Грамматические особенности скотс в сравнении со стандартным вариантом английского языка (на материале текстов по тематике folk-history)

No, we had the ropes, grapnels and dans on the board so we set off homewards. I put the sail up and made Jocky row to the opposite site so we hadn't to reach down away by Ythmanoo to make an offer. We just went straight to the pier and unloaded our catch to the women. They started gutting and cleaning right away, while Jocky got down for preparing the boats and making good any things he found to ready the boat for the next trip.

The next hour it was half tide on the foreshore so it was the time to gather the mussels because I found that my bank for shellfish was really bare. So I got my boat out and set off to the Neebro to the mussels' beds. I was getting down to the bottom of the Inch Road about an hour before the low water and into the muddy beds with my farming fork. Oh God, it was hard work like pulling manure straw out of a dunghill. A big sorrow. But since I had four bags full of washed mussels, had paid the tax officer, and arranged for the lorry to pick them up today. Then I went home on the bike. We rarely took the bus because of the smell of the mussels' beds. The driver didn't like it, nor did his customers!

When I got home there was a basin of the mussels shielded and ready for baiting. The Ythan (название реки в Шотландии) mussels were big enough to be one for each hook compared with the Montrose mussels for you would need as many as three per hook.

So I had something to eat and began baiting for the next trip. The mackerel had been not bad as a bait and there's no uncertainty that fittings make it better kept smoked haddocks, although the haddock is the sweeter fish.

I baited as before. One line of mussels and one of mackerel. And may Lord give us good catches!

The lorry arrived with the mussels and the driver gave me a hang down to the ground to spread them. He got a dozen smoked haddocks for his trouble and he set off with a happy grin on his face.

Now I had a look at the fish which had been gutted, washed, split and washed again, because fish wouldn't be kept if there was any blood left on them. Then they were left in the salt for a certain time. Every fishwife has her own ideas to keep it longer!

After these actions the fish had to be dried in the sun for at least a day and taken in at the slightest sing of rain. Then you had a feast fit for a king. Smoked haddocks roasted in front of a glowing fire with plenty oatcakes and butter. Nothing better to finish the day with. And then sleep!

В ходе исследования первого текста "Day in the Life of an Inshore Line Fisherman" и его перевода на стандартный английский язык были выявлены следующие грамматические отличия:

1. Использование формы с определённым артиклем "the gether" вместо стандартного английского "together" (абз. 2), "Anither oor" (another hour) вместо "the next hour" (абз. 7);

2. Употребления местоимения she вместо it для обозначения транспортного средства (the boat) (абз. 6);

3. Превращение прилагательного real в наречие real (вместо really) без изменения его формы ("…cos I found my scaup wis real bare") (абз. 7);

4. Использование предлога frae (= from) вместо of ("…cos o' the smell frae the mussel beds" = "…because of the smell of the mussels' beds" (абз. 7);

5. Использование сокращения -'s вместо слова me ("… the driver gae's" = "… the driver gave me") (абз. 11);

6. Использование совмещённого предлога affwi вместо английских off with ("he set affwi a happy grin" = "he set off with a happy grin") (абз. 11);

7. Использование местоимения youse для 2 лица множественного числа ("Then youse hid a feast fit for a king.") (абз. 13);

8. Использование Present progressive вместо Present simple в разговорной речи ("Ilka fishwife's haein …" = "Every fishwife has…") (абз.12).

Перевод и анализ второго текста ("Hogmanay")

Hogmanay

It was a great night, Hogmanay, when I was a girl. The men has bought their bottle of whiskey and some beer that day, and the wives were up to their elbows in shortbread, breaded dumplings and black bun, at the afternoon.

When everything was done, they put up the fire and settled down to the wireless to wait for their first fitters. As the bells struck the New Year in, the two girls in the big soft bad could hear the heavy clump of beets in the lobby, and Jock from upstairs was at the door, a lump of coal in one hand and his bottle in the other.

"Long may you smoke this lump with other folks' coal" - he laughed as he shoved the coal across the door at Louie and Jimmy. No sooner was he in and seated when there was the sound of more people knocking at the door. Jeannie and Beldie had been dared to come in the house as Hogmanay wasn't thought and as a time for two nine-years-old girls, but they managed to glance through the crack of the door.

The big room was full of neighbours newsing and laughing. The man across the stairs had his mouth organ with him and was trying to play some molding Scots tunes, but because of the noise, he looked like he was just playing to himself in a corner by the fireside.

.Jeannie and Beldie sniggered and laughed at them, for they looked real grinning like Cheshire cats taken the drink, and singing old Scots songs in voices that were like a body sharpening a saw, scratching and screaming. They really made a mess that you put your palms to your eyes.

And this made the girls feel like to eat some of the fine things on the kitchen table, but then Beldie minded there was a boiled chicken covered with a cloth, on the inner room table. Her mam had made broth with it so there would be some food the next day and se could have a long sleep.

They crept inside to have a pick at the hen… The fine smell of the cold hen appeared to them as they lifted the muslin cloth.

"Just take some of the thin bits from the back", Beldie said. "She'll never notice that tomorrow."

In the half dark of the room, they stood on the cold linotype with their bare feet stunning, and picked bits of the hen. After a while, Benny grabbed hold of Jeannie's hand.

"Look at the bloody hen!" - She groaned.

In their hunger they'd almost eaten some flesh, and it was just a loose of beans… a bonny hen skeleton was lying on the serving dish.

"Good God", Beddy whispered. "She'll beat my buttocks for this! I didn't know we were eaten all of it!"

They cleaned their greasy hands on the chenille tablecloth and crept back to bed, their "piggy" steeling wasn't possible, so they had to huddle up together to get some heat up.

Morning came, the New Year, and the two children wondered when the blow would come about the hen. When they looked into the room, there were just bodies everywhere, lying on the armchairs, under the table and even propped up against the wall. There was a child sitting with his dock on the windowsill, his feet hanging over. Fitting the mass!

They needn't have worried their heads about the hen. When the older people got here with sighs, their heads were so sorrowful they couldn't look at meet. A plate of a hot broth was enough… it got stuck to your ribs and lined their stomachs after all the drinks.

Maybe, Aunty found the old hen later on, but nothing was ever said. It was Hogmanay after all, and a lot of wonders go on that night!

В ходе исследования первого текста "Hogmanay"и его перевода на стандартный английский язык были выявлены следующие грамматические отличия:

1. Использование формы причастия прошедшего времени aathing deen (= everything done), вместо придаточного предложения (When everything was done) (абз. 2);

2. Частое использование уменьшительно-ласкательных форм с суффиксом -ie (mannie, mouthie, auntie) (абз. 4);

3. Использование формы с определённым артиклем "the morn" вместо слова "tomorrow" (абз. 7);

4. Использование в разговорной речи формы прошедшего времени "did find", вместо стандартного английского "found" (абз. 16).

Перевод и анализ третьего текста ("Wirk").

The Work.

Mother was washing in the Melgurn House; she washed all their sheets and their servants' aprons. She was paid 1 pound a year for some work in the courtyard to dry the washing, and made some clothes herself. She even made clothes for my brothers… a seamstress showed her how to sew trouser-legs for their breeches. Everybody made their own business those days…

I left the school at 13, and became a servant three mile away at Prony farm. Oh me, I was so homesake! I used to wait for the postman coming from the road to ask him about the news from home!

There were no phones, you see, and most people travelled by horse or by bicycle. I didn't have a bicycle. Glass, was the farmer's name, Glass of the Prony. I hade to rise at 5 every morning to make the fire to make the brose (a dish made by mixing boiling water or milk with, and adding salt and butter) to feed men. I was so feared I wouldn't wake up in time that I slept in my underwear and just took them off to wash or to change them. After that, I had to clean around the fire, scrub down the sink and wash down the stone kitchen floor. The feed men looked after the cattle and the ploughing.

My granny told me she once went to help take to the harvest on the firm at Birse. She was away for six weeks, staying in a cold chamber. You see, they had been scything the corn, that's why it had taken so long time. When I was a girl, some farmers used binders, but some of them were still scything and gathering the corn by hands. Granny died on Old Christmas Eve Day, the 5th of January. She turned an upset face forward to the plate of broth. It didn't spoil her face, they wiped her up and put her to bed, but after that she died soon.

Birthdays? What did I get fur birthday? Clothes, of course, and a clothed dumpling. A dumpling boiled in a cloth was a fair treat, you know. My first payment at the Prony's was 5 pounds for my six months' work. I had a small purse, but I didn't put the 5 pounds in the purse, no, I went home grabbing the 5 pounds tight in my hand. When I got home they took the 5 pounds away from me to buy clothes to make me dressed better, a green worsted cardigan and a green tweed skirt.

В ходе исследования третьего текста на скотс "Wirk" и его перевода на стандартный английский язык были выявлены следующие грамматические отличия:

1. Использование слова yon (устаревшее английское "yonder" - вон тот) в значениях "that", "those" ("Aabody made their ane claes in yon days" = "Everybody made their own business those days", yon's the wye = that's why) (абз. 1, 4);

2. Использование уменьшительно-ласкательных форм с суффиксом -ie (kitchie, pursie, postie, cardie) (абз. 2, 3, 5);

3. Использование окончания -it во второй форме правильных глаголов, а также отличия в образовании неправильных глаголов (sleepit = slept, lookit = looked, telt = told) (абз. 3, 4);

4. Использование местоимения youse для 2 лица единственного числа (youse ken = you know) (абз. 5);

5. Использование времени Past Progressive вместо Past Simple ("some fairmers war usin binders…" = "some farmers used binders…") (абз. 4).

Перевод и анализ четвёртого текста (отрывок из текста "My life").

I was born in the Hill of Dudwick in 1897. My father had his house of Hillbrae of Amage - a ridge near the hundredth acre.

I had two brothers and two sisters and I'll tell you there wasn't any want to work after all - but, there wasn't a time for sitting down for us. There was always plenty of cattle to tidy up, turnips to pool, and of course the cattle to muck, and to row the muck up into the dunghill outside. Then there were stacks to thrash with our horse mull that took two horses to plough it. Round and round I ploughed it for about two hours it took to thrash a stack. Another brother trailed by the straw with a sister to tramp the straw and the next brother forked the shaves off the barn floor onto the mull platform for my father to feed them into the picked drum - the mull rollers trailed in the shaves after he cut the straw and spread the little shaves out.

Of course, we took in the stakes in a bit only even at that time. Now, after the thrash was finished we all helped to fan the calves out of the corn and in any way the leftover sheaves at the fan. This was for you to feed all the corn into the hopper out of the floor and could handle he fan and as the stuff went through the machine the calf was fleeing out the back out as the corn came down and spouted at the side and the leftover down at the other one. We put the corn to the bags and carried it up to the loft after the thrash was on the floor. Our mill was fit and was led by our "mothers".

We lived quite good till Arnage schooling - the schoolmaster's name was Calder. I can't mind what you called the female teacher. We had a mile and a half to go, and of course, the cart road to the school came out via Allan's little shop at Fitecaims. This man was a grocer and travelled across the countryside with a grocer's horse when he was going to all the farms and crafts trading eggs and cheese or kebbik as it was called - the home-made version of it we liked so well. My mother did it, and she was making dashed good kebbik with the bread on it. This is what we took to the school - kebbik and bread made from our own corn. A grain of it was taken down to the millward and when the meal came home it was put into the meal chest. Now, the smell that came from the meal chest was the most extraordinary. And, of course, don't forget the home-made butter which my mother made all the time to go along with the breed that she baked on the peat - the girdle hang from the swy above the cwiles. Of course, the girls always had plenty to do as well, when we were milking cows and making the churn and making it ready.

We always got the stem mull in about a day to thrash a grain stacks to take by the winter storms; when you couldn't get about for blinding smoke and a good store of headed turnips was capsized until the cow shed had to last out as well.

After the stem mull was taken by us, our herd got a new calf. This took our herd having into the free space, and, men were warmer than we. It wasn't long before they went down again though. Still it was good when ploughing land with rigs as with great fat cattle and trying to climb it over.

There was no free time for us in the mornings and at night on Saturday too, but there was a thing that could make a difference - we never worked on Sundays. We went to Savoch church, an also went a long way away. In summer we went barefoot to school to preserve our boots, but we had to wear some shoe covers for working on the land - I mean the wellingtons were good, because we had wounds on the soles or our feet. I mind the mud left in the shoes and dirt working in between your toes when it was wet, when we were barefoot.

В ходе исследования четвёртого текста на скотс "My life" и его перевода на стандартный английский язык были выявлены следующие грамматические отличия:

1. Использование разных предлогов в выражениях to be born on (вместо to be born in), traivelled the country-side (вместо travelled across the countryside) (абз. 1);

2. Использование уменьшительно-ласкательных форм с суффиксом -ie (shoppie, mannie) (абз. 4);

3. Использование окончания -it во второй форме правильных глаголов (cairryt) (абз. 3);

4. Использование диалектного местоимения 2 лица единственного числа ye, вместо стандартного английского you (абз. 2, 4);

5. Использование выражений mornin и nicht, в значении "in the mornings и at night"



2.2 Количественный подсчёт лексических единиц

В данной части практической работы над вышепредставленными текстами мы решили определить, является ли скотс диалектом английского языка или самостоятельным языком с помощью количественного подсчёта лексических единиц. За основу данного подсчёта нами была предложена следующая классификация лексических единиц:

1. лексические единицы скотс, которые полностью совпадают со стандартным английским языком;

2. лексические единицы скотс, основа которых совпадает с основой данных лексических единиц в стандартном английском языке, а грамматические формы отличаются;

3. лексические единицы скотс, основа которых полностью отличается от основы аналогичных лексических единиц в стандартном английском языке.

Мы решили применить данную классификацию, поскольку, основа слова является его главной и неизменяемой частью, которая выражает его лексическое значение. В изменяемых словах основа определяется как часть слова без окончания и формообразующего суффикса. В неизменяемых словах основа равна слову [Огекян, 2003:143]. Если основа слова в слове скотс и в аналогичном английском слове отличается, следовательно, данные слова следует рассматривать как два разных слова. Если же основа слова совпадает, а грамматические формы слова различаются, то в таком случае, слово остаётся одинаковым в обоих случаях, но это подтверждает факт наличия грамматических отличий между скотс и стандартным английским языком. Следовательно, в том случае, если количество слов, относящихся ко второй и третьей группам, окажется больше, чем количество слов, относящийся к первой группе (полностью совпадающих с английским языком), то мы сможем сделать вывод о том, что скотс является отдельным языком германской группы, наиболее близкородственным к английскому языку, а не диалектом английского языка.

К примерам слов из данных групп можно отнести: к первой группе - слово september (= september), ко второй группе - слово child - мн. ч. childer (= child - children), к третьей группе - слово wirk (= work).

В целях облегчения подсчёта следует указать, что к словам второй группы, согласно выявленным в первой части работы грамматическим различиям, будут относиться:

1. названия времён года и дней недели названиями профессий, родов занятий, языков, наук и областей познания, по своей основе не отличающиеся от аналогичных английских слов, ввиду того, что в отличие от стандартного английского языка, употребляются с артиклем (in the winter - in winter, the French - French);

2. ряд существительных, правило образования множественного числа которых, отличается от аналогичного в английском языке - оканчивающихся на -fe, -f, а также исключения из правила образования множественного числа (knifes = knives, childer = children);

3. двусложные и многосложные прилагательные, не меняющие своей основы, образующие степени сравнения - их формы будут отличаться от английских;

4. неправильные шотландские глаголы tae be, tae bake, tae begin, tae bring, tae burst, tae buy, can, tae cast, tae catch, tae creep, tae come, tae drink, tae drive, tae eat, tae greet, tae freeze, tae fill, tae hear, tae hide, tae hit, tae leap, tae need, tae sell, tae sing, tae sit, tae slide, tae speak, tae spit, tae steal, tae stick, tae strive, tae teach, tae think, tae thrive, tae tred, tae treat, tae wash, tae weed, tae win, tae write; а также все шотландские правильные глаголы, оканчивающиеся на b, d, g, k, p, t и на il, en, ch, sh, ss, r, f, основа которых совпадает с аналогичным английским глаголом; поскольку их основа в первой форме глагола абсолютно совпадает с английской, но вторая и третья формы будут отличаться;

5. шотландские порядковые числительные the tent (= the tenth), the fifteent (= the fifteenth), the nineteent (= the nineteenth), the milliont (= the millionth), поскольку их основа абсолютно схожа с английской, но форма порядкого числительного образуется с помощью суффикса -t вместо -th. Порядковое числительное the first, количественные числительные nine, ten, fifteen, nineteen, million, как полностью совпадающие с аналогичными английскими как грамматически, так и по наличию общей основы, будут отнесены к первой группе. Все остальные шотландские порядковые и количественные числительные будут отнесены к третьей группе.

6. шотландские предлоги but, by, for, on, поскольку их смысловое значение отличается от значения аналогичных предлогов в стандартном английском языке.

Анализируя первый текст, мы определили, что в тексте содержится 827 слов, в аналогичном английском переводе данного текста - 845 слов. Из них 450 слов относится к первой группе, 86 слов относятся ко второй группе, 309 слов относятся к третьей группе. В совокупности ко второй и третьей группам относятся 395 слов, что меньше, чем количество слов, отнесенных к первой группе. шотландский диалект перевод скотс

Анализируя второй текст, мы определили, что в тексте содержится 652 слова. Из них 382 слова относятся к первой группе, 62 слова относятся ко второй группе, 208 слов относятся к третьей группе. В совокупности ко второй и третьей группам относятся 270 слов, что меньше, чем количество слов, отнесённых к первой группе.

Анализируя третий текст, мы определили, что в тексте содержится 403 слова. Из них 215 слов относятся к первой группе, 45 слов относится ко второй группе, 143 слова относятся к третьей группе. В совокупности ко второй и третьей группам относятся 188 слов, что меньше, чем количество слов, отнесённых к первой группе.

Анализируя четвёртый текст, мы определили, что в тексте содержится 681 слово. Из них 340 слов относятся к первой группе, 52 слова относятся ко второй группе, и 289 слов относятся к третьей группе. В совокупности ко второй и третьей группам относятся 341 слово, что на 1 слово больше, чем количество слов, отнесённых к первой группе.

В 3 из 4 текстов, количество слов, основа которых полностью отличается от основы аналогичных лексических единиц в стандартном английском языке, и слов, основа которых совпадает с основой данных лексических единиц в стандартном английском языке, а грамматические формы отличаются, т.е. слов 2 и 3 группы, оказалось меньше, чем слов, основа которых полностью совпадает с аналогичной в стандартном английском языке. Лишь в одном из текстов, количество слов, относящихся ко второй и третьей группам, несущественно превысило количество слов первой группы. На основании проведённого анализа, мы можем сделать вывод, что скотс, несмотря на вышеуказанные и вышеописанные грамматические отличия, всё же является диалектом английского языка, а не самостоятельным языком. Мы согласны с позицией учёных О. И. Бродович, О.Мутт, П. Традгилл, А.Е.Павленко, которые считают скотс диалектом английского языка, данная позиция доказывается анализом лексических единиц. Но всё же, отличительные черты скотс, выявленные в нашей работе, показывают, что скотс является очень самобытным и своеобразным диалектом английского языка, возможно, одним из самых непохожих на стандартный английский язык.



Заключение

В данной работе нами были рассмотрены основные исторические вехи образования языка скотс и его отделения от стандартного английского языка, а также подробно были изучены грамматические отличия скотс от стандартного английского. Данные грамматические отличия были выявлены на примере нескольких текстов на языке скотс и сравнении данных текстов с оригинальными английскими текстами.

К числу наиболее важных грамматических отличий скотс от стандартного английского следует отнести:

1. Использование определённого артикля the чаще, чем в стандартном английском, использование выражений с определённым артиклем типа the day, the morn, the gather вместо стандартных английских наречий today, tomorrow, together. Это связано с архаичностью языка скотс, подобные сочетания были и в староанглийском языке (the morrow вместо tomorrow);

2. Использование разных местоимений ye и yese/youse для 2 лица единственного и множественного числа. Мы полагаем, что данное разграничение было создано для удобства говорящих, при общении с одним или несколькими лицами;

3. Отнесение к женскому роду всех транспортных средств (аналогичное правило есть и в стандартном английском относительно кораблей и автомобилей);

4. Использование разных окончаний для образования второй и третьей форм глагола (-ed, -t, -it), данное правило, вероятно, вызвано фиксацией звучания слов в письменной речи;

5. Более частое использование времени Present Continuous в случаях, когда в стандартном английском используется Present Simple;

6. Использование окончания -s в третьем лице множественного числа глаголов в Present Simple в тех случаях, когда предметы понимаются как некая общность, как некая совокупность предметов, действующих одинаковым образом;

7. Наличие в скотс собирательных числительных (twasome, threesome, fowersome и т.д.) и отсутствие таковых в стандартном английском;

8. Отсутствие в скотс правила об изменении -f на -ves при образовании множественного числа имён существительных, заканчивающихся на -f (knife - knifes вместо knives). Вероятно, данное отличие вызвано склонностью к упрощению грамматических правил и фиксацией звучания слов в письменной речи;

9. Различия в использовании предлогов и союзов.

На основании проделанной нами практической работы, и анализа соответствующих лексических единиц, мы считаем целесообразным сделать вывод о том, что скотс является одним из диалектов английского языка, а не самостоятельным языком. Но существующие грамматические и лексические отличия делают скотс одним из наиболее самобытных и своеобразных диалектов английского языка, возможно, одним из самых непохожих на стандартный английский язык.



Список литературы

I. Научная литература

1. Денисова Е.А. "Шотландский язык" и "шотландский диалект": проблемы терминологии. - СПб.: Вестник Ленинградского государственного университета им. А.С. Пушкина, № 2 (10) 2008 - 102 с.

2. Денисова Е.А. Язык Шотландии Scots как продукт внешних и внутренних взаимодействий - СПб.: Вестник Ленинградского государственного университета им. А.С. Пушкина, № 4 (12) 2010 - 96 с.

3. Павленко. А.Е. На каком языке написан текст - ещё раз к проблеме близкородственного двуязычия - СПб.: Индоевропейское языкознание и классическая филология - IX. Материалы чтений, посвященных памяти профессора И. М. Тронского, 2005. - с. 175-182

4. Павленко А.Е. Региональный язык равнинной Шотландии (лингвистический и социолингвистический аспекты) - СПб.: Вестник Ленинградского государственного университета им. А.С. Пушкина, № 9, 2004. -- 50 с.

5. Рыжакова А. Шотландский диалект английского языка -Жуковский: материалы IX городской открытой научно-практической конференции "Интеллектуальное будущее наукограда" им. Н.Е. Жуковского, 2015 - 12 с.

6. Adam of Dryburgh. De tripartito tabernaculo, II.210, tr. Keith J. Stringer, "Reform Monasticism and Celtic Scotland", in Edward J. Cowan & R. Andrew McDonald (eds.), Alba: Celtic Scotland in the Middle Ages - Edinburgh: East Lothian, 2000. - 206 pp.

7. Aitken A.J. Scottish Speech in Languages of Scotland, Association for Scottish Literary Studies, Occasional Paper 4 - Edinburgh: Chambers, 1979 - 86 pp.

8. Aitken A.J. The Oxford Companion to the English Language - Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1992. - 894 pp.

9. Corbett, John. "Language and Scottish literature. Scottish language and literature" - Edinburgh, Edinburgh Univercity Press, 1997. - 76 pp.

10. Eagle, Andy. 'Wir ain Leed: a Innin tae Modren Scots' ('An Introduction to Modern Scots') - Edinburgh, 2001. - 161 pp.

11. Graham W. The Handy Guide to Scots - Edinburgh, Ramsay Head Press, 1991 - 284 pp.

12. Grant William. Manual of modern Scots. - London, HardPress Publishing, 2013 - 639 pp.

13. Jones, Charles. The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language. - Edinburgh, Edinburgh Univercity Press, 1997. - 277 pp.

14. Kay, Billy. Scots: The Mither Tongue. - Edinburgh, Mainstream, 2006. - 403 pp.

15. Wilson, James. The Dialects of Central Scotland, London: Oxford University Press, 1926. - 41 pp.

II. Словари и справочные издания

1. Огекян И. Н., Волчек Н. М., Высоцкая Е. В. и др. Большой справочник: Весь русский язык. Вся русская литература -- М.: Изд-во Современный литератор, 2003. -- 992 с.

2. Советская историческая энциклопедия. - М.: Государственное научное издательство "Советская энциклопедия", 1961-1976, Т. 2. - 817 c.

3. Calendar of State Papers, Spain, Volume 1, 1485-1509. - London, Originally published by Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1862 - 1037 pp.

4. Lewis, M. Paul (ed.). Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition. - Dallas: SIL International. 2009. - 747 pp.

5. Scottish 2011 Census results - http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/ethnicity-identity-language-and-religion

III. Источники

1. http://www.dsl.ac.uk/

2. http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/documents/censusresults/release2a/scotland/QS212SC.pdf

3. http://www.scotslanguage.com/

4. http://scots-online.org/dictionary/scots_english.asp

Приложение 1. Список существительных языка скотс, образующих форму множественного числа отлично от общего правила

cauf - caur (calf - calves)

child - childer (child - children)

ee - een (eye - eyes)

fit - feet (foot - feet)

guiss - geese (goose - geese)

man - men (man - men)

moose - mice (mouse - mice)

ox - owsen (ox - oxen)

shae - shuin (shoe - shoes)

tuith - teeth (tooth - teeth)

tree - treen (tree - trees)

wumman - weemen (woman - women)



Приложение 2. Сводная таблица шотландских личных и притяжательных местоимений

	Личное местоимение (именительный падеж)	Личное местоимение (объектный падеж)	Притяжательное местоимение
1 лицо ед. число	A = I (всегда с заглавной буквы)	me = me Сокращается до -`s	ma = my mines = mine
1 лицо мн. число	we = we	us = us	wir, oor = our wirs, oors = ours
2 лицо ед. число	ye = you (Thoo - диалектное)	ye = you (thee - диалектное)	yer, your = your yours = yours
2 лицо мн. число	yese, youse = you	yese, youse = you	yer, your = your yours = yours
3 лицо ед. число м.р.	he = he	him = him	his = his
3 лицо ед. число ж.р.	she = she	her = her	her = her hers = hers
3 лицо ед. число ср. р.	it = it	it = it	its = its
3 лицо мн. число	thay = they	thaim = them	thair = their thairs = theirs



Приложение 3. Таблица шотландских прилагательных, образующих формы сравнительной и превосходной степени отлично от общего правила

	Сравнительная степень	Превосходная степень
guid = good	better	the best
Ill = bad	waur = worse	the warst = the worst
mony = many	mair = more	the maist = the most
muckle = much
little = little	less	the lleast = the least
naur = near	naurer = nearer	the neist = the next, the nearest



Приложение 4. Список шотландских неправильных глаголов (сильных)

Глагол
Tae be ( = to be)	am, is, are	wis, war	been
Tae awe (= to owe)	awe	aucht	aucht
Tae beat (= to beat)	beat	bate	bate
Tae bear (= to bear, to carry)	bear	bure	born
Tae begin (= to begin)	begin	begoud	began
Tae bend (= to bend)	bend	bent	bent
Tae bid (= to bid)	bid	bade	bidden
Tae birrie (= to bury)	birrie	birriet	birriet
Tae blaw (= to blow)	blaw	blew	blawn
Tae bluid (= to bleed)	bluid	bled	bled
Tae bide (= to endure)	bide	bade	bidden
Tae brak (= to break)	brak	brak, breuk	brak, brucken
Tae bring (= to bring)	bring	brocht, brang	brochten, brung
Tae burn (= to burn)	burn	brunt	brunt
Tae buy (=to buy)	buy	bocht	bocht
Tae byle (= to boil)	byle	bylt	bylt
Can (= can)	can	coud	-
Tae cast (= to cast)	cast	cuist	cuisten
Tae ding (= to strike)	ding	dang	dung
Tae draw (= to draw)	draw	drew	drawn
Tae drink (= to drink)	drink	drank	drucken
Tae drive (=to drive)	drive	druive	driv
Tae dee (= die)	dee	dee'd	dee'd
Tae dow (= to be able to)	dow	docht	docht
Tae faw (= to fall)	faw	fell	fawn
Tae fecht (= to fight)	fecht	focht, feuch	fochten, feuchen
Tae fesh (= to fetch)	fesh	fuish	fuishen
Tae fill (= to fill)	fill	filt	fult
Tae find (= to find)	find	fand	fund
Tae flee (= to fly)	flee	flew	flewen
Tae fling (= to fling)	fling	flang	flung
Tae flyte (= to scold)	flyte	flytit, flait	fleitit, flyten
Tae forgit (= to forget)	forgit	forgat	forgotten
Tae freeze (= to freeze)	freeze	fruize	frozen
Tae gae (= to go)	gae	gaed	gane
Tae gar (= to compel)	gar	gart	gart
Tae git (= to get)	git	gat	gotten
Tae greet (= to greet)	greet	grat	grutten
Tae hae (= to have)	hae	haed	haen
Tae hide (= to hide)	hide	hod	hidden, hodden
Tae hit (= to hit)	hit	hat	hutten
Tae laid (= to load)	laid	laiden	laiden
Tae lat (= to let)	lat	luit	lutten
Tae leap (= to leap)	leap	lape	luppen
Tae lig (= to lay)	lig	liggit	liggit
Tae mairy (= to marry)	mairy	mairit	mairit
mey (= may)	mey	micht	-
Tae mend (= to mend, to repair)	mend	ment	ment
Tae mistak (= to mistake)	mistak	misteuk	mistaen
Tae mynd (= to mind, to remember)	mynd	mynt	mynt
Tae need (= to need)	need	nott	nott
Tae pit (= to put)	pit	pat	pitten
Tae pruive (= to prove)	pruive	pruived	pruiven
Tae quit (= to rid, to quit)	quit	quat	quitten
Tae read (= to read)	read	rade	read, readen
Tae redd (= to arrange)	redd	redd	redd
Tae rin (= to run)	rin	ran	run
Tae ride (= to ride)	ride	rade	ridden
Tae rowe (= to roll)	rowe	rowed	rowen
Tae rot (= to rot)	rot	rottit	rotten
Tae say (= to say)	say	said	sain
Tae see (= to see)	see	see'd, saw	seen
Tae seek (= to seek)	seek	socht	socht(en)
Tae sell (= to sell)	sell	selt	selt
Tae send (= to send)	send	sent	sent
Tae ser (= to serve)	ser	ser	serred
Tae set (= to set)	set	set	set, setten
Tae shae (= to shoe)	shae	shod	shoddit
Tae shape (= to shape)	shape	shup	shuppit, shapen
Tae shuit (= to shoot)	shuit	shuiitt	shotten
Tae sit (= to sit)	sit	sat	sutten
Tae snaw (= to snow)	snaw	snawed	snawn
Tae speak (= to speak)	speak	spak	spoken
Tae spit (= to spit)	spit	spat	sputten
Tae spyle (= to spoil)	spyle	spylt	spylt
Tae staund (= to stand)	staund	stuid	stuiden
Tae stap (= to step)	stap	stappit	stappit
Tae stick (= to stick)	stick	stack	stickit, stucken
Tae streek (= to stretch)	streek	straucht	straucht
Tae strick (= to strike)	strick	strack	strucken
Tae strive (= to strive)	strive	strave	striven
Tae sweir (= to swear)	sweir	swuire	sworn
Tae tak (= to take)	tak	teuk	taen
Tae teir (= to tear)	teir	tuir	torn
Tae thrive (= to thrive)	thrive	thrave	thri'en, thriven
Tae think (= to think)	think	thocht	thocht
Tae traivle (= to travel, to walk)	traivle	traivelt	traivelt
Tae tred (= to tred)	tred	tredit	tredden
Tae treat (= to treat)	treat	treat	treat
Tae weed (= to weed)	weed	wed	wed
Tae weir (= to wear)	weir	wuir	worn
Tae wirk (= to work)	wirk	wrocht	wrocht
Tae win (= to reach, to win)	win	won	wun
Tae wiss (= to wish)	wiss	wust	wust
Tae write (= to write)	write	write	written

Cписок шотландских неправильных глаголов, имеющих как сильную, так и слабую форму.

Глагол
Tae bake (= to bake)	bake	bakit	bakit
		beuk	baken
Tae big (= to build)	big	biggit	biggit
		bug	biggen
Tae burst (= to burst)	burst	burstit	burstit
		brast	bursten
Tae catch (= to catch)	catch	catcht	catcht
		cuitch	catchen
Tae chuise (= to choose)	chuise	chuist	chuist
		chase	chosen
Tae cleid (= to clothe)	cleid	cleidit	cleidit
		cled	cled
Tae cleek (= to link)	cleek	cleekit	cleekit
		claucht	claucht
Tae creep (= to creep)	creep	creepit	creepit
		crap	cruppen
Tae come (= to come)	come	comed	comed
		cam	come(n)
Tae dreid (= to dread)	dreid	dreidit	dreidit
		drade	drade
Tae eat (= to eat)	eat	eatit	eaten
		ett	ett
Tae fash (= to trouble, to bother)	fash	fasht	fasht
		fuish	fuishen
Tae flit (= to move home)	flit	flittit	flittit
			flitten
Tae gie (= to give)	gie	gied	gied
		gae	gien
Tae growe (= to grow)	growe	growed	growed
		grew	grown
Tae hear (= to hear)	hear	heard	heard
		haurd	haurd
Tae lauch (= to laugh)	lauch	laucht	laucht
		leuch	leuchen
tae lowp (= to jump)	lowp	lowpit	lowpit
			lowpen
Tae mak (= to make)	mak	makkit	makkit
		made	made
Tae maw (= to mow)	maw	mawed	mawed
		mew	mawn
Tae rive (= to tear)	rive	rived	rived
		rave	riven
Tae sawe (= to sow)	sawe	sawed	sawn
		sew
Tae sclim (= to climb)	sclim	sclimmt	sclimmt
		sclam	sclum
Tae shak (= to shake)	shak	shakkit	shakkit
		sheuk	sheuken
Tae shue (= to sew)	shue	shued	shued
			shuen
Tae sing (= to sing)	sing	singit	singit
		sang	sung
Tae slide (= to slide)	slide	slidit	slidden
		slade
Tae spleet (= to split)	spleet	spleetit	spleetit
		splat	splet
Tae spreid (= to spread)	spreid	spreidit	spreidit
		sprad	sprad
Tae stick (= to stick)	stick	stickit	stickit
		stack	stucken
Tae steal (= to steal) stealt,	steal	stealt	stealt
		staw	stowen
Tae teach (= to teach)	teach	teacht	teacht
		taucht	taucht
Tae tell (= to tell)	tell	telt	telt
		tauld	tauld
Tae thraw (= to throw)	thraw	threw	thrawn
		thrawed	thrawed
Tae tyne (= to lose)	tyne	tyned	tyned
		tint	tint
Tae wash (= to wash)	wash	washt	washt
		wuish	wuishen



Приложение 5. Таблица форм количественных и порядковых числительных в скотс

	Количественное числительное	Порядковое числительное
1	ae / ane = one	first = first
2	twa = two	seicont = second
3	three = three	thrid = third
4	fower = four	fowert = fourth
5	five = five	fift = fifth
6	sax = six	saxt = sixth
7	sieven = seven	sievent = seventh
8	aicht = eight	aicht = eighth
9	nine = nine	nint = ninth
10	ten = ten	tent = tenth
11	elieven = eleven	elievent = eleventh
12	twal = twelve	twalt = twelfth
13	thriteen = thirteen	thriteent = thirteenth
14	fowerteen = fourteen	fowerteent = fowerteenth
15	fifteen = fifteen	fifteent = fifteenth
…	... ...	... ...
20	twintie = twenty	twintiet = twentieth
21	twintie-ane = twenty-one	twintie-first = twenty-first
22	twintie-twa = twenty-two	twintie-seicont = twenty-second
…	... ...	... ...
30	thrittie = thirteen	thrittiet = thirtieth
40	fowertie = fourty	fowertiet = fourtieth
…	... ...	... ...
100	hunder = hundred	hundert = hundredth
1000	thoosand = thousand	thoosandt = thousandth



Приложение 6. Список предлогов скотс и их английских эквивалентов

Ablo = below aboot = about abuin = above aff = off aff o = away from afore = before, in front of agin = against naur = near ahint = behind awa = away ayont = beyond ben = in, inside by = by, beside doun = down efter = after endlang, yont = along for = for fornenst, fornent = in front of frae = from inouth = within in ower = inside intae, intil = into, inside o = of, from	alang = along alenth = along amang = among aneath = beneath aside = beside athin = within athort = across athoot = without atween, atweesh = between on = on / upon oot = out ootby = outside oot ower = outside, across ootwi = outside of, beyond over, ower = over, across roond = round roond aboot = around throu = through unner = under wi = with wioot = outside



Приложение 7. Список союзов скотс и их английских эквивалентов

Aither = either

Gif, gin = if, whether

(a)cause = because

Neither = neither

Altho = although

an = and

or = before, until, or

as = as, than

sae = so

baith = both

sin = since

bi(s) = in comparison with, besides

syne = since

binna = unless, except

but = but, except, without

tho = though

cep = except, unless

tae = until

for = for, notwithstanding

wioot = except, unless



Приложение 8. Оригиналы выбранных для анализа текстов на языке скотс по тематике "Folk-History"

1. Day in the Life of an Inshore Line Fisherman (circa 1920)

It winted aboot twa an a half oors till heigh waater at nearly twa o'clock in the mornin fan I wannered doon tae the line-shed, wakenin young Jocky on the wye doon. I gaithered ma twa line sculls, een baitit wi' mussels an een wi' mackerel, sieven hunder hooks on each, an ilka een stretchin a half mile o' half-pun line.

I waitit at the gable en' o' Buckie's hoose until he cam oot an we baith waited for Captain tae appear tae sort oot far we were gyan. Jocky an Captain appeared the gether an we pickt up the sculls an wannered doon tae the yawls. Jocky heisted in the oars an put up the mast in the "Olive", my yawl, an I made sure the bowstanes, the dans an the ropes were a inboard. I wis allocated the northmost sheetin, so we heided north tae the Auld Castle afore we turnt sooth aboot and sailed until we took a bearin on the Twa Lans.

There wis still some flood workin so we shot oor lines sooth an oot ower the hard grun wi the use o' the iron airm as the win wisna a' that strong. The north en wis attached tae the dan rope an I put in a sma grapnel tae hud it as the tide wis jist too strong for the bowstanes.

We shot wi' the tide an then lay wi the line end attached tae the yawl anchor. We then sat till the slack tide atween flood an ebb wis, ower fillin in the time wi' a mug o' tea Jocky hid frae his flask.

The tide began tae turn an the yawl swung roon on her anchor, so it wis time tae haul. Jocky took the oars an labored wi' them, aye keepin her stern tae the line so that I coud lift the fish an unhook them easily withoot ony wecht on the line, it's easy tae tak haddock aff as they hiv siccan a saft moo bit fitins aften hiv tae be unhookt instead o' the hook bein jist pulled oot. Nae that easy in a rockin boat!

Noo, we hid a the ropes, grapnels an dans inboard so aff we set hameward. I put the sail up an made Jocky row at the opposite side tae the sail so we hidna tae reach awa doon by Ythanmoo tae mak an offin. We jist wint stracht intae the pier an unloaded oor catch tae the weemin. They startit guttin an cleanin richt awa, while Jocky got doon tae reddin the lines an makin gweed ony wints he fun, tae ready the line for the next trip.

Anither oor an it wid be halftide on the ebb so it wis time tae gaither mussels cos I found my scaup wis real bare. So I got my bike oot an set aff for the Neeboro tae the mussel beds. I got doon tae the botom o' Inch Road aboot an oor before low waater an intae the muddy beds wi' ma graip. God, it wis hard wirk like pullin manure strae oot o' a midden. Gey sair on the back. Bit seen I hid fower bags o'mussels full an washed, hid peyed the taxman, an arranged for the lorry tae pick them up that day. Then aff hame on the bike. We rarely took the bus cos o' the smell frae the mussel beds. The driver didna like it, nor did his customers!

Fan I got hame there wis a basin o' mussels shieled an ready for baitin. The Ythan mussels were big eneuch tae be one for each heuk compared wi the Montrose mussels far you wid need as mony as three per heuk.

So I hid something tae eat an began baitin for the next trip. The mackerel hid been nae bad as a bait and there's nae doot that fitins makk a better kept speldin although the haddock is the sweeter fish.

I baited as afore. Ae line o'mussels an een o' mackerel. An may the Lord gie us gweed catches!

The lorry arrived wi' the mussels an the driver gae's a han doon tae the scaup tae spread them. He got a dizen speldins for his trouble an he set affwi a happy grin on his face.

Noo I hid a look at the fish which hid been gutted, washt, split an washt again, for fish widna keep if there wis ony bleed left on them. Then they were left in the salt for a certain time. Ilka fishwife's haein her ain ideas as tae foo lang!

Aifter a' this palaver the fish hid tae be dried in the sun for at least a day an taein in at the slightest sign o rain. Then youse hid a feast fit for a king. Speldins roasted in front o a glowin fire wi plenty oatcakes an butter. Naething better tae finish the day wi'. An then sleep!!!

2. Hogmanay

It wis a big nicht, Hogmanay, fin I wis a quine. The mannies aa bocht their bottle o whisky an some beer that day, an the wifies war up tae their elbows in shortbreid, clootie dumplin, an black bun, aa aifterneen.

Aathing deen, they bankit up the fire an settled doon tae the wireless tae wait for their first fitters. As the bells struck the New Year in, the twa quines in the big saft bed coud hear the heavy clump o beets in the lobby, an Jock frae up abeen wis at the door, a lump o coal in ae haun an his bottle in the ither.

'Lang may yer lum reek wi ither fowks' coal,' he lauched as he shoved the coal across the door at Louie an Jimmy. Nae seener wis he in an seatit fin there wis the soon o mair fowk rappin at the door. Jeannie an Beldie hid bin daured tae come ben the hoose as Hogmanay wisna thocht o as a time for twa nine year auld quines, bit they managed a keek through the crack o the door.

The big room wis fu o neighbours newsin an lauchin. The mannie across the stairs hid his moothie wi him an wis tryin tae play some maudlin Scots tune, bit wi the din, he lookit like he wis jist playin tae himsel in a corner by the fireside.

Jeannie an Beldie snichered an lauched at them, for they lookit real glekit grinnin like Cheshire cats wi the drink taen, an singin auld Scots songs in voices that were like a body sharpenin a saw, scraichin an skirlin. They fair gaured ye stick yer neives in yer lugs.

An this made the quines feel like eatin some o the fine things on the kitchie table, bit then Beldie minded there wis a biled hen covered wi a cloot, on the ben -the- hoose room table. Her mam hid made broth wi it, so there wid be some maet the neist day an she coud hae a lang lie.

Ben they crept tae hae a pick at the hen.... The fine smell o the cauld hen wafted up at them as they liftit the muslin cloot.

'Jist takk some o the thin bits aff the erse,' Beldie said. 'She'll niver notice that the morn.'

In the half dark o the room, they stood on the cauld lino wi their bare feet stounin, an pickit bits aff the hen. Aifter a whyle, Beldie grabbed haud o Jeannie's haun.

'Look at the bloody hen,' she groaned.

In their hunger they'd gey near etten aa the fite flesh, an it wis jist a rickle o beens, a bonnie hen skeleton lyin on the ashet.

'Gweed God,' Beldie whispered. 'She'll scone my dock for this! I didna ken we'd etten aa that!'

They dichted their greasy hauns on the chenille tablecloth an crept back tae bed, their 'piggie' bottle steen cauld noo, so they hid tae huddle up thegither tae get some heat up.

Mornin cam, a New Year, an the twa bairns winnered fan the blow wid come aboot the hen. Fan they lookit intae the room, there wis jist bodies aawye, lyin on the airm cheers, unner the table an even propped up against the waa. There wis some chiel sittin wi his dock in the sink in the windae, his feet hingin ower the en. Fit a sotter!

They needna hae worried their heids ower the hen. Fan the aulder fowk got roadit wi soughs an sighs, their heids were that sair they coudna look at maet. A plate o hett broth wis eneuch. It stuck tae yer ribs on a cauld day an lined their stamaches efter aa the drink.

Aunty maybe did find the beeny hen later on, bit naethin wis iver said. It wis Hogmanay efter aa, an a lot o ferlies ging on that nicht!

3. Wirk

Mither took the washin in frae Melgum Hoose, she washed aa their sheets an their servants' peenies. She pyed Ј1 a year fur a bit o the courtyard tae dry the washin, an made aa wir claes hersel. She even made the claes fur ma brithers...a seamstress showed her foo tae shoo spayvers fur their brikks. Aabody made their ane claes in yon days…

I left the school at 13, an wis feed three mile awa at Prony fairm. Oh me, I wis that hameseek! I eesed tae wyte fur the postie comin ben the road tae speir for news o hame!

There wis nae phones, ye see, an maist fowk traivelled bi horse or bike. I didna hae a bike. Glass, wis the fairmer's name, Glass o the Prony. I'd tae rise at 5 ilkie mornin tae bigg the fire tae makk the brose fur the feed men. I wis that feart I widna rise in time that I sleepit in ma underclaes an jist took them aff tae wash or tae cheenge them. Efter that, I'd tae whitewash aroon the fire, scrub doon the sink an wash doon the steen kitchie fleer. The feed men lookit efter the nowt an the plooin.

Ma grannie telt me she eence gid tae help takk in the hairst on a fairm at Birse. She wis awa fur sax wikks, bidin in a cauld chaumer. Ye see, they'd hae bin scythin the corn, yon's the wye it wid hae taen sae lang. Fin I wis a quine, some fairmers war usin binders, bit some wis still scythin an gaitherin the corn by haun. Grannie deed in Aul Eel day, the 5th Januar. She took a turnie an cowpit face forrit into a plate o broth. It didna spyle her face, they dichtit her up an beddit her, bit she deed nae lang efter.

Birthdays? Fit did I get fur birthday? Claes, of coorse, an a clootie dumplin. A dumplin byled in a cloot wis a fair treat, youse ken. My first pye at the Prony wis Ј5 fur ma sax months wirk. I hid a wee pursie, bit I didna pit the Ј5 in the pursie, na, I waukit hame grippin the Ј5 ticht in ma haun! Fin I got hame, they took the Ј5 awa frae me tae buy claith tae makk me mair claes, a green worsit cardie an a green tweed skirt.

4. My life (отрывок)

I wis born on the Hill o Dudwick in 1897. My fadder hid the place o Hillbrae o Arnage - a placie o near a hunner acre.

I hid twa bridders an twa sisters an a'll tell ye there wis nae wint o werk tulls aa - na, there wis nae sittin doon for us. There wis aye plenty o nowt to sort, neeps to poo an of coorse the nowt to muck, an row the muck up inti a midden ootside. Then there wis rucks ti thrash wi wir horse mull that took twa horses tae caa it. Roon an roon I caad them for aboot the twa hoors it took ti thrash a ruck. Anidder bridder trailed by the strae wi a sister ti tramp the strae an the neist bridder forket the shaves aff the barn fleer on ti the mull platform for ma fadder ti feed them inti the piket drum - the mull rollers trailed in the shaves efter he cuttet the band an spread the shafies oot.

Of coorse, we took in the ruckies inaa bit only een at a time. Noo efter the thrash wis by we aa helpit ti fan the caff oot o the corn an ony orra shealicks wi the winister. This wis far ye fed aa the corn inti the happer o't aff the fleer an caad the fan(winister) handle an as the stuff gid throwe the machine the caff gid fleein oot the back o't an the corn cam doon ae spoot at the side an shealicks doon the idder een. We baggit the corn an cairryt it up inti the laft efter the thrash aff the fleer. Oor mull wis fit wis caad a `Maithers' een.

We aa gwid ti Arnage scweelie - the Dominie's name wis Calder. I canna mind fit ye caad the Missie. We hid a mile an a half ti gang o coorse cairt road tult an cam oot at Allan's the shoppie at Fitecairns. This mannie wis a grocer it traivelled the country-side wi horse grocer van gan ti aa the ferms an crafts tradin in eggs an cheese or kebbik as it wis caad - the hame-made variety it wi likit sae weel. My midder did at, an she made dashed gweed kebbik tee an breed anaa. This is fit we took ti the scweel - kebbik an breed made fae wir ain corn. A puckle o't wis teen doon to the mullert an fin the meal cam hame it wis putten inti the meal girnel. Noo, the smell that cam aff the girnel wis maist extrordner. An, of coorse, nae ti forget the hame made butter my midder made aa the time ti ging alang wi the breed that she bakit on the peat - the girdle hung fae the swy abeen the cwiles. Of coorse, the quines aye hid plenty ti dee ana, fit wi milkin coos an caain the churn an reddin up