. . .

28.09.2023
58,8 K

. ,

, , , , .

http://www.allbest.ru/

㳿

..

,

..

,

. , , , , . , , (%). , , , , , , , , . , ' , , , . , , , , . ' , , , . , , , . , , , , . , , , . : - , ; - 쳿.

: , , , , .

Non-lingual and lingual factors of formation of vocabulary as a branch of ancient Chinese linguistic tradition

Abstract

The article analyzes the processes of formation of the vocabulary of the Chinese language and the reasons for changes in terms of content and influencing factors on the enrichment of the vocabulary. The author investigates the history of the formation and fixation of the lexical composition of the ancient Chinese language, the main historical stages of the formation of the vocabulary are determined, the features of the formation of the vocabulary at each historical stage are considered, the features of the fixation of the vocabulary at each historical stage are determined, the first systematic studies of the lexical composition of the Chinese language are considered. The peculiarities of the development of new lexical meanings in the semantic structure of lexical units used in the pre-scientific periods of the history of the Chinese language, in particular in the pre-Qing period (&), are considered. The analysis of research devoted to this issue shows that the formation of each lexical system has a long history, which reflects the specifics of the formation and development of the Chinese language in different eras under the influence of internal and external factors, in particular, the replenishment of the lexical composition through new religious teachings, in particular Buddhism, and external contacts that intensified after the Opium Wars. The development, fixation and functioning of the vocabulary is connected with the history of the people, with the events taking place at all stages of the political, economic and cultural development of the state. Extralingual factors, such as the interaction of culture and language, the development of crafts, the expansion of geographical boundaries also leave their mark on its vocabulary, the study of which is currently one of the topical problems of sociolinguistics. The vocabulary of the people is connected with the history of the country, with the events taking place at all stages of the political, economic and cultural development of the state. It should be noted that the scientific significance of this study is due, first of all, to the practical need to clearly outline the historical stages and determine lingual and extralingual factors influencing the development of the lexical system. Changes in economic, political, agricultural, cultural, religious, etc. spheres are reflected in the language by the appearance of new concepts, which, in turn, enriches the lexical composition of the ancient Chinese language. The development of the vocabulary of the ancient Chinese language takes place in two main ways: the first is the tendency to constantly replenish the vocabulary due to the emergence of new concepts to name new realities of life, the active use of borrowings; the second way is the tendency to form two-syllable words and eliminate polysemy.

Key words: ancient Chinese language, vocabulary, lexical system, codification, language standardization.

, ' , , , . , , , , . , . . , , . , .

(팚) (펁, 1898 .). 1942 . (f) (@v) .

, ˳, , , . ˳ .

, . .. ʳ . .. .. , .

.

- . ' : - ; - ; - .

, .

(`) - (, 1600-1046 . ..), (b m) [4, c. 202]. () () (, 1046-221 . ..), . ' - (, .1600-1046 . ..), : - ; - , ; - : 800, 䳺 300, , () () [3, c. 97].

, : 1. , : V, , , , , ], J, , , , , R, , u, , ½, , x, , , , B, , , J, y, , , ; : N, , t, H, ʱ, {, , , , , U, , , , , [; : , , E, , , , O, , , , k; : , , r, , , ?, , \, ?, , T, , , , g, , , , , , , , , , , , ?, , , , X, I, , K, |, , , l, , ?, ?; : l, g, , , , , , @, , , , I, , S, , ; ', - : c, f, , , , , , Q, , , , , , S, ?, , M, , , , , , , , |, , , , , ?, C, , , , ?, ?, ?, ?, M, , , , , , , , ˿, , , , , , ?, ?, , , p, , ; : , , , , ; : c, E, , , Z, , , , , , q, ?, , , b, , , z, , , ?, H, o, N, , , , , , , j; ; b, , , , , , M, h, p, ᡁCq, N, , K, C, , , , \, , , . [2, c. 125] 2. ij 䳿, 䳿, . 3. , : V, Vʱ, , ʦ, tl, S, ʦ, M, ?, , __, @?, @x, S, cĶ, U, V, ƌh, @, Զ, , k, ߉z, , h [4, c. 148].

ֳ (`, 221-206 . ..) (tH, 722-476 . ..) (ս ʱ, 475-221 . ..), , , , . , 䳺 . , [1, c. 132]: - : J, e, ?, ?, ?, _, ?, ?, , ?, ;

- : , , Ǯ, D, g;

- () : ?, , l, , Z, ?, ?, ?, , k, , ?, , , , ?;

- : , , Ǧ, H, , , , ;

- : , , t, , @, , , , , , , , , j, , ?;

- : , , , ?, , , , ?, ?, , , ?, ?, ?;

- , , , , : F, (), , , M, m, , m (q), E, , [5, c. 92].

, , , , ( , , , ), , , , , , , , , , . ().

' : - - (?), (ʫ), (^), : , , ff, ]], ??, , , , , , I, wy, kO, ͷ, ,  [5, c. 112]; - () () , : p|, , 㴗r, , , Q, , ] , ǐl, Ԏq, , , , O, lC, ܒJ, L, , m, v, x, , , , , H, u, , F, q, ܉, , l, , ݘ\, , z, , }, , C, , , ?, 䉻, ۖ], , IԶ, , ͞, h [5, c. 114]; - (?), .

(, 206 . ..-220 . ..) (, 618-907 .) , , , , . : 1. . , ' , , , ' (, 220-266 .) (璩, 266-420 .): X, ̲, , , , , d, ̯, ?, ?, , , , , , , ү, , F, ٯ, . , : `, , s, _, , , , АM, Ȩ, {, َ~, ?, E, , l, x, , ʗZ, , ?, ϓ, 헐, ɻ, , ?, q, W, ʖp, , 痬, eϸ, . ' , : , , ??, , , , , , n, oʱ, ʱ, , չ, , {, , , ?, R, ʑR, K, K, 疜, ݑ (ȏ㕛), @, ሽ, @, ?, g, g, , , s, , Ϊ, , , sA, sB, ? (ȏ). , -' -, : w, , mS, ?, , D, u, ʱ, h, Ð, , ˵ [2, c. 116]. 2. , , V, q, X, ͷ, ' , , : , , , ˭, Vl, Vѻ, VZ, V?, Vz, V, \q, Ύq, q, ώq, ʎq, |q, q, q, q, ܎q, Ўq, q, Xq, ܎q, q, ʎq, q, cq, qCkX, X, X, LX, X, X, ԙX, ̙XCͷ, ?ͷ, Gͷ, ͷ, ͷ, ͷ, Sͷ, nͷ, ͷ, ͷ, Oͷ [2, c. 118]. 3. .

³ (Z, 220-589 .) . ϳ (, 202 . ..-9 . .), , ( ) ' , : , , , , , (ʎ, , , , 㹖, u) . . , : m (saB gha) / m, (mra) , k (thpa) , g (kalpa) . , : m, mk, , S, , _, , , ߲ [6, c. 80].

ϳ , ' ( (Zc̳), ( cW)) ( ' (䕶), , . [6, c. 92].

(v, 960-1279 .) ֳ (, 1636-1912 .) ϳ , , , , , , ( ). ³ ' , : - , , , - , ; - , .

, , , , , , , , : ؍, |, , ש , ٷ, ʍCĎs, s, Ԏs, sCs, ؍s, ʍs, zs, sCʓX, X, X, ⽓XC, , ҩ, [3, c. 136].

, : Oʖ, ˿, u, , ??ʁC??, ?, ?, ʋ?, ?, d??Cձ, , , ׊, eԱ, uCI, , , ڔ~, ۙX, ܐF [3, c. 137]. ' , , , ' . ³, , . , : j, j, j, j, m, , , , , , ?, q, , , ~m, [3, c. 138].

- , (, 1271-1368 .), : K{, K , K, \, \, \, \, \, \, D, , β, F, Ȋ, ~, ˿?, , 糵, س, P, γ, , P [3, c. 140].

㳿, , , , (VZ, , y،}, ũc), . . ̳ (, 1368-1644 .) , , ' . ̳ ֳ , , , - ( , , , , , ), , : V, , , n, x, γx, NJ, Զ, Z, , Z, {, E˵, , , Ԑ, ی, , p, Բ, , ʻ, ̻, e, , , Op, , , , [2, c. 130].

̳, ' , ' , , , , : ? (), ԕ\ (), (㷗r), Ս, Ӎ, ŖX, c, Εsv, , lt (CM), [2, c. 135].

. ϳ ֳ, , (Ϸ), 䳿 (), (Ӿ), ϳ () ( ˵), , , .

(ѻս ȗ)

ϳ 1840 : , , ' . . ³ 1898 1949 , , - . : - , , : ͳ, , @ @, i, γ, ֑D, Ɋ, y, D, ֽ|, ͷ, e, ֋, ʕ[, ִ, , , H, , DZ, {, ?, ?, , ?, W, , גi, \, f, ܽ, , Ԕ, , , ~ɡ, Hы, , X, ʶ`̬, Bj [2, c. 170]. - : (shf / sofa), ? (pk / poker), ?? (kfi / coffee), ‰ (kk / cocoa), Ց (sda / soda), fi (tu s / toast), (bngdi / bandage), (yinqng / engine), ߼ (luj / logic), o (mdng / modern), ά (witmng / vitamin), X (mt r / model), fz (tuls / trust), z (b'rqioy / bourgeois), [zꗢ (xisdili / hysteria), ? (kapin / card), | (xuji yn / cigar), @ (fa ln rng / flannel), g (jpuch / jeep), (myu / honeymoon), ʶ (xiysh / subconsciou-s), ս (shandinzhn / Blitzkrieg), ʱ㐸_ (shdi jngshn / Zeitgeist ), Kq (hik / hacker) [2, c. 175].

, , , , . , , , , . , , , . : - , ; - 쳿.

, , , , .

1. ѕ. nw. k: loŎ, 2010. 444 ҳ.

2. f.@wϰ. k: ”NoŎ, 1953. 186 ҳ.

3. f.@v. C: , 1982. 220 ҳ.

4. ͐\, j, DƔݹU: b. C: CÐЏoŎ, 2007. 406 ҳ.

5. n. n. k: is󏑊, 1965. 352 ҳ.

6. . nI̎. Ó: R汨oŎ, 2006. 280 ҳ.

Allbest.ru


  • , . . "" .

    [30,4 K], 07.02.2018

  • . . , .

    [3,0 M], 13.10.2019

  • . . . .

    [21,7 K], 18.08.2017

  • - . - . , -, .

    [131,0 K], 13.12.2014

  • , . , - . .

    [63,4 K], 16.03.2014

  • . , "" . ³ , , .

    [48,6 K], 02.10.2014

  • . . ³ .

    [43,4 K], 09.04.2014

  • . ³- . . .

    [48,1 K], 08.04.2010

  • - . . , , , .

    [27,3 K], 18.12.2017

  • . . 㳿 .

    [47,7 K], 29.07.2012

, , ..
PPT, PPTX PDF- .
.