their use will disappear. However, the manifestation of negative consequences of chemical plant protection causes a discussion in the scientific literature about the prospect of its use. At the same time, an opinion is expressed about the need for a significant restriction, and in the future, a complete refusal from its application. Well-known scientists in the field of chemical protection have a different opinion: with skillful handling and proper organization of plant protection, pesticides provide a great benefit to the national economy [15].

Life on earth is based on the chemical interaction of living and non-living nature. Only an understanding of the essence and mechanisms of the connections existing in nature will make it possible to solve the issue of ecological strategy, in particular, regarding the ecological risk of pesticide use. In order to preserve the harvest, a person consciously uses chemical compounds as one of the means of intensification of agricultural production.

The development of the theory and practice of chemical plant protection should be related to the development of the issue of the justified inclusion of insecticides in integrated systems of phytosanitary measures, which take into account to a greater extent the ecological features of harmful and beneficial arthropods and the properties of chemical preparations [4, 16].

When choosing an insecticide, it is necessary to determine which drug is acceptable for use in a particular soil and climate zone in order to ensure high technical and economic efficiency against a complex of phytophages.

In order to ensure the use of pesticides, it is necessary to deepen the study of not only their effective action on harmful organisms, but also the after-effect on both the target objects and the environment. The radical direction of reducing the danger of their use is the development and improvement of integrated plant protection systems, where all existing methods (organizational-economic, agrotechnical, immunological, biological) should be harmoniously combined [18].

The aim of our research was to improve the system of protection of winter wheat from a complex of pests, taking into account the peculiarities of the biology of the dominant species of phytophages and the modern technology of crop cultivation in the conditions of the Vinnytsia region.

Materials and methods of research. The research was carried out in the conditions of the «Sad» farm, Vinnytsia region, in the zone of the Right Bank Forest- Steppe of Ukraine during 2021-2022, the species composition of the harmful entomocomplex of winter wheat and the control of their number were studied.

Winter wheat was grown in accordance with the cultivation technology recommended for the forest-steppe zone of the Vinnytsia region. When planning and conducting experiments, we were guided by the methodology of S.O. Trybel [19].

The size of the experimental plots is 20 m , the repetition of the experiment is 4 times. Placement of plots is randomized (in blocks). For field experiments, the research variety «Krayevyd», the seeds of which are pre-treated at the plant with a fungicide. The seeds in all versions are treated with the fungicide Maksym Star 0,25 FS, t.c.s. (fludioxonil) - 1,0 l/t.

The species composition of the entomofauna and the determination of the number of dominant species of pests were determined by the following methods:

-by the soil excavation method: 8 pits arranged in a checkerboard size of 50x50 cm, up to 80 cm deep were dug on each plot. The soil from each pit was sifted layer by layer by hand or sifted through sieves and the pests found in it were counted;

- visual inspection of 10 plants in 10 places of the option;

- digging up crops with ditches and wells;

- Petlyuk's device on 25x25 cm platforms;

- using poisoned lures (1 bait 100 m );

- mowing with an entomological net (10 sweeps in 10 places).

Records were made in the following phases of wheat organogenesis: regrowth of vegetation - tillering, emergence of the plant into a tube, earing - flowering, milky and full grain maturity. In parallel with the accounting, the morphophysiological state of the culture was determined.

The occupancy rate (Or) was determined according to formula (1) and according to a modified scale for cereal aphids:

Or = (N x P) /100, (1)