Features of Adaptation of Ukrainian Refugees in the EU, Great Britain, USA, and Canada

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Features of Adaptation of Ukrainian Refugees in the EU, Great Britain, USA, and Canada

Anna Sokar

University of Toronto

Ian Wells

University of Toronto

Martin Leod

Ghent University

Alan Reeners

Charles University

Mark Stephanes

University of East London

Abstract

Russia's armed aggression against Ukraine has resulted in tens of thousands of deaths, destruction of cities and towns, homes and infrastructure. The constant threat is a consequence of the large flow of refugees who are forced to leave the country in search of security and asylum. European Union countries, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Canada have accepted those fleeing the war and provided temporary protection. The relevance of the study consists in the identification of ways for assistance and benefits conferred, which are aimed at adapting and supporting Ukrainian refugees. The purpose of this paper is to study the features of adaptation of Ukrainian refugees in the EU, Great Britain, USA, and Canada, the socio-psychological state of refugees during the adaptation period, to compare the concepts of “refugee” and “person in need of temporary protection”, the characteristics of the social assistance package for Ukrainian refugees. The methods used to investigate the topic are: comparative, legal recognition, logical and legal method, hermeneutical method, analysis, etc. The results of this study are a comparison of the main concepts, including: “refugee”, “person in need of temporary protection”, characteristics of Ukrainian and international laws and regulations on refugee protection issues, clarification of the features of adaptation of Ukrainian refugees in the EU countries, Great Britain, USA, and Canada, psychological aspects of refugee adaptation, comparative analysis of social assistance and benefits for refugees between EU countries, Great Britain, USA, and Canada, processing statistics to compare the number of refugees between countries that provide asylum and protection. The provisions presented in this paper reveal the current problems of adaptation of Ukrainian refugees in the EU, Great Britain, USA, and Canada and may be useful for further study

Keywords: temporary protection, asylum, social assistance, migration, national minorities

Анотація

Особливості адаптації українських біженців у країнах ЄС, Великобританії, США та Канаді

Анна Сокар

Торонтський університет

Ян Уелл

Торонтський університет

Мартін Леод

Гентський університет

Алан Рінерс

Карлів університет

Марк Стефанс

Університет Східного Лондона

Збройна агресія Росії проти України призвела до десятків тисяч смертей, руйнувань міст та селищ, будинків та інфраструктури. Постійна загроза є наслідком великого потоку біженців, які змушені покинути країну в пошуку безпеки та притулку. Країни Європейського Союзу, Великобританія, США та Канада прийняли осіб, які втікали від війни та надали тимчасовий захист. Актуальність дослідження полягає у визначені шляхів допомоги та наданих привілеїв, які спрямовані на адаптацію та підтримку українських біженців. Метою даної статті виступає дослідження особливостей адаптації українських біженців у країнах ЄС, Великобританії, США та Канади, соціально-психологічний стан біженців у період адаптації, порівняння понять «біженець» та «особа, яка потребує тимчасового захисту», характеристика пакету соціальної допомоги українським біженцям. Методами за допомогою яких здійснюється дослідження теми є: порівняльний метод, правопізнавальний метод, логіко-юридичний метод, герменевтичний метод, метод аналізу та інші. Результатами даної статті є порівняння основних понять, серед яких: «біженець», «особа, яка потребує тимчасового захисту», характеристика вітчизняних та міжнародних законодавчих актів та положень, які регулюють питання захисту біженців, з'ясування особливостей адаптації українських біженців у країнах ЄС, Великобританії, США та Канади, психологічні аспекти адаптації біженців, порівняльний аналіз соціальної допомоги та переваг для біженців між країнами ЄС, Великобританії, США та Канади, опрацювання статистичних даних для порівняння кількості біженців між країнами, які надають притулок та захист. Положення, які наведені в даній статті розкривають актуальну проблематику адаптації українських біженців у країнах ЄС, Великобританії, США та Канади та можуть бути корисними для подальших досліджень

Ключові слова: тимчасовий захист, притулок, соціальна допомога, міграція, національні меншини

Introduction

Adapting to a new environment, accepting society, cultural and social needs is a complication of migrant adaptation. Parties to adaptation are migrants or refugees and authorities, residents of the region, and national minorities. The best option for adaptation is to preserve national identity and cultural values, ensuring the inherent and useful nature of the subject for society. Maintaining such an adaptation model is possible due to an environment that accepts refugees and is open to knowledge [1]. For refugees, the fact of expecting is an opportunity to make the adaptation process easier if such an expectation is realistic, but false expectations lead to stressful situations and problems. Positive adaptation depends on internal needs, which are manifested in the desire for self-realisation and social contacts, and external factors associated with the support and help of the surrounding society [2].

N. Palagina suggests that the process of adaptation of refugees affects their psychoemotional state and is manifested by low self-esteem, which causes a destructive personality disorder. This condition maladapts the person, causes emotional tension and anxiety. Since migration is forced, the process of adapting to new conditions is complex [3].

The category of “refugees” refers to persons in need of protection and asylum in order to ensure complete security. The conditions of assistance and protection are diverse, as they depend on the country in which the person is seeking asylum. This status provides an opportunity to receive monetary assistance in the form of payments, pensions, access to education, and medical care provided by the state that provided protection [4].

O. Kolomiyets expresses assistance from host countries as an important aspect in adapting Ukrainian refugees to a new place of residence, which provides an opportunity for a full life and a sense of security. The adaptation of Ukrainian refugees has a great impact on the demographic situation in Ukraine and its future prospects. Ways to help European Union countries find employment and provide social benefits to Ukrainian refugees ensure respect for their rights and promote socio-economic adaptation. This will be an impetus for the migrant's self-realisation, since many EU countries need specialists in the pedagogical and medical fields, for which they assist specialists in learning languages and passing a special diploma confirmation procedure [5].

Assistance from Europe, Great Britain, the United States, and Canada has a positive trend, as, thus, there is an awareness of the danger of the aggressor to other countries. One of the conditions for adaptation is the support of society, which is conditioned by cultural unity and skills in communicating with Ukrainian migrants in recent years. Another circumstance is the literacy of Ukrainians, a high level of education and knowledge of languages, which allows them to quickly integrate into the country, get asylum, and find a job [6].

The purpose of revealing the features of adaptation of Ukrainian refugees in the EU, Great Britain, USA, and Canada is to analyse and monitor the scope of social guarantees provided and conditions for temporary protection to respect the rights and freedoms of refugees.

The author of this study has identified a list of tasks that need to be solved in the framework of the study:

- comparison of the concepts of “refugee” and “person in need of temporary protection”;

- disclosure of Ukrainian and international legislative provisions regulating refugee protection issues;

- establishment of the specifics of adaptation of Ukrainian refugees in the EU, Great Britain, USA and Canada;

- processing of statistics to compare the number of refugees among countries providing asylum and protection;

- analysis of support programmes and border crossing procedures for Ukrainian refugees.

The relevance of the study is to determine how refugees are provided with assistance abroad and what privileges are granted to them. The originality of the study is conditioned by the fact that this topic is rather unexplored, because against the background of the armed conflict between Russia and Ukraine, there is a need to investigate such a phenomenon as support for refugees abroad.

Materials and Methods

adaptation ukrainian refugees

Various methods of scientific cognition were used in the course of the study. Using the comparative method, the paper compares statistical data on the number of refugees who arrived in the European Union, Great Britain, the United States, and Canada since the beginning of the full-scale invasion of the Russian Federation on the territory of Ukraine.

The legal recognition method consisted in using methods and techniques of cognition, and ideas to achieve a scientific result. Based on the method, the features of legislative provisions adopted by the government of countries that have granted asylum to Ukrainian refugees to promote adaptation and respect for human rights are highlighted. This method also helped to investigate the features of the social assistance package and its duration.

The logical and legal method contributed to the characterisation of the basic concepts of “refugee” and “person in need of temporary protection”. It helped find a logical relationship between the help provided and the status received.

The hermeneutical method helped interpret the provisions of Ukrainian and foreign scientific publications, the Law of Ukraine “On Refugees and Persons in Need of Additional and Temporary Protection”, the Convention on the Status of Refugees, the Protocol on the Status of Refugees, the Council of Europe Directive 2004 “On Minimum Standards for the Qualification and Status of Third-Country Nationals and Stateless Persons as Refugees or as Persons in Need of International Protection”. These regulations indicate guarantees of respect for the rights of refugees fleeing armed aggression and occupation, creation of necessary and safe living conditions, provision of asylum and protection to refugees, and provision of material assistance and employment.

Quite an important role in the study was played by the synthesis method, which consisted in the consideration of the practice of applying to Ukrainian refugees a package of assistance for providing access to education, health care, legal assistance, employment in EU countries, the study of a simplified programme of residence in the UK for 3 years, the right to stay in the US for two years with the possibility of employment, the opportunity to get a free visa to Canada under a special programme for Ukrainians, with the right to work and study.

The method of analysis consisted in analysing the studies on the peculiarities of adaptation of Ukrainian refugees in the EU, Great Britain, and Canada, revealing the main assistance programmes and their components, adaptation of Ukrainian refugee children to the educational process in a foreign country, and the rate of refugee migration. As a result, the analysis method allowed identifying the positive and negative aspects of the countries that have sheltered the most refugees.

This study was divided into three stages. At the first stage, the author processed statistical data on the migration of Ukrainian refugees to the EU, Great Britain, USA, and Canada and considered laws regulating the refugee problem.

The second stage consisted of studying the specifics of refugee adaptation, disclosing the conditions of assistance and special programmes provided by the host state.

The third stage was a comparative analysis of the availability of social and material security for Ukrainian refugees in the EU, Great Britain, USA, and Canada, and forecasting of further actions of refugees to return to Ukraine or live on the territory of the host state.

Results

The Russian Federation's widespread armed aggression against Ukraine has forced Ukrainian people to flee their homes due to the occupation of territories or the constant shelling of cities, towns and villages in search of safety and shelter. According to the UN High Commissioner for refugees, about 5 million Ukrainians have left the territory of Ukraine, of which 3.2 million have received the status of refugees or persons in need of temporary protection. The largest number of refugees, compared to the EU countries, crossed the borders of Poland and reaches 1 million 152 thousand Ukrainians. Germany accepted 780 thousand Ukrainian refugees and granted special status to 566 thousand migrants. Germany is followed by the Czech Republic, where 373.82 thousand refugees applied for temporary protection. In Spain, about 120 thousand refugees arrived for special status, France - 90 thousand, Slovakia - 78, 11 thousand) [7].

Obtaining a special status in the European Union countries provides an opportunity to quickly obtain social and material assistance, work and study permit. Data from the Polish Border Guard Service indicate the arrival of 3.8 million Ukrainian refugees since the beginning of a full-scale war, however, most of them did not receive temporary status and went in transit to other countries. The UN refugee agency published data from a survey of Ukrainians: some refugees want to return to Ukraine as soon as possible, 65% of refugees do not plan to return before the end of the war, 15% - temporarily visit close relatives, 8% of Ukrainians will not return and 40% want to return to Ukraine for permanent residence, because they believe that the situation in the region of residence has improved [8].

The US Department of the Interior confirmed that 15 thousand Ukrainian refugees entered the country and 23 thousand Ukrainians received permission to cross the border, but have not yet made a trip [9].

Assistance to the rapid adaptation of Ukrainian refugees in countries depends on the amount of assistance and respect for their rights. Granting refugee status or a person in need of temporary protection is a manifestation of guaranteed legislative provisions that provide for: rights and obligations, legal status.

The concept of “refugee” is understood as persons who have left their state of citizenship and are seeking asylum for security reasons. The basis of refugee status is the fear of being the victim of persecution on discriminatory issues or political views, armed aggression. Such persons cannot be protected in their own country, so in order to avoid danger, they seek asylum in a foreign country. The procedure for obtaining refugee status is based on the submission of an application upon entry into the country. Various social programmes, benefits, and access to the labour market are applied for refugees [10].

Persons in need of temporary protectio - a category of people who are fleeing from armed aggression, persecution, or other factors that are dangerous to human life and health. The main document regulating the provision of temporary protection is EU Directive 2001/55/EC, the main purpose of which is to provide asylum and respect for the rights of persons in need of assistance. The difference between this concept lies in the automatic receipt of temporary protection, since it does not provide for treatment and a special procedure, but is a collective process [11].

According to the legislation of Ukraine on refugees, persons who have received a special status have the right to employment, education, health care, access to a place of residence, and receive free legal aid. In other words, such a scope of rights and freedoms is granted to citizens of Ukraine [12].

The Convention relating to the status of refugees provides for the legal status of refugees in the field of social security at the level of citizens residing in the host state. This status includes the right to receive wages for work performed, social guarantees, which include protection from accidents at the workplace, assistance for illness, motherhood, unemployment, etc. [13].

Poland has made a number of changes to the legislation regarding the provision and support of Ukrainian refugees due to the armed conflict, which contain a simplified regime of entry to the country's territory. Starting from July 1, 2022, it is allowed to cross the border not only with Ukraine, but also through the internal borders of the European Union. The Polish government creates the necessary conditions for adaptation and provides the scope of rights for Ukrainian refugees:

- every Ukrainian refugee who arrives in Poland can legally stay for 18 months;

- the right to use reception points that provide food and housing;

- the right to work without appropriate permits, only with the proof of identity;

- the right to free medical and psychological assistance;

- refugee children are entitled to free education and additional Polish language classes;

- right to social assistance;

- the right to free travel by train [14].

In addition, Poland has launched a financial program for Ukrainian refugees, which allows them to receive financial assistance in the amount of PLN 710 for three months. This right is provided for single women, women without husbands, persons with disabilities, persons who support children, pregnant women, students, etc. Payment under the programme, first of all, is for the most vulnerable categories [14].

Germany has introduced a visa-free regime for Ukrainian refugees and the ability to live in the territory with a permit, which is issued for 1-2 years with the possibility of extending up to 3 years. The law on asylum seekers provides for financial assistance in the amount of EUR 300 per adult and, considering the changes made to the law, the rate will be EUR 449 for the unemployed. Ukrainians who receive education can use the right to receive educational loans and continue the educational process. The German Residence Act provides guarantees for receiving benefits for daily needs and medical care. A consultation programme for migrants has been introduced, which helps with adaptation, solving the issue of finding housing, work, or access to medicine. A course has also been created to help navigate a new area, which aims to show life in Germany; a programme to support women, which provides information about the school system and improvement skills; language courses on writing letters, messages in German, or job applications.

The Czech Republic provides temporary protection for Ukrainian refugees and a residence permit in the country, which provides for:

- stay in the Czech Republic for 1 year;

- right to employment;

- providing social assistance;

- multiple travel permit to the Czech Republic;

- access to schools and kindergartens;

- the right to health insurance [15].

In addition, to adapt people in need of temporary protection, a mobile application “Smart Migration” has been created, which helps them navigate in a foreign city. The software allows solving issues related to job search, education, and medical care. To adapt Ukrainian refugees, the application is designed to meet their needs [15].

The member states of the European Union, due to the large number of Ukrainian refugees, have activated the directive on temporary protection, the purpose of which is to facilitate the employment of refugees. EU countries need qualified specialists, so first, they analyse the skills and competencies of people looking for protection. This is important for understanding the need for additional training. Such a Directive guarantees the right to employment or the right to be self-employed, and provides access to education and the labour market in EU countries. The measures of the host countries should be aimed at quickly restoring the lives of Ukrainian refugees and providing skills for their qualifications that can ensure stable employment, decent pay, and self-development [16].

Entry to the UK is possible if a person has a residence permit for up to 3 years. Those who have relatives who legally reside in the country can use the Ukraine Family Scheme Visa sponsorship programme, which allows them to find a job, get housing and state aid. Every Ukrainian who arrives in the UK can open a bank account for wages, social assistance, pensions, etc. The country has a special system for receiving social assistance for those who have financial difficulties. Payments include benefits due to low income or unemployment; pension payments; disability benefits; and child benefits. The local council helps solve short-term problems upon arrival in the country and provides a school place for refugee children [17].

The UK provides Ukrainian refugees with protection and asylum with the opportunity to work for three years. Local residents provide housing for Ukrainians for at least 6 months. Adaptation in terms of the language barrier is easier due to the common use of English in the world. After leaving the European Union, the country has a lot of vacancies and a need for labour, so the probability of employment of migrants remains at a high level. The “Apprenticeships” programme allows simultaneously working and studying to obtain the necessary qualifications. All Ukrainian refugees arriving in the UK have free access to medicine and medical advice. Anyone who has received psychological injuries from armed aggression can seek psychological help [18].

The government of the United States of America has announced its readiness to accept 100 thousand Ukrainian refugees. However, the US attention is focused on those Ukrainians who have relatives in the country, and on protecting Ukrainians who were in the United States before the war began. The US Department of Homeland Security provides humanitarian aid to those in need and grants temporary protection status for 18 months. Ukrainians who have stayed in the country can apply for a work permit. Individuals who have crossed the border with a tourist visa are subject to restrictions, as the visa does not grant the right to obtain a work permit and prohibits refugees from attending public schools, only private ones for a fee. However, the support of the United States is tangible for those Ukrainians who are in other countries of the European Union. The programme of the United States of America “Unity for Ukraine” is one of the largest in recent years, according to the terms of the programme, Ukrainian refugees can stay in the country for up to two years of the programme's operation. But in order to temporarily reside on its territory, it is necessary to find a sponsor to provide financial assistance for the period of stay in the states [19].

Canada has launched a special programme “CUAET” to support Ukrainian refugees, which provides an opportunity to get a free visa for employment and education. The Government of Canada provides refugees seeking asylum with one-time cash payments of CAD 2,400. Renting housing for refugees is difficult, as landlords need a credit history. Canadian cities have a small number of residential buildings, so during the period of large migration flow, it is difficult to find suitable housing. Moreover, difficulties arise when finding a job in the specialty due to the need for a license. The help of volunteers is crucial for Ukrainian refugees. At the beginning of a full-scale war, such assistance consisted in providing clothing, household items, now the volunteer centres promote the adaptation of Ukrainians, conduct various lectures, help with paperwork, and provide support to victims of the war [20].

Discussion

Features of adaptation of Ukrainian refugees consist in providing the host state with an appropriate amount of rights and opportunities. Providing financial assistance, providing social guarantees, and employment opportunities serves to create normal living conditions for people who are forced to leave the country to save their lives from war. Usually, the problem for Ukrainians is ignorance of the language of the country where asylum is granted, which makes socialisation with local residents impossible and makes it difficult to find a job. The socio-psychologi- cal adaptation of refugees depends not only on the creation of important conditions, but also on internal factors. Quite often, refugees enter a depressive state due to the so-called “survivor syndrome”. Isolation from society can lead to a negative impact on the psychoemotional state and lead to loneliness.

G. Abdarkhamov considers relations with local residents to be difficult for refugees to adapt. The local population accepts refugees as aggressive, unfriendly, and impudent people. They usually feel envious if refugees have taken property or certain items with them, believing that migrants live better. For refugees, local residents look indifferent and angry, but there is a certain part that helps, shows kindness and compassion [21].

Host states that develop adaptation programmes for refugees can improve the effectiveness of other countries, reduce social tension and internal political conflicts. Thus, migrants who have arrived in the country will reveal their abilities, join the labour force, and improve the level of the economy. However, it is important for the refugee to accept the social environment, culture and values of the country to which they arrived [22].

The policy of the EU countries should be aimed at creating an accessible system for coordinating Ukrainian refugees. One of the ways is to represent the interests of Ukrainians at the EU level and review the EU directive on temporary protection for better support and assistance. Protecting the health of migrants requires assistance in the fight against diseases and reducing the workload of regions where Ukrainians are located [8].

K. Kerneis suggests that providing assistance to refugees requires significant resources and time to stabilise. The European Union states aim to create stable support in the areas of health care, social security for the unemployed, education and housing. Since refugees stay in host countries for a long time and are employed, from an economic standpoint, this is a positive trend in the countries' profits and the achievement of high economic results [23].

The World Health Organization is considering promoting the adaptation of refugees in creating appropriate conditions for legal and social protection and health care. Health policies need to ensure access to unhindered access to health services, and the provision of necessary medicines and medicines for refugees in need of protection. In addition, it allows getting the necessary information about medical care in a convenient way for migrants. Health policy verification is a favourable aspect in respecting the rights of persons in need of temporary protection, and in the exchange of experience between host countries [24].

E. Ochepa-Kichinskaya and M. Gorzalchinska-Koch- kodai consider that the main goal of supporting refugees is to create safe living conditions. First of all, security measures are the use of identification of persons who provide shelter in the host country and are engaged in volunteer activities. Such a check would help identify intentions and prevent threats to the life and health of refugees, and prevent crime from human trafficking [25].

R. Dzhabarov divides the adaptation of people who are forced to leave the territory of their country into two approaches: economic and psychological. The first approach is understood as the loss of acquired property and other resources that remained in the country, the second approach is an awareness of the global nature of the problem, a sense of shock and fear of getting used to a new place, people, culture, and conditions. The adoption of economic and psychological factors provides awareness of the new and provides an opportunity to overcome the depressive state through obtaining a new place of residence and social assistance from the host country [26].

According to J. Owens-Manley and R. Coughlan, the adaptation of refugees to the new environment consists in psychological, social, cultural, and economic adaptation. The complication manifests itself in longing for home and family members. The host nation provides the necessary living conditions on its territory, but the poor situation of family members who are unable to leave a country where hostilities are taking place or there is a threat to life is of concern. Employment of refugees and full adaptation to the economic situation of the country to which they arrived were necessary upon arrival in the host country. A decent salary was determined by the employee's qualifications and level of language proficiency. Therefore, employment is recognised as one of the conditions for successful adaptation of migrants [27].

The conditions of reception of refugees are important during their adaptation, as the services provided by the host countries in the field of work, study, health, and asylum ensure the migrant's independence and rapid integration into the new environment. International assistance programmes and innovations for refugees serve to unlock potential, guarantee the protection of their rights and prevent discrimination against those who have arrived in search of protection. Measures taken to support and provide asylum encourage contributions to the development of the economy and have an impact on the demographic situation of the host country [28].

M. Abedtalas, L. Toprak and other Turkish researchers put forward the theory of economic adaptation of refugees, which consists of three factors: social, human, and institutional. It is the social factor that helps refugees get assistance in the form of access to the labour market, education, receiving cash payments, assistance to pensioners, etc. Social protection of migrants helps to quickly adapt financially, providing appropriate living conditions. The human factor contributes to socialisation and establishing relationships with citizens of the host country, as support for refugees is important. The institutional factor is the creation of support and assistance programmes for refugees, providing simplified border crossing and residence permits. This factor is a guarantee of preferential conditions for migrants [2].

The author of this study considers it necessary to investigate the social adaptation of Ukrainian refugees with citizens of the host country. Quite often, local residents provide housing to migrants or act as sponsors in a support programme, however, at one of the stages of adaptation, conflicts and misunderstandings arise. Therefore, this area is relevant for further research of the topic and identification of factors that provoke negative behaviour. Another important area of research is the role of consular institutions in the process of adaptation of Ukrainian refugees. Since, having arrived in another country, refugees are in a state of stress, so there is a need to provide information by the consulate to find persons of common citizenship and avoid feelings of loneliness.

Based on the above an important stage in the adaptation of Ukrainian refugees is the assistance and support of host countries. Social and financial assistance provides an opportunity to mitigate feelings of loss and adapt to the new environment. The creation of special refugee assistance programmes serves as a guide in a new place and provides the necessary living conditions. Most Ukrainians feel guilty because of monitoring the situation in the country and the inability to help. In order to get rid of this feeling, it is important to use one's own strength and resources in the Armed Forces of Ukraine, engage in volunteer activities, participate in actions supporting Ukraine, which would allow expressing oneself, and feel own importance and role while in a foreign country.

Conclusions

Russia's large-scale invasion of Ukraine has led to a large migration of Ukrainians abroad in search of asylum and protection. One of the problems of migrants is adaptation to a new place, people, culture, and language. With the help of countries that provide social and financial assistance, the adaptive process is easier.

According to the purpose of the study, the peculiarities of adaptation of Ukrainian refugees in the countries of the European Union, Great Britain, the United States, and Canada were identified, legislative acts regulating the refugee problem were analysed, and guarantees of compliance with the rights of Ukrainian refugees were disclosed. It was found what assistance programmes operate in the host countries. The concepts of “refugee” and “person in need of temporary protection” were compared.

It was determined that the largest number of Ukrainians, according to the UN High Commissioner for refugees, from the European Union countries were accepted by Poland, Germany, and the Czech Republic, providing migrants with financial assistance, social guarantees, and access to employment. The activation of the EU temporary protection directive ensures the process of granting asylum to refugees and the creation of temporary protection in the countries of the European Union, which serves as a guarantee of the inviolability of their rights and freedoms. To facilitate adaptation, EU countries provide Ukrainian refugees with social support in the form of: access to health care and medical care; access to the labour market, employment permits; social assistance in the form of monetary support; access to education; language courses, etc.

The UK has improved the conditions for entering the country, but with a mandatory permit. The introduction of the Ukraine Family Scheme Visa sponsorship programme helps to find housing for Ukrainians, get the resources necessary for normal life and rapid adaptation of refugees. In addition, Ukrainian refugees can use the assistance provided by local residents for up to 6 months.

The United States of America provides assistance to Ukrainians who were on its territory before the war began, and provides financial assistance to refugees in European countries. In the country itself, there are restrictions on the number of accepted Ukrainian refugees, but it is possible to enter the country on a tourist visa. Canada has launched the “CUAET” programme, which provides an opportunity to get a free visa to stay in a state with the right to work and study. Adaptation of refugees is complicated by the peculiarities of finding real estate.

Promising areas for further study would be the following: social adaptation of Ukrainian refugees with citizens of the host country and the role of consular institutions in refugee adaptation.

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