Ukraine in the context of the global urban processes
Analysis of urbanization dynamics in Ukraine and the world. Study of the distribution structure of the rural and urban population. Identification of features of the historical development of megacities. Estimation of the number in the Ukrainian regions.
| Рубрика | Социология и обществознание |
| Вид | статья |
| Язык | английский |
| Дата добавления | 02.11.2018 |
| Размер файла | 591,6 K |
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Ukraine in the context of the global urban processes
Anastasiia Mazurova
Introduction
In connection with activization of urbanization on a global scale transition to prevalence of city dwellers has irreversible character. United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) also supports this opinion. According to their last report urbanization is now «unstoppable». Anna Tibaijuka, outgoing director of UN-Habitat, said: «Just over half the world now lives in cities but by 2050, over 70% of the world will be urban dwellers. By then, only 14% of people in rich countries will live outside cities, and 33% in poor countries» [6]. One of important indicators of urbanization is population of the cities. The number of inhabitants of the city is an informal indicator of development of the city settlement. Population's city size is corresponded way of life of the settlement, its economic appointment, social composition of the population and other indicators of the city [1]. F. Brodel said that number of people divides the world, organizes it, it provides to each massif its specific weight, determines its level of culture and its effectiveness, its biological rhythm, economic growth and even destiny [2].
Literature overview. The attention of many scientists focused on the research of various aspects of urban processes. Some of the national and foreign authors have considerable scientific achievements in questions of social, human and economic researches of urbanization. There are E. Animica [1], F. Brodel [2], G. Lappo [4] and others. Due to the changes in political, economic and social spheres in Ukraine, change of state administration, the military conflict in the East of Ukraine, arises a question of new development strategy of state, regions and cities. Performance of this purpose requires detailed comparison global urban processes with urban processes of Ukraine.
The purpose of this work is identification of trends of urbanization in Ukraine in the context of global urban processes.
Main content of research
Such form of the settlement as the city exists more than 5000 years, in 1800 the urban population made only 2% of all Earth population. In 1950 only 30% of a world's population lived in the cities and made 746 million people, in 2014 number of citizens grew by 24% and made 54% or 3,9 billions of people.
The number of the world population constantly continues to grow, and the increasing number of people from various reasons moves to the cities which growth rates reached unprecedented level.
According to forecasts of experts by 2050 66% of the world's population will have lived in the cities (fig. 1) [7, 8]. So, now in the cities lives more than a half of a world's population, in industrialized countries - about 75% of the population.
Fig. 1. Dynamics of number of urban and rural world's population during 1950 to 2014 and forecast of number urban and rural world's populations by 2050 [8]
One of the most important attribute of an urbanization is formation of large cities (megalopolises), as multipurpose centers, growing-point of social and economic activity. Urban classic G. Lappo said that large cities, but not the cities in general are indicators of urbanization, its vanguard and arena, mirror of its achievements (and also defects) [4].
Carrying out the analysis of historical development of the world megalopolises, it was noted dynamic growth of their quantity worldwide. So for example, in 1950 the megalopolis's status belonged only to one city - New York, in 2000 19 cities already had this status. In 2014 the status of the megalopolis belongs to 28 cities of the world (fig. 2).
Fig. 2. Number of the population in the cities of the different sizes by UN-Habitat classification (built by the author according to [3, 8])
The cities with the greatest number of inhabitants are Tokyo, Delhi and Shanghai. According to experts of UN-Habitat by 2030 it will have been 41 megalopolises in the world. Most megacities and large cities are located in the global South. So, the greatest concentration of megalopolises and large cities in the world was observed in China. There are 6 cities with the population more than 10 million people and 10 cities with the population from 5 to 10 million people [8].
Despite big population in the megalopolises, the prevailing quantity of urban population of the world lives in the small cities. So, for example, nearly a half of city dwellers of the world live in the cities with the population less than 500 thousand people. Only one of eight among a world's population lives in the megalopolis with the population more than 10 million people and one of five lives in the city with the population from 1 -5 million people.
According to classification of UN-Habitat [8] city settlements are divided on the megacities with the population more than 10 million people, large cities - 5-10 million people, medium-sized cities - 1-5 million people, small - 500 thousand-1 million people, the smallest cities - population less than 500 thousand people (fig. 3).
Fig. 3. Classification of the worldwide cities by population by UN-Habitat
(built by the author according to [8])
In comparison with world tendencies urban saturation in Ukraine significantly exceeds a world indicator, however for some percent concedes to average European indicator (73,4%).
Carrying out the analysis of rates of an urbanization, we see that since 1990 quantity of urban population in Ukraine has grown by 2%. It testifies about influence of world urban process on Ukraine too.
This thought is confirmed by the forecast of UN-Habitat for quantity of urban population of Ukraine by 2050. So according to the forecast in Ukraine by 2050 79% of inhabitants will have lived in the cities and only 21% of the population - in rural settlements (fig. 4).
Thus against growth among Ukrainian numbers of citizens experts predict also considerable reduction of the population of the all country: by 2050 the number of citizens will have been reduced with 31,2 to 2,6 million people, rural population - with 13,7 to 7,1 million.
Thus within the next 36 years the population of Ukraine will decrease on 11,2 million people.
Fig. 4. Dynamics of number of urban and rural Ukrainian population during 1991 to 2014, structure of urban and rural population by 1990 and 2014, forecast by 2050 (built by the author according to [5, 8])
urbanization population ukraine megacity
In Ukraine in 2014 it was registered 460 cities and city settlements. There are only medium-sized, small and the smallest cities by UN-Habitat classification. More than 70% of the total population (21 million people) live in the cities with the population less than 500 thousand people. About 4 million people live in the cities with the population from 500 thousand to 1 million people. There are Dnipropetrovsk, Donetsk, Zaporizhia, Lviv and Krivoy Rig.
Also there are three medium-sized cities in Ukraine (by UN-Habitat classification) which have the population from 1 to 5 million people. There are Kyiv, capital of the state, Kharkiv and Odessa. About 5,5 million people live in these cities (fig. 5).
Consequently it is possible to conclude that the concentrated urbanization with large agglomerations with the population more than 5 million people isn't characteristic for Ukraine. It is connected with rather uniform land development of the state, prevalence of a flat relief, the average level of development of all economic spheres in comparison with world leaders and average population density about the country.
Fig. 5. Urban saturation of Ukrainian regions on January 1, 2013 (built by the author according to [3])
Amidst Ukrainian 92 cities which had on January 2014 the population of 50 thousand people and more, only in 15 cities number of the population in comparison with 1989 didn't decrease.
Population increased in Kyiv, Ternopil, Ivano-Frankivsk, Khmelnytsky, Lutsk, Uzhgorod, Cherkasy (regional centers of the West and Center Ukraine and the capital of Ukraine), Bila Tserkva, Borispol and Brovary (Kyiv region), Kovel (Volyn region), Enerhodar (Zaporizhia region), No- vohrad-Volynskyi (Zhytomyr region), Drohobych (Lviv region), and Komsomolsk (Poltava region). In other cities it is observed the tendency to reduction of number of the population of Ukraine.
Among regions of Ukraine East areas are characterized by an intensive urbanization. It is a consequence of high level of industrial development, dense population and as a result existence of a large number of the cities.
The most urbanized region of Ukraine is Donetsk region in which 91% of inhabitants live in city settlements. In total 52 cities are located in Donetsk region. High urban saturation (more than 77% of urban population) is also characterized for the Kharkiv, Dnipropetrovsk and Lugansk region (fig. 5).
The lowest urban saturation was observed in Chernivtsi, Zakarpattia, Ivano-Frankivsk and Ternopil areas which are characterized by a low level of development of the industry and prevalence of agriculture. Thus, it was noted that urban saturation of regions of Ukraine grows from the West to the East. Exceptions are the Lviv region in the West of Ukraine and the Mykolaiv region in the South.
Conclusions
Despite specific features of the Ukrainian cities, process of urbanization in Ukraine according to the fundamental characteristics and the main stages is similar to process of a world urbanization.
Its features are priority development of the large cities, formations of agglomerative and urban settlement areas.
Urban saturation in Ukraine significantly exceeds an indicator on the world, however below an urbanization indicator in the majority of the countries with developed economy.
However considerable depopulation of the population in the state influences reduction of the population in the cities and rural regions.
But in the structural relation the number of city dwellers gradually increases and by 2050 according to forecasts of experts will have made 79% of total of the population.
In the territory of Ukraine the cities with the population less than 500 thousand people prevail, only eight cities of the state have bigger of the number of the population. In the country there are no megalopolises with the population about 5 million people.
The largest cities which concentrate a significant amount of the population are large industrial centers Kharkiv, Odessa and the capital of Ukraine, Kyiv.
Lack of megalopolises of a world format testifies with rather uniform land development, the average level of development of all spheres of economy in comparison with world leaders and average population density about the country. In general urban saturation in Ukraine increases from the West to the East.
The urbanization is objective worldwide social process. The problems generated by urbanization come to a framework especially demographic, they also belong social, economic and political spheres. Only efforts from society aren't able to solve all problems which the urbanization generates.
Regulation of the problems caused by urbanizetion needs direct participation of the state both in Ukraine and in the world.
The form of state participation can be different: from introduction of state programs in the rural and urban territory to expansion of opportunities local governments.
The state has opportunities to create more attractive conditions for development of the rural area, through stimulation of an overflowing of youth to villages, activization of social work for pensioners and some other actions.
References
1. Animitsa E.G. Krupneishie goroda Rossii v kontekste globalnykh urabanizatsionnykh protsessov /E.G. Animitsa // Ars Administrandi. - № 1. - 2013. - S. 82-96. [Анимица Е.Г. Крупнейшие города России в контексте глобальных урабанизационных процессов /Е.Г. Анимица //Ars Administrandi. - № 1. - 2013. - С. 82 - 96.]
2. Brodel F. Materialnaia tsivilizaysiia, ekonomika i kapitalizm. XV-XVIII vv. Struktury povsednevnosti: vozmozhnoe i nevozmozhnoe / F. Brodel. - M.: Progress, 1986. - T.1. - 623 s. [Бродель Ф. Материальная цивилизация, экономика и капитализм. XV-XVIII вв. Структуры повседневности: возможное и невозможное / Ф. Бродель. - М.: Прогресс, 1986. - Т.1. - 623 с.]
3. Chyselnist naiavnoho naselennia Ukrainy na 1 sichnia 2013 roku. - Derzhavna sluzhba statystyky Ukrainy. - Kyiv, 2013. - 112 s. [Чисельність наявного населення України на 1 січня 2013 року. - Державна служба статистики України. - Київ, 2013. - 112 с.]
4. Lappo G. Itogi i perspektivy rossiiskoi urbanizatsii / G. Lappo // Informatsionnyi biulleten Tsentra demografii i ekologii cheloveka Instituta narodokhoziaistvennogo prognozirovaniia RAN. - 2005. - N. 94. - [Demoskop Weekly]. - Rezhim dostupa: http://www.demoscope.ru/acrobat/ps94.pdf [Лаппо Г. Итоги и перспективы российской урбанизации / Г. Лаппо // Информационный бюллетень Центра демографии и экологии человека Института народохозяйственного прогнозирования РАН. - 2005. - N. 94. - [Демоскоп Weekly]. - Режим достут: http://www.demoscope.ru/acrobat/ps94.pdf].
5. Naselennia [Derzhavna sluzhba statystyky Ukrainy]. - Rezhym dostupu: http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua [Населення [Державна служба статистики України]. - Режим доступу: http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua].
6. UN report: World's biggest cities merging into «mega-regions» [Електронний ресурс]. - Режим доступу: http://www.guardian. co. uk/world/2010/mar/22/un-cities-mega-regions
7. Urbanisticheskoe tysiacheletie. Spets. Sessiia Generalnoi Assamblei OON dlia vsestoronnego obzora i otsenki khoda osushchestvleniia povestki dnia. Niu-York, 2001 g. [Demoskop Weekly] - Rezhim dostupa: http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2004/0163/analit03.php [Урбанистическое тысячелетие. Спец. Сессия Генеральной Ассамблеи ООН для всестороннего обзора и оценки хода осуществления повестки дня. Нью-йорк, 2001 г. [Электронный ресурс]. - Режим достут: http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2004/0163/analit03.php]
8. Word Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision. Highlights [Електронний ресурс]. - Режим доступу: http://www.peabodyenergy.com/mm/files/studies/UN_WUP2014-Highlights.pdf
Summary
Ukraine in the context of the global urban processes. Anastasiia Mazurova.
The general characteristic of the global urban processes was presented in the article. Dynamics of urban saturation in Ukraine and the world and structure of urban and rural population for some years in Ukraine was analyzed.
The features of global historical development of megalopolises were defined. Classification of the worldwide cities according to United Nations Human Settlements Programme and the characteristic of the Ukrainian cities on this classification was presented.
Dynamics of number of the Ukrainian cities and urban saturation of regions of Ukraine was analysed. The highest and the lowest urbanized state regions in Ukraine were revealed.
In connection with activization of urbanization on a global scale transition to prevalence of city dwellers has irreversible and unstoppable character. The main purpose of this work is identification of urban trends of in Ukraine in the context of global urban processes.
Urban saturation in Ukraine significantly exceeds an indicator on the world, however below an urbanization indicator in the majority of the countries with developed economy.
However considerable depopulation of the population in the state influences reduction of the population in the cities and rural regions. But in the structural relation the number of city dwellers gradually increases and by 2050 according to forecasts of experts will have made 79% of total of the population.
In the territory of Ukraine the cities with the population less than 500 thousand people prevail, only eight cities of the state have bigger of the number of the population. In the country there are no megalopolises with the population about 5 million people.
The largest cities which concentrate a significant amount of the population are large industrial centers Kharkiv, Odessa and the capital of Ukraine, Kyiv. Lack of megalopolises of a world format testifies with rather uniform land development, the average level of development of all spheres of economy in comparison with world leaders and average population density about the country. In general urban saturation in Ukraine increases from the West to the East.
Despite specific features of the Ukrainian cities, process of urbanization in Ukraine according to the fundamental characteristics and the main stages is similar to process of a world urbanization. Its features are priority development of the large cities, formations of agglomerative and urban settlement areas.
Key words: urban processes, urban saturation, urban population, rural population, megalopolis, regions of Ukraine.
Анотація
Україна в контексті глобальних урбанізаційних процесів. Анастасы Мазурова
У статті представлена загальна характеристика глобальних урбанізаційних процесів. Проаналізована динаміка рівня урбанізації в Україні та світі та структури розподілу сільського та міського населення України за деякі роки. Виявлені особливості історичного розвитку мегаполісів світу. Представлена класифікація міст світу за United Nations Human Settlements Programme та характеристика міст України за вказаною класифікацієюю. Проаналізована динаміка чисельності населення міст України та рівень урбанізації регіонів України, виявлені найбільш та найменш урбанізовані регіони держави.
Ключові слова: урбанізаційні процеси, рівень урбанізації, міське населення, сільське населення, мегаполіс, регіони України.
Аннотация
Украина в контексте глобальных урабанизационных процессов. Анастасия Мазурова
В статье представлена общая характеристика глобальных урабанизационных процессов. Проанализирована динамика уровня урбанизации в Украине и мире, и структуры распределения сельского и городского населения в Украине за некоторые годы. Выявленные особенности исторического развития мегаполисов мира. Представлена классификация городов мира согласно United Nations Human Settlements Programme и характеристика городов Украины по указанной классификации. Проанализирована динамика численности городов Украины и уровень урбанизации регионов Украины, выявлены наиболее и наименее урбанизированные регионы государства.
Ключевые слова: урабанизационные процессы, уровень урбанизации, городское население, сельское население, мегаполис, регионы Украины.
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