"Materials about Kyrgyz land use ..." as the source on household-economical history of Kazakh economy

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Kazakh National University named after Al-Farabi, Kazakhstan, Almaty

"Materials about Kyrgyz land use ..." as the source on household-economical history of Kazakh economy

N.A. Tasilova, Kozgambaeva G.

Candidate of Historical Sciences, docent,

E-mail: tasnaz@mail.ru

Candidate of Historical Sciences, docent,

E-mail: gulnar.kozgambaeva@mail.ru

Abstract

This article discusses the "Materials on the Kyrgyz land use ..." as a historical source on the history of Kazakhstan the late XIX - early ХХ century. Documents gathered in the materials are unique in scope of coverage of the totality of the most important facts, events, phenomena in the field of history, ethnography, geography, place names and demography of the Kazakh people. They represent a set of statistical data, consisting of 27 volumes, which is an invaluable resource in the study of the Kazakh people of ethnic history, especially the traditional Kazakh economy.

This materials research statistics and research expeditions conducted with the aim of colonizing the territory of Kazakhstan tsarist Russia in the late XIX century. - The beginning of the ХХ century. Despite the fact that these documents were the source for colonial policy, they are also a valuable source of information on the structure of the tribal structure, business, economic, social history and other aspects of the life of the Kazakhs of the period.

Keywords: power, source, analysis, method, statistics, ethnicity, structure.

historical kazakhstan colonization ethnography

«Материалы по киргизскому землепользованию...» как источник по хозяйственно-экономической истории казахских хозяйств.

В настоящей статье рассматриваются «Материалы по киргизскому землепользованию...» как исторический источник по истории Казахстана конца ХІХ - нач. ХХ века. Документы, собранные в материалах уникальны по масштабу охвата всей совокупности важнейших фактов, событий, явлений в области истории, этнографии, географии, топонимики и демографии казахского народа. Они представляют собой свод статистических материалов, состоящий из 27-ми томов, который является бесценным источником в исследовании этнической истории казахского народа, особенности казахского традиционного хозяйства.

Это материалы исследований статистических и исследовательских экспедиций проведенных с целью колонизации территории Казахстана царской Россией в конце ХІХ в. - начале ХХ в. Несмотря на то что эти документы были источником для колониальной политики, они также являются ценным источником по структуре родо-племенного состава, хозяйственной, экономической, социальной истории и других аспектов жизни казахов того периода.

Ключевые слова: источник, источниковедение, анализ, метод, статистика, этнос, структура.

Аннотация

«?ыр?ыздарды? (?аза?тарды?) жер пайдалану материалдары...» - ?аза? шаруашылы?ыны? шаруашылы?-экономикалы? тарихыны? дерек к?зі

Б?л ма?алада «?ыр?ыздарды? (?аза?тарды?) жер пайдалану материалдары...» ?аза?стан тарихыны? ма?ызды дерек к?зі ретінде ?арастырылады.

?ыр?ыздарды? (?аза?тарды?) жер пайдалану материалдары...» статистикалы? м?ліметтерден жина?тал?ан 27 томнан т?рады, ол ?аза? хал?ыны? этникалы? тарихын, д?ст?рлі шаруашылы?ыны? ерекшеліктерін зерттеуді? ма?ызды дерек к?зі болып табылады. Деректерде жина?тал?ан а?параттар уникалды. Е? алдымен ма?ызды фактілерді?, тарих, этнография, география, топонимика, демография ж?не т.б. м?селелерге ?атысты ??нды м?ліметтерді? бір деректе шо?ырлануы. Сонды?тан да б?гінгі та?да б?л деректі деректанулы? талдау м?селесіне деген ?ызы?ушылы? артып отыр.

Онда ?аза? тарихыны? ма?ызды дерек к?зі болып табылатын «?ыр?ыздарды? жер пайдалану материалдарын...» зерттеу мен талдау методикалары мен т?сілдері к?рсетіліп, деректану ?ылымыны? талаптарына сай зерттеу мен сыннын ?ткізуді?, сыныптау мен талдауды? ?дістері мен оны на?ты тарихи зерттеулерде пайдалану т?сілдері ?сыныл?ан. Сонымен ?атар статистикалы? зерттеулерді ?йымдастыр?ан, деректі ??растыр?ан авторлар, оларды? к?з?арастары талдан?ан.

Т?йін с?здер: дерек, деректану, талдау, ?діс, статистика, этнос, ??рылым.

 The end of the XIX century. - The beginning of the ХХ century. socio-economic situation in Kazakhstan is characterized by the collapse of the traditional economy of the Kazakhs, the formation of capitalist relations and the deepening of social differentiation. Kazakhstan's economy has developed unevenly.

Each region in Kazakhstan differed from each other in different climatic, historical conditions, and the level of development of railroads and markets, farms and the location of cultural centers.

In the wide steppe and mountainous areas, desert and forest areas of Kazakhstan have developed various types of farms. At the end of the nineteenth century. - The beginning of the twentieth century due to different environmental conditions and the level of historical development had its own peculiarities of farming.

By grouping similar characteristics, three types of farms can be identified: 1) livestock in the conditions of nomadism; 2) livestock in the conditions of semi-nomadic way of life, farming around wintering; 3) livestock and agriculture in the conditions of residence.

Historian B. Suleimenov, in his work the territory of Kazakhstan in the end of XIX century - beginning of the twentieth century divided into two zones: a) The first - the north, north-west, south-east, in the area the population is mainly engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry; b) The second - the population of most of the central areas of the south and south-west, mainly engaged in animal husbandry. [1]

During this period, the main type of livestock farming was that gripped 64.8% of the population. 26.4% of Kazakhs were engaged in agriculture and a sedentary lifestyle. In the analyzed period, the industry was in its infancy, it has developed a small-scale handicraft production. In general, Kazakhstan in XIX - XX centuries. Agriculture was the edge of the traditional economy and the patriarchal-feudal society.

On the basis of data stored in the "MKZ" you can obtain valuable information about the traditional animal husbandry, agriculture and crafts of the Kazakhs. The main purpose of the expedition was to determine the required number of Kazakh land to farms, so the first thing the researchers studied the types of households and calculate the necessary amount of land and intventarya. In accordance with the features of the natural environment, the economy of each county were considered separately [2].

In "MKZ" preserved very valuable information, dismisses the notion that the Kazakhs were not developed agriculture and taught them this lesson Russian peasants. For example, the source dedicated to Chimkent county says that 83.38% of the population was sedentary, and only 16.62% - led a nomadic life. This: "... although the Kirghiz (Kazakhs) in Chimkent district and are considered nomads, they nevertheless provided cropland significantly higher than the average peasant family in the European part of Russia," [3]. The pedigree of delivery table and tribes Akmola county stated that here mainly inhabited by Argyn. Presented branches. From his senior wife: Kuandik, Suyundikov, Begendik, Shegendik from younger wife: Shubyrtpaly (Toktauyl) Zhalykpas, Kambar from slave: Bolatkozha (Karakesek) and godson Karzhas. From the very Kuandyk: birth Esenkart, Altai, Karpykov, Burchi, Temesh. As descendants of the table Esenkarta: Kalkamantsy lived in the Esimskoy parish, Agys in Sherubai-Nura Parish, Altai descendants: Moin-Rahmanul, the descendants of the families of Murat and Sangay - Akbura, Tokbura, Baybura inhabited Akmola, Spassky, Sherubai - Nura parish. Other Argyn inhabited Nura, Zhylandinsky, Monshaktinsky, Korzhynkolsky and Eremensky parish. Kipchaks inhabited Esimsky, Akmola, Zhylandinsky, Monshaktinsky, Kyzyltausky, Kyzyltopyraksky, Nura parish [5].

In the table, genera and families dedicated to Akmola county are given information about the population of this county: Argyns from Momyna - kind Kanzhygaly, Atygay, Basentin from Meiram, sort Kuandik, Suyundikov, Begendik. Along with them in the county lived Kurei, Waki, Kipchaks, and Kara - Kyrgyz Thuret and Tolengits.

Relying on the source of the "MKZ", you can determine that Peter and Paul district consisted of 4 major birth Argynov, Repeater, Uakov, Kipchak and from Thuret and tolengitov. The source gives information about the resettlement of tribal kind Kerey "Rhode Kerey submitted to the county four offices, located on the territory of the county in the following sequential order: On the border with native Atygay (Argyn) is located Ker's smallest branch, genus Balta; then the next, on the border Stanovsky and Presnovskoy townships - born Koshuba, then - the most powerful kind of Smail, and finally, who is on a three listed birth distantly related, the Swan, is located in the west (southern part Presnogorkovskaya Parish) between an alien birth Wak, Kipchak and Kandzhigaly ... ".

From these data it is clear that the county residents were ѕ Argyns and Kurei 1/5 Waki, the remaining farms were 3%. Based on the sources, it can be said: in the east of the Yesil River located Argyns, northeast Waki, in the west - Kurei Waki and lived in the neighborhood, among them Kanzhygaly of Argynov, side by side with Kipchak.

In fact, the Syrdarya River and the foothills of Karatau Aris abound in irrigation systems that have contributed to the development of agriculture. In this region since ancient times we were engaged in agriculture. Members statistical parties also noted this fact, pointing out that in this case the agricultural region formed 60-100 years ago [4].

Work "Collection of materials on the history of Turkestan and his conquest" A.G. Serebrennikov is stored in the State Archive of the Republic of Uzbekistan №715 in the fund (Case 72), in 74 volumes. In this work are valuable sources related to the socio-economic, tribal and political history of the Kazakhs Syrdarinskoy area. It is reported about the "occupation of Kazakhs Zhuz farming gardening, harvesting corn, millet and profit when sold, and from ancient times."

Given that the source refers to the 40-70-th years of the XIX century, it is not necessary to prove that agriculture was developed in Syrdarya region to the resettlement of Russian peasants. The following table gives information on the amount of land allocated for employment in agriculture in Chimkent district.

Table 1 Agriculture in Chimkent district of Syrdarya region