The use of individual fitness programs according to the body types of high school girls as means of increasing physical activity

Размещено на http://www.allbest.ru/

The use of individual fitness programs according to the body types of high school girls as means of increasing physical activity

Lyudmila Vashchuk Ph. D. in Pedagogical Sciences; Nina Dedeluk Ph. D. in Physical Education and Sports, Associate Professor; Elena Tomashchuk Ph. D. in Pedagogical Sciences, Associate Professor; Olga Roda Ph. D. in Physical Education and Sports; Department of Theory of Physical Education; Zhanna Mudryk Ph. D. in Physical Education and Sports, Associate Professor in the Department of Sports and Tourist Work, Lesya Ukrainka Eastern European National University

Abstract

The actuality of the problem is caused by the necessity of the use of fitness as means of increasing physical activity at the educational institutions. The introduction of the newest pedagogical technologies is known to enable us to solve different problems of the individual oriented study, formation of the individual educational aspect. The methods of the research of the revelation of initial psychoemotional and morphofunctional state of the high school girls were questioning, testing, medical investigation. The results of the research. Fitness programs based on the recreative kinds of gymnastics considering the age, health state, the level of the physical development and motivational interests of high school girls. To solve the tasks of the correction of сonstitution, increase or decrease of some body parts fitness programs aimed at weight lifting were offered. During the pedagogical experiment the quantity of the respondents with a high level of physical activity increased by 54,7 %. The level of physical preparation (Р < 0,001) improved according to their endurance, strength, flexibility, agility.

The improvement of the theoretical explanation and experimental testing of the methods of making individual fitness programs for high school girls considering their morphofunctional peculiarities, motivation and the high school girls' body types in the process of doing physical exercises independently as a constituent part of health protection competence was emphasized. The importance of the received results defining the aspects of the development of the scientific approaches according to the chosen course in the future should be noted.

Key words: fitness programs, physical activity, high school girls, body types.

Анотація

Актуальність теми зумовлена необхідністю використання в загальноосвітніх навчальних закладах фітнесу як засобу підвищення фізичної активності. Відомо, що впровадження новітніх педагогічних технологій дає можливість розв'язати різні проблеми особистісно зорієнтованого навчання, формування індивідуальної освітньої перспективи. Методи дослідження - виявлення початкових психоемоційного та морфофункціонального станів старшокласниць (анкетування, тестування, медичне обстеження).

Зважаючи на вік, стан здоров'я, рівень фізичного розвитку, мотиваційні інтереси дівчат старшого шкільного віку, застосовували фітнес-програми, засновані на оздоровчих видах гімнастики. Для виконання завдань корекції будови тіла, зменшення або збільшення маси й окружностей частин тіла нами запропоновано фітнес-програми силового спрямування. За час педагогічного експерименту кількість респондентів із високим рівнем фізичної активності зросла на 54,7 %. Також в учнів вірогідно (Р < 0,001) покращився рівень фізичної підготовленості за витривалістю, силою, гнучкістю, спритністю.

Ураховуючи той факт, що в дослідженні акцентовано на вдосконаленні теоретичного обґрунтування й експериментальної перевірки ефективності методики побудови індивідуальних фітнес-програм старшокласниць з урахуванням морфофункціональних особливостей, мотивації та типу статури старшокласниць у процесі самостійних занять фізичними вправами як складової частини здоров' язберігальної компетентності, відзначаємо важливість отриманих результатів, які встановлюють напрям розвитку наукових підходів за обраним напрямом у майбутньому.

Ключові слова: фітнес-програми, фізична активність, старшокласниці, типи тілобудови.

Аннотация

Актуальность темы обусловлена необходимостью использования в общеобразовательных учебных заведениях фитнеса как средства повышения физической активности. Известно, что внедрение новейших педагогических технологий дает возможность решить различные проблемы личностно-ориентированного обучения, формирования индивидуальной образовательной перспективы. Методы исследования -- выявления начальных психоэмоционального и морфофункционального состояний старшеклассниц (анкетирование, тестирование, медицинское обследование).

Ключевые слова: фитнес-программы, физическая активность, старшеклассницы, типы телосложения.

Introduction. An important task of modem education is health improvment of pupils . The National doctrine of development of physical culture and sport physical culture is considered as the most important factor in a healthy lifestyle, disease prevention, the organization of leisure. Systematic physical exercise help to improve physical, mental and social health, increase life expectancy and active longevity [1; 9; 14].

Physical education at schools is an essential component of educational system of pupils, which contributes to a fully developed person and ensure its healthy and safe activity. Comprising various forms of physical activity, fitness intents the needs of different social and age groups in health activities through a variety of fitness programs, their availability and emotion. The research results gave reason to conclude that the fitness based on a fitness program the characteristic feature of which is a set of specially selected exercises at a comprehensive or selective effect on body systems or body parts depending on morphological human capabilities [2; 3; 4; 10; 13].

The aim of the research is theoretical substantiation and experimental verification of effective methods aimed at constructing individual fitness programs for high school student in the process of self- studying physical activity as a means of physical activity increasing.

Objectives of the Study:

1) to analyze the problem of studying fitness at secondary schools;

2) to determine the indicators of motor activity and physical condition of high school girl students as a prerequisite for implementing fitness of methods;

3) to substantiate the content and structure fitness programs for self-study high school as a way of increasing physical activity.

Methods: early detection of emotional and functional state of high school girls students(questionnaires, tests, medical examinations).

Research Results. Discussion. Despite the age, health, level of physical development, motivational interests of high school girls, fitness programs were used based on improving kinds of gymnastics [11].

To solve the tasks of the body correction, reduction or increase in weight and body parts we proposed fitness programs of forceful direction. Performing strength training exercises involved the use of various movements (bench presses, traction dilution) not only with weights (barbells, dumbbells, barbells), but also on special simulators and the own weight.

Physical exercises were formed to develop major muscle groups with regard to «problem» areas of the body (buttocks, thighs, abdomen). For high school girls students asthenic body structure, which is inherent thinness, above average height, narrow shoulders, thin limb, deficiency of body weight, activities of different power orientation we recommended to increase body weight, circumference of the body (shoulders, chest, pelvis, femur) to improve performance muscle tone. High school girls students of the hypersthenic body structure preferably have a massive body, medium height, heavy shoulders, shortened limbs overweight. Therefore, physical exercises were aimed at weight loss, reducing the circles of the body and fat component. Girls of the normostenic body type have a relatively proportionate body structure. Due to the factors physical activity is aimed at improving muscle tone, decreasing growth rates of body weight and reducing the circumference of the pelvis.

During the classes the optimal sequence of strength exercises was as follows: abdominal muscles; femoris, tibia; pectoral muscles, back muscles and hands. The list of recommended exercises also includes breathing exercises and exercises for the maintenance of static postures, where special attention is paid to proper posture. Training fitness program for women includes a series of exercises which are repeated every other day. 1-2 muscle groups are worked out at one training, such as: day 1 is chest muscles and triceps; day 2 is leg muscles (quadriceps and biceps thigh); day 3 is deltoid muscles of the arms and abdominal muscles; day 4 is back muscles and biceps hands. In research [5; 6; 7; 8] it is proved that one of the most characteristic features of physical development of a person is th ebody structure. Deviation of the body structure of the optimal values negatively affects the physical and mental status of youth. Therefore, when designing fitness programs of the body structure types (asthenia, hypersthenic, normostenic) were taken into account. The research has found that 22 % of high school student have asthenic body structure, 19 % have hypersthenic and 59 % have normostenic.

For girl with asthenic body structure, fo rwhich thinness, above average height, narrow shoulders, thin limb deficiency of body weight are characterized, strength exercises orientation are recommended to increase body weight, circumference of the body (shoulders, chest, pelvis, femur) to improve performance muscle tone. Fitness program for women of this group is aimed at strengthening of the tone major muscle groups.Appropriate exercises are recommended . Despite the peculiarities of the physical condition of girls belonging to different groups, we accordingly developed a dosing of strength loads.

Table 1 Dosage Loads for Girls of Different Body Structure

To increase the muscle strength of the first group of girls we offer to perform 5-6 exercise approaches. Each exercise is repeated 8-12 times, duration of rest between series 1,5-3,0 min. Exercises are performed at a slow pace and average (mode increase muscle mass). Methods to devlop strength for members of the second group are slightly different: the number of approaches reduced to 3,4 times, and the number of repetitions increased to 15-25 times. Exercises are recommended to perform at a rapid pace with the duration of breaks between sets 40-60 sec (fat reduction mode). Girls of the third group should perform exercises in 4-5 approaches with burdens of 8-12 times the size and duration of rest 1,0-2,0 min. Rate of doing is average.

In scientific studies it is indicated that the main reason for reducing the health and functional parameters girls body is lack of physical activity. To confirm these data, it was determined the level of motor activity girls according to questionnaire. International International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) [12; 15; 16].

Molding pedagogical experiment showed the high efficiency offered by fitness programs (table 2). The girls have high experimental group (57,3 %) or moderate (42,7 %) level of physical activity. In the control group, high motor activity - 12,5 % of respondents.

Table 2 The Level of Motor Girls Activity of Experimental and Control Groups After the Teaching Experiment, %

Test results of physical activity of IPAQ methodology showed a significant increase in the number of movements of students experimental group.

Fig. 1. The Level of Motor Activity of Women Before and After the Teaching Experiment Notes. The level of motor activity: 1 -High, 2 -Medium 3 - low.

During pedagogical experiment of respondents with a high level of physical activity increased by 54,7 %. After the experiment women with low physical activity were not find, and at baseline they were 69,2 %.

Conclusions and Perspectives for Further Research. In the research the main focus was on improving the theoretical and experimental study to test the effectiveness of individual methods of constructing high school fitness programs based on morphological features, body type and motivate high school student for independent exercises as a part of competence that preserves health, it is necessary to note the importance of the received results which determine the direction of scientific approaches for the selected direction in the future.

So the pedagogical experiment shows the high efficiency of the method of formation of individual fitness programs for self-study of high school student, which is the basis for their widespread implementation in the practice of secondary schools. The issue of building fitness programs for persons with disabilities requires further invastigation.

fitness health physical activity

Sources and Literature

1. Апанасенко Г.Л. Эволюция биоэнергетики й здоровье человека. Санкт-Петербург: Петрополис, 1992. 123 с.

2. Багінська О. Теоретичне дослідження сучасних тенденцій у навчанні школярів фізичної культури, зумовлених формуванням нової парадигми освіти в Україні. Фізичне виховання, спорт і культура здоров 'я у сучасному суспільстві: зб. наук. праць. Луцьк, 2012. № 3(19). С. 122-125.

3. Ващук Л.М. Алгоритм побудови індивідуальних фітнес-програм для самостійних занять старшокласниць. Фізичне виховання, спорт і культура здоров'я у сучасному суспільстві: зб. наук. праць Східноєвроп. нац. ун-ту ім. Лесі Українки. Луцьк: Східноєвроп. нац. ун-т ім. Лесі Українки, 2016. № 2 (34). С. 20-25.

4. Гнітецька Т., Андрієнко І. Вплив програми «Бодіфлекс» на вдосконалення тілобудови й функціонального стану дівчат 17-20 років. Фізичне виховання, спорт і культура здоров'я у сучасному суспільстві: зб. наук. праць. Луцьк, 2011. № 3(15). С. 55-58.

5. Дубогай А.Д. Контроль и самоконтроль при самостоятельных занятиях физическими упражнениями. Физическая культура в школе. 1983. № 10. С. 54-56.

6. Дубогай О., Євтушок М. Зміст та результативність шкільної інноваційної діяльності в системі здоров'язберігаючи технологій . Фізичне виховання, спорт і культура здоров 'я у сучасному суспільстві: зб. наук. праць. Луцьк: РВВ «Вежа» Волин. нац. ун-ту ім. Лесі Українки, 2008. Т. 1. С. 36-40.

7. Кібальник О. Зміст фітнес-технології для підвищення рухової активності підлітків. Фізичне виховання, спорт і культура здоров'я у сучасному суспільстві: зб. наук. праць Волин. нац. ун-ту імені Лесі Українки. Луцьк, 2009. № 2. С. 42-46.

8. Круцевич Т. Ю. Методы исследования индивидуального здоровья детей и подростков в процессе физического воспитания. Киев: Олимп. лит., 1999. 232 с.

9. Поташнюк І.В. Теоретичні і методичні засади застосування здоров'язбережувальних технологій навчання учнів у загальноосвітніх навчальних закладах: автореф. дис. ... д-ра пед. наук: 13.00.02. Київ, 2012. 42 с.

10. Сайкина Е.Г. Фитнес в физкультурном образовании детей дошкольного и школьного возраста в современных социокультурных условиях. Санкт-Петербург, 2008. 248 с.

11. Хоули Э.Т., Френкс Б.Д. Оздоровительный фитнесс. Київ: Олимп. лит., 2000. 367 с.

12. Bergier J., Bergier B., Tsos A. Physical activity and sedentary lifestyle of female students from Ukraine. Czlowiek i Zdrowie. T. VI., Nr. 2. Biala Podlaska: Panstwowa Szkola Wyzsza, 2012. C. 131-137.

13. Brodie D.A., Birtwistle G.E. Children's Attitudes to Physical Activity, Exercise, Health and Fitness before and after a Health - related Fitness Measurement Programme. International Journal of Physical Education. 1990. № 27, 2. Р. 10-14.

14. Sheefeldt V. & Vogel P. Children and fitness: a public health perspective. A response, Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport. 1987. № 58. Р. 331-333.

15. Tsos A. [et. al]. Influence of working out at home on the expansion of cardiovascular disease risk factors. Journal of Physical Education and Sport. 2016. Vol. 16(3). Art 159. Р. 1008-1011.

16. Tsos A., Bergier B., Bergier J. Physical activity, physical development and eating habits within the lifestyle of students from Ukraine. Health Problems of Civilization. 2014. Vol. 8, N. 4. Р. 46-53.

Размещено на Allbest.ru