Television and radio in South Korea

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Introduction

One of the most important means of communication by pictures and sounds is the television. Most of what we learn comes from television.

Just think of all that we see in just one hour of television-commercials, educational programs, sitcoms, etc. The TV is another source that we can learn from about lands far away, people, and places. You can sit in your living room while visiting Europe, Asia, or even Australia. Television is a huge influence on our daily lives, as shown by how much time is spent staring at its screen.

South Korea is, by all measures, a media-rich country. Television is ubiquitous, too, with two national networks, over forty cable channels, and a digital satellite broadcasting service offering seventy-four channels. Additionally, some 6,500 periodicals--2,000 weeklies, 3,300 monthlies and 1,200 quarterlies--bombard the media market, each targeting its own share in the general as well as segmented audiences. television network korean broadcasting

Two national networks, both public, dominate Korea's television market. The Korean Broadcasting System (KBS), with twenty-five local stations, covers the entire country, while the Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation (MBC) does the same with nineteen local stations. KBS runs two channels. KBS 1TV is supposed to be a main public channel and 2TV a home service and entertainment channel, but in reality the difference between the two is often blurred. KBS 2TV carries commercials as MBC does; MBC, public in ownership and mandate, actually operates as a commercial broadcasting medium. KBS collects license fees from all television set owners--about $48 annually per set. A regional station, Seoul Broadcasting System (SBS), has its own niche in the Seoul metropolitan area.

1. Television and radio in South Korea

In South Korea, there are a number of national television networks, the three largest of which are KBS, MBC, and SBS. Most of the major television studios are located on Yeouido. South Korea became the third adopter in Asia when television broadcasting began on 12 May 1956 with the opening of HLKZ-TV, a commercially operated television station. HLKZ-TV was established by the RCA Distribution Company (KORCAD) in Seoul with 186-192 MHz, 100-watt output, and 525 scanning lines.

Important genres of television shows include serial dramas, historical dramas, variety shows, game shows, news programs, and documentaries. All three networks have produced increasingly lavish historical dramas in recent years. Some South Korean television programs are available on satellite and multicultural channels in North America. Korean television dramas have become widely popular in other East Asian and Southeast Asian countries, with whole sets of videotapes or DVDs of series available, complete with different language subtitles. Shopping channels have become quite popular in recent years as well, and the models sometimes put on entertaining acts during product pitches.

There are many cable operators in South Korea, such as Tbroad, C&M, CMB, and CJ HelloVision. The cable TV subscriber is approximately 14 million. The cable operator provides TPS to its subscribers.

Since the beginning of the 1950s, television was introduced to Korea by RCA to sell second-hand black & white TV sets as a marketing scheme. Some TV sets were strategically set up at Pagoda Park, others at the Seoul Station and Gwanghwamun during this time. However it was not until 1956 when South Korea began its own television broadcasting station, the HLKZ-TV, part of the KORCAD (RCA Distribution Company). The first ever Korean television drama, (The Gates of Heaven) in 1956, planning director Choi Chang-Bong spent two and a half months continuously fixing the script, preparing sets and even the first instance of special effects, all for a drama that lasted no longer than fifteen minutes.

1.1 Korean drama

Korean drama or K-drama refers to televised dramas in Korean language, made in South Korea, mostly in a miniseries format, with distinctive features that set it apart from regular Western television series or soap operas. Korean dramas can be set in contemporary times or in historical settings, the Korean word for the latter being sageuk. Different genres apply to these two types, from romantic comedies and action series to fusion science fiction dramas.

South Korea started to broadcast television series in the 1960s, today's mini deurama format of 12-24 episodes started in the 1990s, transforming traditional historical series to this format, as well, creating the notion of "fusion sageuks". Korean dramas are usually shot within a very tight schedule, often a few hours before actual broadcast, screenplays are flexible and may change anytime during production, depending on viewers' feedback, putting actors in a difficult position. Production companies often have financial issues.

Korean dramas are popular worldwide, partially due to the spread of the Korean wave, with streaming services that offer multiple language subtitles. Some of the most famous dramas have been broadcast via traditional television channels, as well, for example Dae Jang Geum (2003) was sold to 91 countries.

Kim Soo-hyun at the press conference of Moon Embracing the Sun. Kim is one of the most popular Korean actors, also in foreign countries, like China. Ha Ji-won starred in several famous Korean dramas, like Damo or Secret Garden Korean dramas are usually helmed by one director and written by one screenwriter, thus having a distinct directing style and language, unlike American television series, where often several directors and writers work together. Series are likely to have only one season, with 12-24 episodes. Historical series may be longer, with 50 to 200 episodes, but they also run for only one season. The 19:00 to 20:00 evening time slot is usually for daily dramas that run from Monday through Friday. Dramas in these slots are in the telenovella format, rarely running over 200 episodes.

1.2 TV-program Running man

Running Man is a South Korean variety show; a part of SBS's Good Sunday lineup, along with Kim Byung-man's Law of the Jungle 2. It was first aired on July 11, 2010. This show is classified as an "urban action variety"; a never-before-seen new genre of variety shows. The MCs and guests complete missions in a landmark to win the race. It has garnered attention as being the come-back program for Yu Jae-suk, the main MC of the program, after leaving Good Sunday's Family Outing in February 2010. Airing at the 5PM KST time slot for most of its run, Running Man switched to the second part of Good Sunday (which happened May 22 and May 29, 2011 with Kim Yu-na's Kiss and Cry but was quickly switched back due to low ratings) beginning May 6, 2012, airing after Kim Byung-man's Law of the Jungle 2 at 6:10PM and airing against KBS2 Happy Sunday's 1 Night 2 Days Season 2 and MBC Sunday Night's I Am a Singer 2.

The show has been popular in other parts of Asia as well, and gained online popularity among Hallyu fans, having been subtitled to a number of languages by volunteers, such as English, Spanish, Thai, Malay, Vietnamese, Chinese and Arabic.Throughout the history of Running Man, special series have progressed with storytelling and movie-like episodes. Many of these series have been praised for their thrill and excitement, and are considered some of the more higher quality episodes of Running Man.

Missions form the basis of Running Man as members try to avoid punishment in earlier episodes or win prizes. Multiple missions are presented in each episode, with the highlight of Running Man being race missions.

The original members of Run­ning Man are Yoo Jae-suk, Ji Suk-jin, Kim Jong-kook, Haha, Lee Kwang-soo, Song Joong-ki, and Gary.Song Ji-hyo was orig­i­nally a guest for the second (episode 2-3) and third land­mark (episode 4-5). She of­fi­cially joined the program in the fourth land­mark (episode 6) but was unable to attend until the fifth land­mark (episode 7). Lizzy was also originally a guest for the eleventh (episode 13) and twelfth land­mark (episode 14). She officially joined the program in the sixteenth land­mark (episode 18). However, she has not been seen since episode 26. In February 2011, it was revealed that she was only a longterm guest and has left the program.

The staff both run the games and often show up influencing the outcome of various missions and sometimes even actively participate or show up on camera. This includes the personal cameramen (VJs), production directors (PDs), floor directors (FDs), stylists, boom operators, and so on.

Chief producer, Nam Seung-yong, is responsible for the production of the program, with PD Jo Hyo-jin, Im Hyung-taek, and Kim Joo-hyung mainly responsible for the directing and production of the recordings of the program since inception. Other PDs have joined the program to assist as the program shifts from a single landmark to multiple locations for recording, notably Hwang Seon-man and Lee Hwang-jin. FD Ko Dong-wan assists in the recordings of the program and is known to be shown on camera many times, as well as delivering and assisting the members in missions. Producer Kim Joo-hyung has left the show as of episode 182 as he was reassigned to The?Music?Trend.

Each member has their own personal cameramen who follow them around exclusively during recordings. Notable cameramen include Ryu Kwon-ryeol (Yoo Jae-suk's primary VJ), Kim Yoo-seok (Ji Suk-jin's primary VJ), Choi Yoon-sang (Lee Kwang-soo's primary VJ), Yoon Sung-yong (Haha's primary VJ), Sung Gyu (Song Ji-hyo's primary VJ), Ham Jung-hwa (Gary's primary VJ), and Kim Ki-jin (Kim Jong-kook's primary VJ).

The first episode of the show received mixed reviews, according to Asia the show concept was promising but the crew could not use the location to full potential and the pace was not fast and dynamic enough.

Despite a slow start, Running Man became increasingly popular in South Korea and throughout Asia. In its home country the show is watched by 2.1 million people on average. Due to the existence of fansubs, it is watched outside of Asia as well, being translated into English, Spanish and Arabic, among others.

1.3 National networks

In South Korea, there are four nationwide television networks, three general networks and one educational network as follows:

1. Educational Broadcasting System

Educational Broadcasting System or EBS is the only educational television and radio network covering South Korean territory, and the only major South Korean radio and television network without a separate regional service. Established as KBS 3TV in the 1980s, and became an independent corporation in 1990. EBS strives to supplement school education and promote lifelong education for everyone in Korea. The main counterparts of this network are PBS, as well as BBC Two and BBC Four in the UK.

EBS TV -- A terrestrial channel for premium documentaries, preschool and youth program.(Channel 10 for Digital)

EBS FM -- A EBS' radio channel, the station focuses mainly on language learning.

EBS Plus 1 (satellite) -- The channel focuses greatly around the high school test curriculum and offers programming to complement and amplify the student's in-school education.

EBS Plus 2 (satellite) -- The main focus of this channel is "lifelong" learning, with various programs for younger and older viewers.

EBS (satellite) -- This is the network's English education channel, covering kids from kindergarten to grade 12.

Also EBS offers one cable/satellite channel, EBS America, in North America. It airs programs about Korean culture, language education, and kid's show.

2. Korean Broadcasting System

Korean Broadcasting System (KBS) is the national broadcaster of South Korea. It was founded in 1927, and operates radio, television and online services, being one of the biggest South Korean television networks. Around 37.8% of KBS' revenue comes from a mandatory television licence fee of 2,200 won, with another 47.6% coming from commercial advertisement sales. KBS international output such as KBS World, as well as specialised services such as KBS Radio 3 for the disabled, receive public funding from the South Korean government.

KBS World is the international television and radio service of KBS. It officially launched on July 1, 2003. It is broadcast on a 24hr schedule with programs ranging from news, sports, television dramas, entertainment, and children's. KBS World television is broadcast locally and around the world. As of July 2007, around 65% of its programs are broadcast with English subtitles, it is available in 32 countries, and reportedly more than 40 million households around the world can access KBS World[citation needed]. It has two overseas subsidiaries: KBS America and KBS Japan. KBS Japan is independently operated by a KBS subsidiary in Japan, and most programs are provided with Japanese subtitles.

KBS World television is a television channel that runs mostly programs commissioned for KBS' 2 terrestrial networks: KBS1 and KBS2. KBS World television is distributed over several international communication and broadcasting satellites such as IS-19, IS-20, IS-21, Measat 3, Apstar 6 & 7, Eutelsat Hotbird 13A, Galaxy 11, 18 & 23, Badr 6, Vinasat 1, Palapa D, SES 7, Telkom 1, Thaicom 5, EchoStar 15, Anik F3. Local cable and/or satellite operators receive the signal from one of these satellite and carry the signal to end subscribers of their own networks. KBS doesn't allow individual viewer to receive the signal from IS-19, IS-20, IS-21, Measat 3, Asiasat 5, and Galaxy 18. The signal from Badr 6 is Free-to-Air service while viewers using Eutelsat Hotbird 13A are required to pay monthly subscription fee.

3. Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation

The Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation (MBC) is one of four major national South Korean television and radio networks, and is the oldest among all commercial broadcasting networks in South Korea. Munhwa is the Korean word for "culture". Its flagship terrestrial television station is Channel 11 (LCN) for Digital. Twice government owned, the network is managed by the Foundation of Broadcast Culture (which owns 70% of the company's stock), while the Jung-Su Scholarship Foundation owns 30%. MBC receives no government subsidy, and derives its income almost entirely from commercial advertising. It has 19 regional stations, and 10 subsidiaries. The network evolved from Busan Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation, the first private broadcasting corporation in the country. As of 2011, MBC has over 4,000 employees. It has provided terrestrial digital TV service in the ATSC format since 2001, and T-DMB (Digital Multimedia Broadcasting) service since 2005.

Entertainment. MBC's reality program Infinite Challenge has enjoyed high ratings for seven consecutive years. The comedians hosting Exclamation! (which ended its run in 2007) have promoted reading, reuniting foreign workers in South Korea with their families and providing medical help to the elderly.

News and sports. MBC has nineteen regional stations in Korea, nine permanent overseas bureaus and service arrangements with CNN, APTN, Reuters TV and NBC. It also produces news-analysis programs such as News Magazine 2580, News Who, 100-Minute Debate, Economy Magazine, Global Report, Newsdesk and North Korea Report covering the political, economic, social and cultural issues of the days.

4. Seoul Broadcasting System

Seoul Broadcasting System (SBS) is a national South Korean television and radio network. It is the only private commercial broadcaster with wide regional network affiliates to operate in the country. In March 2000, the company legally became known as SBS, changing its corporate name from Seoul Broadcasting System. It has provided terrestrial digital TV service in the ATSC format since 2001, and T-DMB (Digital Multimedia Broadcasting) service since 2005. Its flagship terrestrial television station is Channel 6 for Digital and Cable.

Family companies:

* SBS Production

* SBS Artech

* SBS Newstech

* SBSi

* SBS Mi

* Seoam Foundation

* SBS Seoul Digital Forum

Programming. SBS dramas have been part of the "Korean wave", exported to many countries across the world. Sandglass has one of the highest viewership ratings in South Korea, and is considered the breakout drama for the network. Other dramas that have enjoyed high viewership include Lovers in Paris, Trap of Youth, Brilliant Legacy, Rustic Period, and Temptation of a Wife, My love From The Star. SBS airs a variety of entertainment programs ranging from informational, comedy, music, reality, talk shows, and auditions. Many programs are popular throughout Asia, including X-Man, Family Outing, Running Man, The Music Trend, and many more. SBS documentaries encompass a wide range of issues, from foreign affairs to the environment. The Its Know premiered in 1992, and has since earned notoriety for its investigations from a journalistic standpoint. SBS also broke tradition by creating its flagship newscast SBS Eight O'Clock News, airing at 20:00 instead of 21:00, giving itself the slogan "News an hour earlier". It also produces news-analysis programs such as Morning Wide, Nightline, SBS Current Affairs Debate, Curious Stories Y, and In Depth 21 covering the political, economic, social and cultural issues of the days.

Conclusion

The Development of Radio and Television Radio is a part of most people's everyday lives, but more so is television. Television virtually emerged from radio, which set the foundation down for what is known today as the main source of mass media and communication. The reason being that almost all households in developed nations has a television. With such a norm it is often overlooked as to the controversy caused by the T.V which is almost literally the addition of pictures to radio. Many interesting things happened with the emergence of the television from the radio. The radio is one of the, if not most, important elements in the development of mass media. The emergence of radio took place in the early 1920's and for the first time it was possible to reach a large number of people at the same time.

In our life we always try to progress, which means that humanity does its best to find better solutions to everything and make people's lives very convenient. In the course of this progress a lot of realities and things disappear, giving place to their descendants that are more developed and complete. In the case of radio it also could have been substituted by television, but despite the fact that since the invention of television almost a century passed, radio successfully continues its walk through our lives.

To my mind, the matter here is in the fact that despite having a lot in common, radio and TV are not the same and can be enjoyed in different ways. Some people like TV more, others recognize only radio - tastes differ, but even one person can like both realities when in different moods and situations. Each of them has its own advantages and drawbacks, which I want to describe in short.

As for television, it is bright, often captivating, colorful and offers a lot of entertainment for our mind. We can watch lives of other people, follow some plot, enjoy concerts, be aware of the latest news and many more. I think that the main its advantage is that it offers people a possibility to abstract from their own problems and to clear mind in this way. Besides, it can offer some extreme feelings and adrenalin rush - each person can find something per their wish.

Bibliography

1. http://southkorea.angloinfo.com/housing/setting-up-home/television/

2. http://watch.squidtv.net/asia/south_korea.html

3. http://wwitv.com/television/112.htm

4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_South_Korea

5. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul_Broadcasting_System

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