Methodology of estimation of technical and phisical preparation of sportsmen with the usa of modern informatively-comput technologies

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Lviv Polytechnic National University

Methodology of estimation of technical and phisical preparation of sportsmen with the usa of modern informatively-comput technologies

Koryahin V.



Abstract

Progress in the field of theory and methods of sports requires the development of modern control methods that allow measuring certain parameters of athletes' preparedness with high accuracy. The need to find new approaches to solving this problem is a requirement of today. The use of scientific and technological progress in sports is a reality that needs to be considered.

Improvement of the system of training athletes depends on a number of factors, including the improvement of the system of assessing the level of their physical fitness. Control over the level and dynamics of physical fitness is an important component of managing the training process of athletes. The effectiveness of this management depends on the objectivity and reliability of information about its course.

An important problem facing scientists and sports practitioners is the need to improve the monitoring system through the introduction of new innovative approaches and modern technologies. The development and implementation of new control technologies requires the implementation of special electronic devices in this process, which should ensure the objectivity and accuracy of the results obtained.

This work is devoted to the problem of creating approaches to a unified system for controlling the physical fitness of athletes. The paper offers techniques by which with high accuracy and objectivity it is possible to assess the level of some sides of athletes' physical fitness based on the use of modern nanotechnology and microprocessor systems, which is very important for the theory and practice of sports.

Keywords: sport; training of athletes; test control; modern nanotechnology.



Introduction

Basketball is an athletics game that places high demands on the physical fitness of athletes [1, 2, 3, 4]. Participation in the game requires the athlete to mobilize his physical and functional capabilities. The physical training of basketball players in modern basketball is of particular importance due to the expansion of the range of their game activities, an increase in tension in the game, which requires athletes to maximize muscle effort in situations that change rapidly during the game [5, 6, 7, 8].

In order to effectively increase the physical capabilities of athletes, in particular basketball players, it is necessary to know the following: what requirements the game itself puts on the individual functions of the body and the physical qualities of basketball players, how great are these requirements, what are the physical capabilities of basketball players, what physical and functional qualities in the first place it is necessary to pay attention in the process of training, what means and methods of training are most effective for the development of certain qualities, how to rationally build a training process [6, 8]. Therefore, the question of establishing criteria functions and physical qualities of basketball players is very important in order to manage effectively the training process. Moreover, effective management of the training process is impossible if the following tasks are not solved [7]:

Creation of a unified system of accounting and analysis of training loads.

Determination of the most effective means and methods of training.

Optimization of the training process construction.

Development and unification of the system of control over the training of basketball players and the level of their physical preparedness.

This work discusses issues related to the development and unification of the system of control over the physical preparedness of basketball players.

The purpose of the study is to develop a system of control of special physical preparedness of basketball players based on the use of modern nanotechnologies and microprocessor systems.



Literature Review

Studies have shown that monitoring the special physical preparedness of basketball players is very important for effective planning of the athletes' training process [2, 6]. When planning the training process of basketball players for certain short or long-term (several years) periods, the question of choosing criteria by which it is possible to determine the course of training in the context of changes in the physical fitness of athletes becomes important. These issues are constantly in the field of view of specialists [9, 10, 11]. Nevertheless, modern basketball requires the implementation of new approaches in this process, the use of modern, fundamentally new approaches to the problems of test control, the need to take into account the development of information and communication technologies. Integration of innovative approaches to control the physical fitness of athletes is a requirement of today. Development and unification of means and methods of control of physical fitness in sports games is a powerful means of increasing the efficiency of the training process [2, 9, 12].

For a long time, the question of finding methods for determining the level of special physical fitness has been the focus of many researchers. The development and unification of the basketball players' training monitoring system has been the subject of research by many scientists and practitioners in this field of sports [9, 13, 14].

In basketball, a certain system of control over the athletes' fitness has been created [6, 15]. Tests are usually used for the following purposes:

Identifying the level of development of certain qualities and skills in basketball players of one or different qualifications, one or different age groups.

Monitoring the effectiveness of training tools and methods.

Control over the dynamics of basketball players' sports skills during a certain period.

Selection to a sports section or team.

Control over the training of basketball players in the process of preparing for competitions. This makes it easier to create training programs and more efficiently manage the training process.

Research Methodology

It should be noted that in the historical aspect, the proposed tests and, most importantly, the methods of determining the parameters of basketball players' preparedness have been improved over the decades due to technological progress. At the beginning, ordinary roulette, stopwatches, etc. were used for such tests [2, 3, 4, 8]. Then electronic stopwatches, photofinishing devices were used [5, 6, 16]. The use of these more technically improved devices has affected the quality and accuracy of the results of research. Nevertheless, one of the promising areas of improvement of control is the development and practical implementation of new, highly effective means, methods, and technologies of integrated control and management of this process. The need to implement these innovations, fundamentally new approaches to the development of the theory of test control in sports and, in particular, in basketball, which would meet modern scientific ideas, is due to the requirements of innovative development, and the global development of information and communication technologies causes the need for significant changes in the forms of organization of test control over the training of basketball players [6, 17, 18].

Therefore, on the basis of modern nanotechnology and microprocessor systems, a new system for determining such parameters of physical fitness as: assessment of special speed endurance, speed-power capabilities, movement techniques and special endurance of basketball players has been developed and implemented into basketball theory and practice.

The method of pedagogical observations, graphic analysis method, and mathematical statistics were used in the researches. For calculating the indicators of 20 m running, the formulas proposed by Trafmon [19] were used, as well as modern nanotechnology and microprocessor systems to determine various parameters of basketball players' physical fitness. Capacitive sensor devices based on the combination of modern nanotechnology and microprocessor systems were used [18, 19, 20].

Statistical Analysis

To maintain a laboratory journal, to perform operations for storing the obtained research results and sorting them, and for calculating statistical data, the MS Excel program was used. The choice of methods of mathematical statistics was adequate to the purpose and objectives of our study and included the use of the following methods: the arithmetic mean according to the initial data, the error of the average value and the reliability of the difference between the data obtained.

Tests for the study of physical fitness of basketball players

The existing methods of determining various parameters of physical preparedness of athletes do not meet the modern requirements of scientific and technological progress. A number of tests are offered to determine speed-power capabilities, special speed and special endurance based on the use of modern nanotechnology and microprocessor systems

Method of determining motor quality "speed".

Success in many sports and especially in sports games is ensured by not only a high level of technical, tactical, psychological, but also physical preparedness of athletes. The speed of the athlete's actions plays an important role in the aspect of physical training.

It is clear that the effective conduct of the game of basketball, volleyball, football, handball and other gaming sports at a high pace requires appropriate physical training, including speed. The effectiveness of the game actions of athletes largely depends on the speed of simple and complex motor reactions, the speed of movement when performing of game [4, 15, 21, 22].

An important element in the process of training of athletes in game sports is not only the method of speed training, including special, but also the method of determining the level of development of this quality.

In sports games and, in particular, in basketball, a simple procedure for determining the level of speed development using a stopwatch has been used for a long time. A significant step forward, especially in basketball, was the method of determining the speed offered by V.Danilov [5] using a photofinishing device. With the help of this device, you can register a number of indicators that to some extent characterize the speed and power capabilities of athletes. This method has been widely used in basketball [6, 23].

The main disadvantage of this method, despite its progressiveness, is the insufficient accuracy of the measurement, which was not able to provide the equipment of that time.

The task of our work was to develop a device using modern technologies to determine the speed and power capabilities of athletes.

When creating a device for controlling speed and power abilities, we needed to ensure the possibility of fixation with an accuracy of thousands of seconds of time of overcoming certain intervals of distance. The developed device for determining the level of development of speed abilities (Fig. 1) includes: starting pads, three installations that are able to record and quickly transmit to a personal computer information about the time of overcoming distance intervals, with a resolution of 0.01 s. Capacitive motion sensors are placed on the starting pads, along the distance at the installations and on the object itself. An informative signal between two sensors that occurs when the subject passes the distance, allows you to register the start time, the time of overcoming each interval of the distance and the finish. The signal received by the sensors is transmitted to the microcontroller, where it is processed and transmitted to a personal computer through wireless communication devices (Bluetooth).

Fig. 1. Constructive scheme of the means of speed control:

1 - subject of control; 2 - capacitive motion sensors;

3 - microcontroller; 4 - PC

The use of the developed device makes it possible to increase significantly the accuracy of the test results of speed control. Obtaining information with a high degree of accuracy allows not only to determine the time of overcoming the intervals of the distance, but also to calculate the speed of the starting acceleration, the maximum speed of movement and the starting force. On the basis of the results of mathematical calculations of indicators, it is possible to accurately and differentiately estimate the speed-power abilities [5].

Therefore, based on the dispositions of the integrated approach, we propose to calculate other important characteristics using the method of mathematical statistics on the basis of the information obtained by the control, along with determining the time of overcoming the distance segments. This is necessary because overcoming short distances (20, 30, 40, 50, 100 m) with maximum speed is considered an insufficiently informative indicator of the level of development of speed-power abilities. It is important to characterize the level of development of these abilities to determine such characteristics as the speed of starting acceleration (Kc), the maximum running speed at the distance (Vm) and the starting force (F). The exponential nature of the interdependence between speed and time in such exercises makes it possible to find a mathematical assessment of these indicators. To calculate the starting acceleration (Kc) we use the exponential formula:

where Yi і Y2 - speed on distances from 3 to 5 m or from 3 to 6 m and on distances from 5 or up to 20 m, or up to 30,40,50 m depending on the chosen length of distance;

ti і t2 - time of overcoming the relevant distances.

The following equation was used to calculate the maximum speed of running at the distance (Vm):

Vt - speed reached by the time t,

k - speed constant that characterizes the starting acceleration;

е - the basis of natural logarithms.

The following formula was used to determine the starting force (F)

speed endurance basketball

where Р - weight of the control subject; g - acceleration of gravity.

The indicators obtained from these mathematical calculations make it possible to carry out a differentiated and objective assessment of speed-power abilities.

Assessment of special speed endurance

The basketball player starts from the front line and runs to the opposite front line of the basketball court. Touching this front line with one foot, the athlete turns around and runs in the opposite direction, performing this cycle for 40 sec. The exercises are performed with the maximum possible intensity 3 times after 1 minute of rest. The number of meters that a basketball player runs in 120 s (3 x 40, after 1 minute of rest) is an indicator of the level of development of speed endurance of basketball players.

Before the test, the basketball court between the front lines is divided into 28 parts, 1 meter each, and special devices that transmit a signal to a personal computer when running a distance, are installed on each segment, which allows you to determine with high accuracy the number of meters overcome in 40 s of running.

The principle of using modern nanotechnology and microprocessor systems is described above in the section "Methodology for determining the motor quality "speed".

Control of special endurance and movement techniques of basketball players

To determine the special endurance and technique of movement of basketball players, the test "Movement of a basketball player in the rack" was used [6]. The test provides for control of the time and distance that the subject overcame (fixed segments), and touching the platform, by which the dynamics of tiredness is established.

In accordance with the task, a movement control device has been developed. Fig. 2. shows the structural diagram of the constructive solution of the special speed endurance control system.

Fig. 2. Structural diagram of the design solution of the device for control of special speed endurance:

1 - subject of control, 2 - stationary measuring unit, 3 - motion trajectories, 4 - PC, 5, 6 - the first and second mobile measuring unit, respectively

The developed device consists of two mobile and one stationary measuring units (Fig. 3). Both the first and the second mobile measuring units contain a control-registering device and a transmitter. Stationary measuring unit (2) consists of a controlregistering device, microcontroller, receiver, indication unit, interface unit (personal computer).

Fig. 3. Structural diagram of the device



The operation of the device is determined by a stationary measuring unit that exchanges information with the mobile measuring units, and generates the results of measurements based on the signals received from them. The results are displayed on LCD display of the personal computer, which also performs their analysis in accordance with the algorithm of functioning of the internal software. In addition to prompt display of the results, the device allows storing their values in the internal memory or transferring them to the indication unit for additional analysis and visualization.

The device is developed on the basis of multifunctional microcontroller platforms.

Using the developed movement control device, a method of control of special speed endurance is proposed: on signal, the tested person touches the stationary measuring unit with his hand, begins to move along the trajectory towards the mobile unit at a distance of 5 m, touches it, returns to the stationary measuring unit, touches it with his hand and begins to move along the trajectory to the mobile unit, touches it with the hand and returns along the trajectory at a distance of 5 m to the stationary measuring unit, touches it with a hand and goes to the mobile unit along the trajectory. These movements are made until giving up. Digital informative signals are recorded in measuring units and transmitted through the infrared line to the personal computer, where their graphic visualization is provided. According to the obtained results, the dynamics of tiredness is calculated, which gives an idea of the level of special speed endurance.

Capacitive sensor devices based on the combination of modern nanotechnology and microprocessor systems such as smartphones, tablet computers and others were used to create a means of controlling jumping height parameters. The basis of these devices are electronic measuring systems of the athlete's spatial position based on capacitive sensors [20, 24]. Among the main advantages of modern sensor devices, we can mention versatility, high conversion accuracy, thermal stabilization, ease of use, minimal power consumption with the possibility of functioning with low-voltage power supplies [20].

To control the height of the jump, a one-dimensional matrix of active band electrodes that are glued to the display wall were formed. Active electrodes will be connected to the signal converter by a signal line (electric cables harness).

In addition to the electrodes, the developed device includes following: a signal line, a signal converter, an interface, a communication line and a mobile communication system, in particular a smartphone or personal computer. In the system of measurement of jumping parameters, the matrix of electrodes forms a set of signals, by which it is possible to determine the highest and lowest point of the body of the object of control, his grouping and dynamics of movement with a time resolution of 0.01 s. Electrodes in the form of flexible conductive tapes are glued to the display wall up to 3 m high. The width of the tapes and the distance between them is 5 mm, which determines the resolution of measuring the spatial position of the object of control, in particular over the floor level.

Results

The study results of the physical preparedness of the highly qualified basketball players are given in following four tables.

As it is seen (Table 1), the running time of the 6-m running in the basketball players performing central functions is 1.30 ± 0.041s, which is lower than in the forwards (1.36 + 0.035s) and defenders (1.23 ± 0.031s). But it should be borne in mind that the difference is only between the indicators of the center players and defenders (P> 0,99). This indicates that the starting speed of the defenders is better than the starting speed of the central players.



Table 1

Results of the studies of physical preparedness of highly qualified basketball players in the 20 m race

Indicators	Players' functions	Difference certainty
	Center players (C)	Forwards (F)	Defenders (D)
20-metres running- 6- metres running time (s)	(n=15) 1.30±0.041 0.074	(n=17) 1.26±0.035 0.069	(n=20) 1.23±0.031 0.066	C-F < 0.95 C-D < 0.95 F-D < 0.99
- 20-metres running time(s)	3.30±0.082 0.149	3.13±0.049 0.097	3.04±0.027 0.074	C-F < 0.999 C-D < 0.999 F-D < 0.99
- maximum speed at a distance (m / s)	6.08±0.016 0.302	6.38±0.021 0.042	6.60±0.031 0.068	C-F < 0.999 C-D < 0.999 F-D < 0.99
- increase in speed from 6 to 20 m (m/s)	1.50±0.104 0.190	1.61±0.100 0.095	1.70±0.124 0.267	C-F < 0.95 C-D < 0.98 F-D < 0.95

Source: prepared by the author

If one analyzes the data of the 20-meter running at 20, then it turns out that the forwards and the center players are inferior to the defenders with a high level of reliability difference between the indicators. The maximum speed at the distance in the center players is lower than that of the forwards and defenders. The increase in speed at the run from 6 to 20 cm in the center players is 1.5 + 0.104 m / sec, and it is 1.7 ± 0.124 m/ sec in defenders. (P> 0.98). Thus, we see that tall basketball players, especially those, who perform the functions of central players, are inferior to the defenders both in the initial acceleration and in the possibility of developing the maximum speed at the distance and in the results of 20-meter running. However, it should be noted that in quite a number of indicators that characterize speed qualities of basketball players (35% of the total number), the difference is absent or insufficient. This suggests significant positive changes in the training system of speed qualities in highly qualified basketball players.

The results of the assessment of special speed endurance in the Run 3x40 test after 1 minute of rest are given in Table 2.

Table 2

Indicators	Players' functions	Difference certainty
	Center players(C)	Forwards (F)	Defenders (D)
3x40s running after 1 min.	(n=12)	(n=15)	(n=21)	C-F < 0.99
rest: number of meters for	560.9±10.04	581.2±6.52	548.8±10.92	C-D < 0.99
120 s of running	15.95	13.55	24.08	F-D < 0.95

Source: prepared by the author

As it can be seen from the table 2, during the test, the average indicator in the 3x40m running is 569.9 ± 10.04m in the center players, 581.2±6.52m in the forwards and 548.8±10.92m in the defenders. The difference between the indicators of the center players and the forwards is 20.3 (P> 0.99); it is 23.9 m (P> 0.99) between the center players and defenders and 3.5 m (P> 0.95) between the forwards and defenders.

There is an advantage of defenders over center and forwards. This indicates that the level of special speed endurance in tall players has significant reserves.

The results of studies of special endurance and movement techniques of basketball players are shown in the Table 3.

Table 3

Indicators	Players' functions	Difference certainty
	Center players(C)	Forwards (F)	Defenders(D)
Movement in a protective rack 100 m, s	(n=18) 35.31±2.26* 2.7**	(n=19) 34.01±1.21* 1.58**	(n=17) 32.27±1.09* 1.18**	C-F < 0.95 C-D < 0.98 F-D < 0.98

Source: prepared by the author



Analysis of the study of this indicator also shows the superiority of defenders over attackers and especially over the center. The result of defenders is 32.27 ± 1.09 s, forwards - 34.01 ± 1.21 s, center - 35.31 ± 2.26 s. The reliability of the difference between the indicators, as can be seen from the table is quite high.

The results of studies of jump height in highly qualified basketball players are shown in the Table 4.

Table 4

Indicators Game functions	Height with outstretched arm standing on tiptoes	Jump height, cm
		Absolute	Relative
Center (n=27)	279 ± 24* 6.1**	328.1 ± 3.12* 7.88**	49.5 ± 2.21* 5.59**
Forwards (n=15)	271 ± 3.49* 6.33**	324.1 ± 3.65* 6.62**	52.4 ± 2.06* 3.74**
Defenders (n=27)	256.9 ± 3.42* 5.85**	314.4 ± 3.42* 8.65**	57.7 ± 2.71* 6.86**
Reliability of difference C - F C - D F - D	p > 0.999 p > 0.999 p > 0.999	p > 0.95 p > 0.999 p > 0.999	p > 0.95 p > 0.999 p > 0.98

Source: prepared by the author

*- average value and error of average value **- standard deviation from the average value

The absolute height of the jump is: in the center - 328.1 ± 3.12 cm, in attackers - 324.1 ± 3.65cm, in defenders - 314.4 ± 3.42cm. The difference in these indicators is natural because players of different roles have different height. As for the relative height of the jump, the center players recorded not very high rates, as well as the attackers, which indicates a significant reserve to increase in their jump as can be seen from the table, defenders have a jump height of 57.7±2.71 cm, which is on average 8.2 cm more than in center players, and 5.3 cm more than in attackers (p > 0.999 and p > 0.98, respectively).

When determining jumping endurance, it is best to perform jumps to a height of 90% of the maximum, until complete fatigue and refusal to continue working. When performing a series of jumps, the interval between it should be 3 sec. This time is enough for the basketball player to take a comfortable position and effectively perform the next jump - the interval of 3 sec is best set with the help of a metronome signal.

Quantitative assessment of the basketball player's jumping endurance can be obtained by ergometric analysis, which allows obtaining a number of indicators that characterize the manifestation of jumping endurance:

Maximum jump height.

Number of jumps made with maximum height.

Calculation of these indicators is based on the method of graphic analysis. Fig.1 illustrates the technique and sequence of calculation operations:

In logarithms, the jump height indicators of all serial jumps opposite their ordinal value are postponed.

At the points of the highest jumps, an average line (AB), which is parallel to the abscissa axis, is made. At the point of intersection of this line with the vertical axis, the jump height (point A) is determined.

At points where a decrease in jump height is clearly visible, the middleline (BC) is drawn. The rate of decrease in jump height as a result of fatigue is defined as tg < a.

Determining these three indicators (the maximum jump height, the number of jumps with the maximumjump height and the rate of decrease in jump height because of fatigue) is very important. They characterize the level of development of various qualities of basketball players. The maximum jump height, for example, is determined mainly by the power of the alactate anaerobic process, and the jump endurance (the number of jumps with the maximum jump height) is determined by the capacity of the alactate anaerobic process. It is possible having a good "jumping", but being bad in maintaining the jump height in serial jumps and vice versa. The interdependence between these indicators is neutral (r = 0.573). This shows that the level of development of one of these qualities does not depend on the other.

Fig.1. Diagram for calculating jump height and jumping endurance in basketball players

Our correlation analysis between height indicators and indicators in the jump height in highly qualified basketball players showed that there is a dependence between these indicators, but negative (r = -0.555). Differences that are restrained in our studies can be explained by the different ages of basketball players and their qualifications, as well as what we determined between jump height and height with an elongated arm upwards, standing on the toes, and not just growth. The differences that are obtained in our research can be explained by the different ages of basketball players and by differences in their qualifications, as well as the fact that we determined relation between the jump height and height with an outstretched up arm, standing on tiptoes, not just height. The relation between these indicators is presented in Fig.2.

Fig.2. Dependence between relative jump height and height indicators with an outstretched upwards arm in highly qualified basketball players.

(On the ordinate axis - height, standing on tiptoes with outstretched upwards arm, cm. On the axis of the abscissa - the relative jump height, cm. Marks + - center, *- attackers, o- defenders.)

The question of the importance of determining the jump height and jumping endurance was considered by many scientists and basketball coaches [4, 25] and others.

The results of our research are consistent with a number of scientific developments [26, 27] on the feasibility of improving the system of control over the state of physical, technical, tactical and psychological training of athletes.

These results of studies have shown that the use of modern nanotechnology for monitoring the jump height and jumping endurance allows you to determine these indicators with high accuracy, which is very important not only in scientific research, but also in the practical work of trainers. This makes it possible to develop training programs for basketball players, taking into account objective indicators of the state of their jump height and jumping endurance, which coincides with the results of the conclusions of a number of other researchers [28, 29].

The results of the study complement information on the control of such important qualities for basketball players as jump height and jumping endurance, and make it possible to do this with high accuracy [4, 29]. In further studies, this technique has a great perspective in the examination of basketball players of different age groups, athletes of different qualifications.



Conclusions

Monitoring of special physical fitness of basketball players using modern nanotechnology and microprocessor systems to assess special speed endurance, speed-power capabilities and special endurance in the "Movement technique" test allow to effectively, with high accuracy determine these qualities.

Establishing criteria for determining individual functions and special physical fitness is very important in order to manage effectively the basketball players' training process.

The use of modern nanotechnology and microprocessor systems, namely: capacitive sensory devices, personal computers, using graphic analysis methods and mathematical statistics, allow to raise to a better level scientific research when evaluating various aspects of athletes' training using these data in the practical activities of trainers.

Studies have shown that the indicators of speed-power capabilities, special speed endurance, technique of movement in the protective rack and the height of jumping at defenders, forwards and center differ with a high degree of reliability, which indicates the need for an individual approach for basketball players of different game roles in the preparation of training programs.



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