Investigating the role of tourism in the conservationand sustainable development of the environment: a geographic approach

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Investigating the role of tourism in the conservationand sustainable development of the environment: a geographic approach

Mahtab Jafari

Abstract

Tourism is always embracing economy, social and environmental impacts. For this reason, the policy of sustainable development of tourism is necessary. The general approach is that governments have paid attention to tourism ecologically in the long run. This is approved and financially self-sufficient, and from the perspective of social and moral for local communities is beneficial and promising. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of wetland ecosystem conservation and environmental sustainability of tourism in rural areas. The purpose of applied research and in terms of data collection is descriptive and analytical. The study population consists of 3 villages' khawmirabad rural district, Sarkol Zarivar which in the whole 93 villages of this area, a number of villages was selected. Sample households of the village and randomly classified and 12 villages were selected. Cochran formula used to determine the sample size and questionnaire to 330 randomly selected villages were selected among heads of households. The validity of the test Cronbach's alpha was 0.77 percent. For statistical analysis of data from one sample -t- test, chi-square test and ANOVA test in spss software is used. The results show that tourism in economic and sociocultural aspects have a positive impact on the wetland ecosystem conservation and sustainable rural environment.

Keywords: environment, conservation, sustainable development, geographic approach, tourism eco-tourism ecosystem area

Туризм завжди охоплює економічний, соціальний та екологічний вплив. З цієї причини необхідна політика сталого розвитку туризму. Загальний підхід полягає в тому, що уряди довгостроково звернули увагу на екологічний туризм. Це схвалене і фінансово самодостатньо, з точки зору соціальних та моральних для місцевих громад є вигідним і перспективним. Метою даного дослідження є оцінка впливу збереження екосистем водно-болотних угідь та екологічної стійкості туризму в сільській місцевості. Метою прикладних досліджень та з точки зору збору даних є описовий та аналітичний характер. Вивчате населення складається з 3 селищ Хаммірабадського села, Сарколь Зарівар, який у цілій 93 селах цієї області обрали декілька сіл. Зібрали зразки домогосподарств села та випадково класифіковані та 12 сіл. Кокранівська формула, яка використовувалася для визначення розміру вибірки та анкети до 330 випадкових селищ, була обрана серед керівників домогосподарств. Дійсність тесту Альфа Кронбаха становила 0,77 відсотка. Для статистичного аналізу даних з одного тесту-^тесту використовується тест на chi-squareта ANOVAу програмі spss. Результати показують, що туризм в економічних та соціокультурних аспектах позитивно впливає на збереження екосистем водно-болотних угідь та стійке сільське середовище.

Ключові слова:навколишнє середовище, збереження, сталий розвиток, географічний підхід, туризм

Туризм всегда охватывает экономику, социальное и экологическе влияние. По этой причине необходима политика устойчивого развития туризма. Общий подход заключается в том, что правительства длительно обратили внимание на экологический туризм. Это одобрено и финансово самодостаточно, с точки зрения социальных и нравственных для местных общин выгодно и перспективным. Целью данного исследования является оценка влияния сохранения экосистем водноболотных угодий и экологической устойчивости туризма в сельской местности. Целью прикладных исследований и с точки зрения сбора данных является описательный и аналитический характер. Изучаем населения состоит из 3 поселков Хаммирабадського села, Сарколь Заривар, который в целом 93 селах этой области выбрали несколько деревень. Собрали образцы домохозяйств села и случайно классифицированы и 12 сел. Кокрановская формула, которая использовалась для определения размера выборки и анкеты до 330 случайных поселков, была выбрана среди руководителей домохозяйств. Действительность теста Альфа Кронбаха составляла 0,77 процента. Для статистического анализа данных с одной тест+теста используется тест на chi-squareи ANOVAв программе spss. Результаты показывают, что туризм в экономических и социокультурных аспектах положительно влияет на сохранение экосистем водно-болотных угодий и устойчивое сельское среду.

Ключевые слова:окружающая среда, сохранение, устойчивое развитие, географический подход, туризм

Introduction. In the present era of tourism, the tourism economy is becoming one of the fastest growth industries in the world, a tool for the creation of national income and one of the main pillars of the global economy; also, of concepts, forms of development considered [24]. Natural tourism activity is a complex with other sectors of society and the economy, having in common the effects and consequences of different which should be in the process of planning all its aspects considered the take up of negative factors and threat prevention and the effects of economic, social and environmental aspects related to the increase [25]. Tourism and environment are mutually dependent. Thus, development and management of tourism so that the environment is a key factor in achieving sustainable development is taken into account [30]. Tourists need to be part of the natural, cultural and human environment, to maintaining the balance between them [1], because the vast majority of recreational activities directly depends on natural resources in the destination [3]; the negative environmental impact of tourism including air pollution, soil pollution, water pollution, traffic congestion problems, poured spraying waste, damage to historical buildings, destruction of natural herbs, destruction of wildlife, etc. [1]

Wetlands are beautiful sights. It is necessary the tourism industry to develop properly planned and managed, as a creator or drive the development process to achieve sustainable development in the local communities and aquatic ecosystems and wetlands.

Wetlands of inertia relative water have been developed among many ecosystems production in the world, comparable to rain forests and coral reefs, which include a variety of species of microorganisms, plants, insects, amphibians, reptiles, birds, fish and mammals [23]. The regeneration of these natural ecosystems engages the restoration of natural materials and rustic design of the most important research areas and many of the country's executive. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of wetland ecosystem conservation and environmental sustainability of tourism in rural areas surrounding the Zarivar, located in the city of Marivan.

Theoretical framework. Tourism, as an important form of human activities, has an important impact. The effects in the region of tourism destination interact with the local environment, economy, culture and society is evident. Also, a large part of the activities of tourism planning is done on the effects of tourism [16]. The effects of tourism development, the complex process of change and exchange between tourists and destination host settlements are included [31].

The environmental dimension of tourism, one of the favorite areas of geographers, is the reason for the implication of geography with a robust approach in the field of human relations and the environment [17]. The analysis of tourism on the environment and resources is an area in which natural and human geographers study problems related to tourism.

Lagoon refers to a place where water is the main factor for the environment, plants and animals, all areas, rivers, lakes, littoral, mangrove forest, hatcheries, channels, etc. where the maximum water depth of more than 3 meters during low tide are not applicable. The need for environmental protection and utilization of natural resources, including sustainable development is a necessity. Park managers, protected areas and wetlands face many decisions that need to be appropriately adopted. Cover and dynamic monitoring of land use and landscape in protected areas and wetlands need to understand how they effect on nature; the process of reconstruction and rehabilitation and that of protection on long term are very important.

Wetlands are some of the most important ecosystems on Earth. Safe areas for wildlife in these areas are, however, threatened. Wetlands through water are biologically the most diverse ecosystems of the Earth. They have spread across the world and play an important role in the water cycle, control the regional floods, prevent erosion, water treatment and recirculation of nutrients. They also are transitional zones between land and water environments and, as resources, they become attractive. Negative human activities greatly affect the wetland ecosystem [18]. Human impacts on wetlands can include physical changes, such as deposition and changes in water flow; also, general biological changes such as loss of biodiversity, the introduction of invasive species and changes in the structure of society [6].

Fig. 1. Connections among wetland functions, uses and values. Source: K.T. Turner (2000) [27]

1.a. National studies in the field of research

Source: Findings, 2017

1.b International studies in the field of research

Source: Findings, 2017

Methodology. The purpose of this study in terms of data collection is descriptive and analytical. Data collection in the theoretical part of the documentary and in the field of survey based on interviews and questionnaires were used. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of wetland ecosystem conservation and environmental sustainability of tourism in rural areas. The study population consists of villages 3 khawmirabad rural district, Sarkol and zarivar which of the 93 villages of this area, a number of villages were selected. Sample households of the village and randomly classified and 12 villages were selected. In field studies, collecting required data, preparing questionnaire and getting interviews between the villages were the most important part. A questionnaire was designed including household questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of closed questions. In designing questions, the Likert scale was used. The validity of the test Cronbach's alpha was 0.77 percent. For statistical analysis of data from one sample t test, chi- square test and ANOVA test in spss software were used.

2. Sample villages and distributed questionnaires among them

Source: Findings, 2017

Research area. Lagoon flows 3 km West Marivan in Kurdistan province and the tourist attractions of the province. Sweet pond water is boiling and is funded from a number of source floors. In winter the lake freezes completely. The wetlands in longitude '8 ° 46 latitude '32 ° 35 and the height of 1285 meters above sea level is located. During Zarivar Lake about 5 km and a width of about 1.6 km. The extent of wetlands because of changes in the volume of water in different seasons changing and the maximum depth of 5.5 meters. The lagoon's largest and most beautiful fresh water lake west of Iran and one of the most unique freshwater lake in the world and all circumstances considered a wetland of international development. Approximate size pond water is about 30 million cubic meters. Wetland about 22, 5 km and the average rainfall is 786 mm per year. Relative humidity equal to 4/58 percent and average annual evaporation of 1900 mm has been reported (Environmental Protection Agency, 1393). Villages of 200 meters to 3 kilometers lagoon flows have been chosen. The main activity is agriculture and horticulture villages and, in some cases, the work in border markets. Despite the economic situation and the Lake tourists in the villages around, the wetlands have been affected.

Fig. 2. Location of the study area

Descriptive findings. Check the individual characteristics of the respondents indicate that all respondents were male, 15.1% of respondents aged 25-15 years in terms of age, 33.5% of respondents aged 35-25 years, 30.3% of respondents age 45-35 years, 16.1% of respondents aged 55-45 years and 5.0% in those aged over 55 years have been. In terms of education, 1.8 percent illiterate, 20.6% of subjects at the elementary level, 28.9 percent of people in the middle, 27.1 percent of high school and 21.6 percent of those in upper secondary level. Nearly 80 percent of people have their home at his residence. Job status among respondents are 37.2% of agricultural jobs, 20.2% of public service jobs (shops, taxi driver between ruralurban), 5.5% of government employees, 14.2% of self-employed workers and 22.5% of other work.

3. The individual characteristics of respondents in rural areas, border areas

Source: Findings, 2017

4. Dimensions and indicators measured in this study

Source: Findings, 2017

In this study in the context of assessing the impact of tourism in maintaining wetland ecosystem and environmental sustainability in rural areas, 27 indicators defined and each of these indicators in SPSS studied and analyzed, which results in Table 6 have been shown. In the table the consent of respondents to each indicator, average and chi-square are studied. In the field of ecological and environmental dimensions, 15 indicators (diversity of flora and fauna, water resources management, agricultural waste management, organic farming, water pollution lake, nature conservation and biodiversity, the pollution of the environment, increase women's participation in the protection of ecosystems use of construction materials good, picked allow water from the wetland and watershed wetlands, lack of wastewater management alternatives, the harm to the animals wetlands) wildlife (land use changes as a result of tourism activities) used according the optimal numerical test (3), the average on most parameters to measure the low post favorable than assessed value and alpha level of 0.00 were significant.

One of the main factors in more evaluations performed on the development of tourism in local communities has been emphasized, the economic effects of tourism. Tourism in recent years as a very important economic factor is of great concern; as well as all the places where the tourism industry will need to develop appropriate tourism professionals and executive management. The economic dimension in the study 6 index (transport facilities, access to weekly markets, poor access to employment opportunities in the area, lack of rural industries compatible with the environment in rural areas, employment of rural women, increase the purchasing power of the local community) have been used according to the mean square of each indicator; tourism had a positive effect on the economic situation of the rural areas of wetland ecosystems. Programs for wetland protection, development of environmental education and learning, sense of cooperation in tourism development and maintenance of wetland ecosystems have been used; according to the index that the social dimension of cultural tourism in rural areas of wetland ecosystems have a positive impact.

6. The test results T wetland ecosystem conservation and sustainable environment impact of tourism in rural areas

Source: Findings, 2017

In one sample T-test number 3 as desirable numerical or theoretical middle test is intended. If the lower and upper limits are positive posts will be larger than the observed value. And when both are negative numerical average calculated from the theoretical middle or utility of the test and show less favorable conditions is not. The analysis shows that the level of tourism in economic and socio-cultural aspects has a positive impact on the wetland ecosystem conservation and sustainable environment in rural areas.

7. The analysis of the impact of wetland ecosystem conservation and environmental sustainability of tourism in rural areas

Source: Findings, 2017

To explain whether the environmental factors of ecological, economic, social and cultural tourism in the wetland ecosystem conservation and environmental sustainability in rural areas have a significant difference or not, the one-way analysis of variance was used. According to the results Table 8 and the significance level (0.000) can be said that to amount F for the impact of tourism on wetland ecosystem conservation and environmental sustainability in rural areas has been significant. In other words, this value indicates that at least there is a significant difference between the two; to check the claim of pair wise comparisons (Tukey) was used in the Table 8.

8. ANOVA multiple comparisons test

Meanwhile, the Kruskal-Wallis test results also show that the alpha level of

0. 001 significant wetland ecosystem conservation and environmental impact of tourism in rural areas is sustainable. As the ratings show that an average rural flows to the highest allocated, that may be because it flows near the villages of the district wetland ecosystem in the region: by consequence, the impacts (positive and negative) of tourism on the ecosystem in the villages.

9. Effect relationship between the villages' wetland ecosystem conservation and environmental sustainability of tourism in rural areas Kruskal-Wallis test

Source: Findings, 2017

Results. Development of tourism in an area with tourist arrivals continue to change the landscape of human and natural, socio-cultural changes, economic and environmental ecology. Tourism needs to provide recreation areas for tourists and create jobs and income for residents of local communities without damaging the environment, local communities and natural ecosystems. The wetland ecosystems, due to the wide range of ecological attractions and unique natural and cultural landscape, are highly regarded. The results show that tourism in economic and socio-cultural aspects have a positive impact on the wetland ecosystem conservation and sustainable rural environment. But there are also some negative effects on the environment and the stable wetland ecosystems. The findings of the Kruskal-Wallis test show that tourism in villages near the wetland ecosystem

Zarivar (Yangijeh, dara tefey, Siyanav, kani kabod, Kani Sanan and ney) is the most affected by the economic dimension of the rural areas. Also, there is a negative impact on the region in the field of the environment (pollution of the lake water, lack of protection of nature and biodiversity, environment pollution, harm to animals, etc.).

Suggestions

1. planning and proper management to prevent water pollution and protect the environment and surrounding wetland ecosystem around the Lake.

2. Encourage people to protect nature and the ecosystem around the lagoon and also avoid harming wildlife wetland ecosystems.

3. Provision of infrastructure and services needed by tourists and locals

4. Proper management of water resources and water are allowed harvesting of wetland for tourists and locals.

5. Alternative wastewater management systems for rural areas, especially rural areas around the wetland ecosystem.

6. Avoid the use of fertilizers and chemical pesticides in agriculture and horticulture.

7. Learning and teaching people to understand the environment and the necessity to protect wetlands as cultural heritage.

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