Britain Russian Mass Media

НАЦИОНАЛЬНАЯ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНАЯ ПРОГРАММА «ИНТЕЛЕКТУАЛЬНО-ТВОРЧЕСКИЙ ПОТЕНЦИАЛ РОССИИ» КОНКУРС ИССЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬСКИХ РАБОТ

«ЮНОСТЬ, НАУКА, КУЛЬТУРА»

Секция: Лингвистика

(Английский Язык)

Russian Britain Mass Media

Цветкова Марина

Малая академия наук ВГИ ВолГУ, 10 класс, Волжский

Научный руководитель

Ломакина Ольга Евгеньевна педагог

Волжского гуманитарного института (филиала)

Волгоградского государственного университета

Волжский, 2010г.

Contents

Introduction

Chapter 1. Television

1.1 History of TV

1.2 TV: is it a good thing or not

1.3 Television in Britain

1.4 Television in Russia

Conclusions on Chapter 1

Chapter 2. Newspapers

2.1 The British Press

2.2 Press in Russia

Conclusions on Chapter 2

Chapter 3. Radio

3.1 Development of Radio Technology

3.2 Interesting Fact about Britain Radio

3.3 About Radio in Russia

Conclusions on Chapter 3

Summary conclusions

Bibliography

Glossary

Introduction

Media education is a quest for meaning. Much of the value of a quest lies in the search itself as well as in the achievement of the goal.”Is a comprehensive term embracing television, radio, motion pictures, and large-circulation newspapers and magazines. It refers to much more than the journalistic aspects of the instruments of popular communication. The mass media often function as the locus of social control and the source of popular culture. They help create historical events, teach values, and by virtue of the huge commercial enterprises they represent, affect the viability of free societies.

Mass media is media which is intended for a large audience. It may take the form of broadcast media, as in the case of television and radio, or print media, like newspapers and magazines. Internet media can also attain mass media status, and many mass media outlets maintain a web presence to take advantage of the ready availability of Internet in many regions of the world. Some people also refer to the mass media as the « mainstream media, » referencing the fact that it tends to stick to prominent stories which will be of interest to a general audience, sometimes ignoring controversial breaking news. Many people around the world rely on the mass media for news and entertainment, and globally, mass media is a huge industry.

Usually, mass media aims to reach a very large market, such as the entire population of a country. By contrast, local media covers a much smaller population and area, focusing on regional news of interest, while specialty media is provided for particular demographic groups. Some local media outlets which cover state or provincial news may rise to prominence thanks to their investigative journalism, and to the clout that their particular regions have in national politics. The Guardian, formerly known as the Manchester Guardian, for example, is a nationally-respected paper in England which started as a regional daily.

One of the biggest criticisms of the mass media is that it is too topical. When a media outlet is forced to cover national and international news, it cannot address numerous interesting local stories because these stories are not of interest to very many viewers. For example, the residents of a community might view their fight against development as critical, but the story would only attract the attention of the mass media if the fight became controversial or if precedents of some form were set.

People often think of mass media as the news, but mass media also includes entertainment like television shows, books, and films. It may also be educational in nature, as in the instance of public broadcasting stations which provide educational programming to a national audience. Political communications including propaganda are also frequently distributed via mass media, as are public service announcements and emergency alerts.

While elitists may be tempted to sneer at the mass media, referring to it as the “opiate of the masses,” mass media is a critical part of human societies. Understanding mass media is usually key to understanding a population and culture, which is why the field of media studies is so huge. Watching, reading, and interacting with a nation's mass media can provide clues into how people think, especially if a diverse assortment of mass media sources are perused.

So, the Object of this paper is mass media;

Тhе Subject of the paper is mass media in Russia and Britain.

Тhе Aim of the research is to make а comparative analysis of mass media in Russia and Britain

Тhе Objectives are:

1. To study the peculiarities of Mass Media in different countries;

2. To compare Russian and Britain mass media and sum up their differences and similarities.

Тhе Methods of the research: the analysis and synthesis of the literature; comparative review of literature sources; summary of the investigated issues.

Тhе theoretical value of the paper: the analysis of the meaning of the concept

"Mass media" is developed; strategies of linguistic programming are investigated.

Тhе practical value has the following parts:

Тhе structure of the research: Introduction, three Chapters, Conclusions on Chapters, Summary Conclusions, Bibliography, Glossary.

Chapter 1. Television

Here we will find out about television how it is appeared, advantages and disadvantages of TV and finally about television in different countries Russia and Britain.

1.1 TV history

Experiments in broadcasting television began in the 1920s but were interrupted by World War II. By 1992 the U.S. had 1,505 television stations, and cable television systems in the U.S. served over 56 million households. Television signals are also now transmitted from satellites direct to household satellite dishes.

Television is the main source of news for many households around the world. TV does what none of the other media can: it brings the sight and sounds of some important news events by means of filmed, taped or live reports. Like regular radio news bulletins, daily TV news programmes provide only brief accounts of relatively new stories. But the visual aspect of TV news story can often help viewers understand the story. In addition to daily news reports, television covers special news events. Coverage of such an event may replace many hours of regular TV shows. Television also broadcasts in-depth programmes that help explain a story or subject. Such programmes, which run from half an hour to three hours, include docummentaries and interview programmes. Most docummentaries are filmed or taped. They may perform such subjects as crime, foreign policy, or race relations. Interview programmes, which are usually broadcast live, may consist of a panel of journalists who ask questions of a major figure in the news.

1.2 TV: is it a good thing or not

Television now plays an important role in our life. It is difficult to say if it is good or bad for us. It is clear, that TV has advantages and disadvantages. Here you can see it:

ADVANTAGES:

· First of all it keeps people informed, we can learn a lot of information watching TV.

· We can choose programs that appeal to us more, because TV provides programs for all interest.

· It helps us to relax after a hard day's work and escape from reality.

· Moreover it's stopes people feeling lonely, it is educational and cheap.

· Advertisement on TV gives us information about different products and it makes easier to choose things to buy.

· When we watch TV we learn about the world-famous people and global or recent news.

· We can know the latest news.

DISADVANTAGES:

· It wastes our time and it makes us lazy.

· It is harmful for our health and bad for eyes.

· Some violent programs and films makes people violent. So VIOLENCE becomes a vital problem.

· Watching TV takes all free time from almost all people.

· We just watch it, not concentrate, and waste time.

· We should pay for it.

· It distracts us from very important things.

· It can break.

· Take many places.

· If it is raining we can not watch TV, in most cases.

· Too much advertising annoy us.

· Bad influence on children.

1.3 Television in Britain

Television is one of the most popular mass media in Britain. Some 96 per cent of population have television in their homes. It is estimated that about 10 per cent of household have two or more sets. Average viewing time per person is over 17 hours a week.

Four television channels are in operation: BBC-1. BBC-2. ITV. Channel-4.

The BBC has been providing regular television broadcasts since 1936. BBC television productions come from main studios at the Television Centre in west London and other studios in various parts of London.

The first regular independent television broadcast began in London in 1955. Independent television programmes are produced at 18 studio centres throughout the country.

1.4 TV in Russia

Television is the most popular leisure pastime in Russia. Several television channels are in operation: "Ostankino". "Russian Channel", "Independent TV Channel - NTV". Besides them there are local TV channels and local commercial TV channels in big cities and republics of Russia.

TV services provide programmes of general interest such as light entertainment, sport, current affairs, serious drama, music. There are programmes on arts, children's and family programmes, interview with outstanding personalities, news reports covering international, national and local events.

Much attention is paid to foreign films, American in particular, foreign TV programmes and soap operas.

Conclusions on chapter 1

From this chapter we have known that you can observe the same situation also on television. However, the quality of the broadcastings which are offered by the private television canals is much better. Now almost all prints, radio canals and television canals have own Internet pages where one can read, or hear, or see everything what stands in the low-spirited displays.

Chapter 2. Newspapers

In this chapter we will consider the difference between Russian and Britain press.

2.1 The British press

National newspapers have an average total circulation of over 13 million on weekdays and about 14 million on Sundays, although the total readership is considerably greater. There are 10 national morning daily papers and 10 national Sundays - five “qualities”, two “mid - market” and three “populars”. There are about 1,350 regional and local newspapers, and over 7,000 periodical publications.

There is no state control or censorship of the newspaper and periodical press, which caters for a range of political views, interests and level of education. Where they express pronounced views and show obvious political leanings in their editorial comments, these may derive from proprietorial and other non - party influences.

A non - statutory Press Complaints Commission deals with complaints by members of the public about the content and conduct of newspapers and magazines, and advises editors and journalists. In 1995, the Government rejected proposals for statutory regulation of the press and for legislation to give protection to privacy. Instead, it endorsed self - regulation under the Commission and recommended tougher measures to make self - regulation more effective.

Working practices throughout the newspaper industry have become more efficient with the widespread used of advanced computer - based technology. Publishers have been able to reduce production costs by using computer systems for editing and production processes.

2.2 Press in Russia

Newspapers and magazines play a great and very important role in the life of a modern man. Reading a newspaper you can get information about the events that have taken or are going to have place in this country and abroad. You can also read articles about historical events and public figures of the past. The pages of newspapers carry articles on our economy, industry, agriculture and social life. Practically all newspapers also give radio and TV programmes, weather forecasts. Today Russia can be proud of the variety of newspapers circulating throughout the country. One can find newspapers of all kinds: national and local, official and private, quality and popular, newspapers issued for children, teenagers, for all kind of fans: sport-fans, car-fans, music fans, etc. The freedom of press has become actual and real today. Most of the newspapers can boast their independence, their individual styles, their peculiarities. Usually there are four or eight pages in a newspaper, but some newspapers have a twelve or sixteen pages. There is no need to read all of the articles. People can look through the newspapers and read the columns they are interested in. Every newspapers has its readers.

Conclusion on Chapter 2

In this chapter we have studied that in some countries, newspapers are owned by government or by political parties but in Britain newspapers are mostly owned by individuals or by publishing companies and the editors of the papers are usually allowed considerate freedom of expression and nearly every area in Britain has one or more local newspapers. The British are one of the biggest newspaper-reading nations in the world.

So now we know that Russian and Britain press are different. When we mean Britain press it is Britain press not Russian.

Chapter 3. Radio

Here we will find out how radio technology was developing, interesting fact about Britain people and a few information about radio technology in Russia.

3.1 Development of Radio Technology

Radio is based on the studies of James Clerk Maxwell, who developed the mathematical theory of electromagnetic waves, and Heinrich Hertz, who devised an apparatus for generating and detecting them. Guglielmo Marconi, recognizing the possibility of using these waves for a wireless communication system, gave a demonstration (1895) of the wireless telegraph, using Hertz's spark coil as a transmitter and Edouard Branly's coherer (a radio detector in which the conductance between two conductors is improved by the passage of a high-frequency current) as the first radio receiver. The effective operating distance of this system increased as the equipment was improved, and in 1901, Marconi succeeded in sending the letter S across the Atlantic Ocean using Morse code . In 1904, Sir John A. Fleming developed the first vacuum electron tube , which was able to detect radio waves electronically. Two years later, Lee de Forest invented the audion, a type of triode, or three-element tube, which not only detected radio waves but also amplified them.

Radio telephony--the transmission of music and speech--also began in 1906 with the work of Reginald Fessiden and Ernst F. W. Alexanderson, but it was not until Edwin H. Armstrong patented (1913) the circuit for the regenerative receiver that long-range radio reception became practicable. The major developments in radio initially were for ship-to-shore communications. Following the establishment (1920) of station KDKA at Pittsburgh, Pa., the first commercial broadcasting station in the United States, technical improvements in the industry increased, as did radio's popularity. In 1926 the first broadcasting network was formed, ushering in the golden age of radio. Generally credited with creating the first modern broadband FM system, Armstrong built and operated the first FM radio station, KE2XCC, in 1938 at Alpine, N.J. The least expensive form of entertainment during the Great Depression, the radio receiver became a standard household fixture, particularly in the United States. Subsequent research gave rise to countless technical improvements and to such applications as radio facsimile, radar, and television. The latter changed radio programming drastically, and the 1940s and 50s witnessed the migration of the most popular comedy and drama shows from radio to television. Radio programming became mostly music and news and, to a lesser extent, talk shows. The turn of the century saw a potential rebirth for radio as mobile digital radio entered the market with a satellite-based subscription service in Europe (1998) and in the United States (2000). Two years later, a land-based digital radio subscription service was inaugurated in the United States.

Radios that combine transmitters and receivers are now widely used for communications. Police and military forces and various businesses commonly use such radios to maintain contact with dispersed individuals or groups. Citizens band (CB) radios, two-way radios operating at frequencies near 27 megahertz, most typically used in vehicles for communication while traveling, became popular in the 1970s. Cellular telephones , despite the name, are another popular form of radio used for communication.

3.2 Interesting fact about radio in Britain

People in Britain listen to an average 15 hours and 50 minutes of radio each week.

The BBC has five national radio networks which together transmit all types of music, news, current affairs, drama, education, sport and a range of feature programmes. There are also 39 BBC local radio stations, and national radio services in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.

Broadcasting in Britain has traditionally been based on the principle that it is a public service accountable to people. While retaining the essential public service element, it now also embraces the principles of competition and choice:

the BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation), which broadcasts television and radio programmes;

the ITC (Independent Television Commission), which licenses and regulates commercial television services, including cable and satellite services.

the Radio Authority, which licenses and regulates commercial radio services, including cable and satellite.

The three bodies work to broad requirements and objectives defined and endorsed by Parliament, but are otherwise independent in their daily conduct of business.

3.3 About Radio in Russia

The radio canals also differ from each other. In every region of Russia there is a state station where regional news, children's programs and cultural broadcastings and others are transmitted. Several stations have whole Russia as an auditorium and are supported by the state. The private radio canals deal more with modern music. They offer also a lot of the listener's plays which are transmitted immediately. The broadcastings are amusing, the Radios-Jees are young and funny. And the audience of the private radio canals is also much younger, than that of the state radio canals. One can observe the same situation also on television. However, the quality of the broadcastings which are offered by the private television canals is much better. Now almost all prints, radio canals and television canals have own Internet pages where one can read, or hear, or see everything what stands in the low-spirited displays.

Radio in Russia is widespread for its portability. It means that radios can easily be carried around. People like listening to the radio on the beach or picnic, while driving a car or just walking down the street. The main kind of radio entertainment is music.(1;338)

Conclusion on Chapter 3

In this chapter we have known about radio development which had been developing during many centuries. Many years ago scientists started to think about it. Now people have this portable and handy invention.

Summary Conclusions

This research paper aimed too to study mass media in Britain and Russia, to known is it different.

The first objective was to know the history of television, to compare Russian and Britain television, to know about it advantages and disadvantages. So, we have known that it has a lot of disadvantages but we need TV inspire of it's disadvantages because people need something like information center. It's important to keep people informed about almost everything. People must know important information because they can use it in useful and right way.

The second objective was to study British and Russian Press. We have learned many interesting things about Russian and Britain press. For example the British are one of the biggest newspaper-reading nations in the world.

The third objective was to know about radio technologies and also compare it. We have known interesting fact about Britain Radio and have learned development of radio technology.

By way of conclusion we need mass media inspire of its disadvantages and different countries have differences including Mass media.

Bibliography

1. 400 cсочинений по английскому языку

2. http://www.native-english.ru/topics/television-in-russia-and-in-britain

3. http://www.coolsoch.ru/arh/angl/194.htm

4. http://www.coolsoch.ru/arh/angl/568.htm

5. http://www.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/customs/questions/media.htm

Glossary

Broadcasting- the business of making and sending out radio and television programmes.

Difference-the way in which two people or things are not like each other; the way in which sb/sth has changed.

Endorse-to say publicly that you support a person, statement or course of action.

Mass media- all the people and organizations that provide information and news for the public, including television, radio, and newspapers.

Observe-formal to see and notice something.

Press- newspapers and magazines.

Radio- transmission or reception of electromagnetic radiation in the radio frequency range. The Television-term is commonly applied also to the equipment used, especially to the radio receiver.

a piece of electrical equipment with a screen on which you can watch programmes with moving pictures and sounds.

Vacum-a space that is completely empty of all substances, including all air or other gas.

Exposure to forms of Mass media

2008 year

2009 year