Risk Factors for the Development of Suicidal Behavior in Patients with Withdrawal syndrome in Alcohol Dependence

Размещено на http://www.allbest.ru

Размещено на http://www.allbest.ru

Risk Factors for the Development of Suicidal Behavior in Patients with Withdrawal syndrome in Alcohol Dependence

Mozgova T., Leshchyna I., Fedorchenko S., Nessonova M.

Kharkiv National Medical University, Kharkiv, Ukraine. Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education, Kharkiv, Ukraine. National Pharmaceutical University, Kharkiv, Ukraine

The article presents the results of the study, the purpose of which was to determine the risk factors for the development of suicidal behavior in patients with withdrawal syndrome in alcohol dependence. Ail patients underwent a psychodiagnostic study using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS, HAM-D, 1959), designed to assess the severity of depressive symptoms. the study showed that obligatory symptoms of depression in patients with withdrawal syndrome in alcohol dependence included marked manifestations of insomnia with impairment of the entire sleep cycle, symptoms of dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract with loss of appetite and obsessive-compulsive disorders, which indicated disorganization of mental and somatic activity with an impairment of vital functions.

Risk factors for suicidal intent in patients with withdrawal syndrome in alcohol dependence include such depressive symptoms as depersonalization and derealization, severity of the feeling of guilt, insomnia with early morning awakenings and mental anxiety accompanied by tension, irritability and anxiety. the symptom of the loss of libido plays the role of an anti-risk factor.

It has been established that the "targets" for the prevention of suicidal behavior in patients with withdrawal syndrome with alcohol dependence are: relief of anxiety, feelings of guilt, feelings of depersonalization and derealization; normalization of sleep.

Keywords: patients, alcohol dependence, withdrawal syndrome, depressive manifestations, suicidal intentions.

Факторы риска формирования суицидального поведения у пациентов с синдромом отмены при алкогольной зависимости

Мозговая Т.П., Лещина И.В., Федорченко С.В., Нессонова М.Н.

Харьковский национальный медицинский университет, Харьков, Украина. Харьковская медицинская академия последипломного образования, Харьков, Украина. Национальный фармацевтический университет, Харьков, Украина

В работе изложены результаты исследования, целью которого было определение факторов риска формирования суицидального поведения у больных с синдромом отмены при алкогольной зависимости. Всем больным было проведено психодиагностическое исследование с использованием Шкалы оценки депрессии Гамильтона (HDRS, HAM-D, 1959), разработанной для оценки степени выраженности депрессивной симптоматики. Выявлено, что облигатными симптомами при депрессии у больных с синдромом отмены при алкогольной зависимости являются выраженные проявления бессонницы с нарушением всей структуры сна, симптомы нарушения функции желудочно-кишечного тракта с потерей аппетита и обсессивно-компульсивные расстройства, что указывает на дезорганизацию психической и соматической деятельности с нарушением витальных функций.

Обозначены факторы риска возникновения суицидальных намерений у больных с синдромом отмены при алкогольной зависимости, которыми являются такие симптомы депрессии, как ощущение деперсонализации и дереализации, выраженность чувства вины, бессонница с ранними утренними пробуждениями и психическая тревога, сопровождающаяся напряжением, раздражительностью и беспокойством. Симптом утраты либидо выполняет роль фактора «антириска».

Установлено, что «мишенями» профилактики суицидального поведения у больных с синдромом отмены при алкогольной зависимости являются: купирование тревоги, чувства вины, ощущений деперсонализации и дереализации; нормализация сна.

Ключевые слова: пациенты, алкогольная зависимость, синдром отмены, депрессивные проявления, суицидальные намерения.

Introduction

alcohol withdrawal syndrome depression

The incidence of mental and behavioral disorders in Ukraine is characterized by prevalence of impairments caused by the use of psychoactive substances [1]. therefore, the issue of alcohol dependence to this day remains relevant for our country [2, 3].

the problem of prevalence of alcohol dependence is extremely relevant not only in Ukraine but also throughout the world. According to the WHO, the world average alcohol consumption is 6.1 liters per person per year, and in Ukraine this figure is one of the highest in the world (15.6 liters per person per year). according to the Who, alcohol dependence is the cause of death of more than 3 million people a year in the world [4]. In Ukraine, about 40 thousand people die every year from alcohol abuse. there is a direct link between the influence of alcohol on the prevalence of social and stress disturbances in the society, mortality rates and mental health of the population [5, 6]. Official statistics show that up to 900 thousand patients with alcohol dependence are registered in medical institutions [7], but the real figure is 3-5 times higher [5, 7, 8].

Formation of depressive disorders associated with alcohol dependence is an integral part of clinical manifestations of chronic alcoholism [9-11]. The existing postulate "all depressive disorders are suicidal" increases the relevance of studying suicidal behavior in patients with alcohol dependence. Moreover, Ukraine belongs to the states with a high level of suicidal activity [12] and according to foreign authors, the problems of suicide remain relevant throughout the world [13, 14].

It should be noted that there have been a lot of studies describing patients using psychoactive substances, including the study of depressive manifestations in people with alcohol dependence, highlighting the importance of screening studies to identify depressive states at the primary care level of medical care [9, 15, 16]. Additional arguments are presented in favor of the hypothesis, according to which alcoholic suicide is predominant among men [17]. In general, the study of patients with alcohol dependence with suicidal behavior dictates the need to use differentiated approaches in pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy and prevention [9, 18-20].

Purpose

Determination of risk factors for the formation of suicidal behavior in patients with withdrawal syndrome in alcohol dependence.

Materials and methods

The study involved 42 male patients with withdrawal symptoms in alcohol dependence. The age of the examined patients ranged from 43 to 58 years. The criteria for the inclusion of patients in the study were: diagnosed "condition of withdrawal, uncomplicated (F10.30)", which was the direct cause of the visit to an addiction medicine specialist due to marked severity of the disorder; symptoms of depression and/or suicidal thoughts; alcohol history of the examined patients ranged from 7 to 12 years. The exclusion criterion was the presence of psychotic symptoms. The study was conducted in accordance with the law on psychiatric care with the voluntary written consent of patients. As part of diagnostic measures, all patients underwent a psychodiagnostic study using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS, HAM-D, 1959), designed to assess the severity of depression symptoms. The results were evaluated using the standard algorithm [21]. The scale contains 21 items, the first 17 were used to quantify the patient's condition.

Statistical processing of data was carried out mainly by means of software Statistica (TIBCO Software Inc., USA). The description of qualitative data (the number of cases of manifestation of certain symptoms of depression) is presented in the form of frequency (proportion) (%) of the occurrence of a symptom in a sample or subgroup of patients ± its standard error (%). The score values for assessing the severity of depression of HDRS17 are presented as Me [LQ; UQ], where Me is the median, LQ is the lower quartile, UQ is the upper quartile.

To identify statistically significant relationships between the development of suicidal intentions in patients and individual symptoms of depression, two-way contingency tables of these indices were analyzed, while the significance of relationships in contingency tables was evaluated on the basis of Pearson c2 (Chi-square) test.

To assess the strength of the relationship between the severity of suicidal intentions and the severity of other symptoms of depression, a correlation analysis was performed. A rank Kendall Tau (t) correlation coefficient was used.

Comparison of HDRS17 severity in two groups of patients, depending on whether they had thoughts of suicide, was compared using the MannWhitney two-samples test (in the article, exact and approximate statistics of the criterion are marked as M-W U, Z)

All calculations were carried out at a confidence probability of 95%, respectively, when obtaining calculated significance levels (p) less than 0.05, the results were considered statistically significant.

Results and discussion

Depression was detected in all the examined patients: in (2.38±2.35)% of cases - a mild depressive episode with somatic symptoms (F32.01), in (97.62±2.35)% - a moderate depressive episode with somatic symptoms (F32.11). The revealed range of clinical manifestations and the degree of their manifestation on the Hamilton scale served as the basis for studying their structure.

Analysis of the results showed that depressive mood, revealed by a direct question during a conversation with a patient, was observed in (47.6±7.7)% of the examined patients; (28.6±7.0)% had actively expressed and complained of frustration and hopelessness; and in (7.1±4.0)% of patients helplessness and reduced self-esteem were spontaneously expressed both in the complaints of the patients, and were manifested in facial expressions, voice modulations, and body position. Feeling of guilt and self-deprecation were noted in (59.5±7.6)% of patients; statements about own guilt with reflections on past mistakes in (31.0±7.1)% of cases.

Half of the examined patients (50.00±7.7)% had suicidal intentions with thoughts that they should not continue living; (7.1±4.0)% of patients were in a more severe state: desire for death or thoughts on the possibility of death.

Complaints of episodic difficulty in falling asleep (longer than % hour) were presented by (78.6±6.3)% of patients; inability to fall asleep every night was reported by (21.4±6.3)% of the examined patients. Restless sleep at night was observed in (14.3±5.4)% of patients; (85.7±5.4)% complained of multiple awakenings throughout the night, and the same number of patients experienced an early awakening in the morning, followed by further falling asleep. The final early morning awakening was noted in (14.3±5.4)% of patients.

According to the degree of working efficiency and activity the examined patients were distributed as follows: (31.0±7.1)% of patients expressed their thoughts on their own inconsistency, felt fatigue and weakness associated with the activity; (40.5±7.6)% of patients experienced a clear loss of interest in the activity, expressed it directly in the complaints and showed indirectly through apathy and indecision; additional efforts were required to activate the work; in (28.6±7.0)% of the examined patients, there was a decrease in real-time manifestation of activity or a decrease in productivity.

Psychic inhibition (slowness of thinking and speech, impaired ability to concentrate, decrease in motor activity) was noted in (47.6±7.7)% of patients in the form of mild retardation in conversation; 42.9±7.6% had a noticeable inhibition in the conversation and (9.5±4.5)% had marked difficulties during the survey.

Agitation (anxiety excitation) in the form of general anxiety was noted in (47.6±7.7)% of patients, in (45.2±7.7)% of patients was manifested by restless movements of hands with "shuffling" of hair and in (7.1±4.0)% of cases general mobility and restlessness.

Mental anxiety with subjective tension and irritability was observed in (52.4±7.7)% of patients, in (45.2±7.7)% anxiety developed over an insignificant occasion and in (2.4±2.3)% of cases anxiety was displayed in the facial expressions and speech.

Somatic anxiety was physiologically manifested in the examined patients by the disorders of internal organs: gastrointestinal (dry mouth, flatulence, dyspepsia, diarrhea, belching, spastic pain); cardiovascular (tachycardia, headaches); respiratory (shortness of breath, hyperventilation); polyuria and hyperhidrosis. Weak somatic anxiety was observed in (40.5±7.6)% of patients; moderate somatic anxiety in (52.4±7.7)% of patients and severe somatic anxiety in (7.1±4.0)% of cases.

In the general structure, gastrointestinal somatic symptoms with a feeling of heaviness in the abdomen and loss of appetite, but with eating without strong coercion were observed in (92.9±4.0)% of patients and (7.1±4.0)% of patients felt the need to take laxatives or drugs for the relief of gastrointestinal symptoms, and food intake was carried out only with persistent coercion.

General somatic symptoms, such as heaviness and pain in the limbs, head, back, muscle pain, feeling of loss of energy or loss of strength were noted in (97.6±2.4)% of patients and in isolated cases - (2.4±2,3)% - the above symptoms were manifested in marked intensity.

Mild genital symptoms accompanied by loss of libido were experienced by (9.5±4.5)% of the examined patients.

Hypochondriac manifestations with self-absorption were observed in (73.8±6.8)% of patients, and (14.3±5.4)% of patients expressed excessive concern about their health.

The assessment of weight loss of the examined patients was carried out according to medical history, according to which the probable weight loss due to present disease was observed in (64.3±7.4)% of patients.

One of the important criteria for the mental state of any patient is the critical attitude towards their illness; in this study (38.1±7.5)% of patients were aware that they suffered from depression or some other disease; (59.5±7.6)% regarded their state as a result of the impact of various pathogenic factors: low-quality food, climate, overworking, viral infections, the need for rest and a complete absence of awareness of the disease was found in (2.4±2,3)% of cases.

Daily fluctuations of depressive symptoms with aggravation in the evening occurred in (40.5±7.6)% of patients; signs of depersonalization and derealization with a sense of the unreality of the environment were experienced by (61.9±7.5)% of patients; suspiciousness and ideas of attitude towards others showed (69.0±7.1)% and (2.4±2.3)% of patients, respectively. Mild obsessional and compulsive disorders were observed in the majority of examined patients in (95.2±3.3)% of cases.

The results obtained in the process of the study differed in their diversity, which was the rationale for grouping them. The most common symptoms in the examined patients (>85%) comprised general somatic symptoms, namely heaviness and pain in the limbs, head, back, muscle pain, feeling of loss of energy or loss of strength; gastrointestinal symptoms with loss of appetite; obsessive compulsive disorder; manifestations of insomnia were characterized by an impairment of the entire sleep cycle, and sleep disorders were severe. It is noteworthy that the above symptoms reflect disorganization of both mental and somatic activity with impairment of vital functions.

The next group is represented by such symptoms as depressive mood, manifested by frustration and hopelessness; feeling of guilt with ideas of self-deprecation; suicidal intent with the feeling that life is not worth it; difficulty falling asleep; slight retardation in conversation; agitation with general anxiety and stereotyped hand movements; internal stress and irritability on minor occasions, somatic anxiety with an imbalance in the functioning of the cardiovascular system, gastrointestinal tract, respiration; suspicion in relation to others, symptoms of depersonalization and derealization with a sense of unreality of the environment; hypochondriac manifestations with body-oriented sensations; all of the above was accompanied by weight loss and lack of a critical attitude towards their state. The range of prevalence of these symptoms in the examined patients was 45-85%.

Less frequent impairments (prevalence range from 20 to 45%) were more severe symptoms of depression and anxiety, reduced performance and activity to the level of psychic inhibition. Daily fluctuations were manifested by deterioration in the evening; patients retained formal critical thinking.

In order to clarify the factors of the development of suicidal behavior, the process of statistical analysis implied the study of the connection of the above symptoms of depression with the severity index of suicidal manifestations in the examined patients. The correlation analysis (Tab. 1) revealed five symptoms of depression with statistically significant correlations with the severity of suicidal intentions. Thus, manifestations of depersonalization and derealization positively correlated with the degree of suicidal intentions (t=0.45, p=0.000027). Slightly smaller positive correlations are observed with the severity of mental anxiety (t=0.25, p=0.020891) and the severity of late insomnia (t=0.23, p=0.032337). This allows us to formulate an assumption that the elimination of feelings of depersonalization and derealization, reduction of internal stress and mental anxiety and normalization of sleep (especially in the early morning hours) to some extent contributes to the de-actualization of suicidal behavior in patients with alcohol withdrawal syndrome.

Negative correlations of the severity of suicidal intentions were found for symptoms associated with loss of libido (t=-0.35, p=0.001092) and the severity of guilt felt by the patient (t=-0.32, p=0.003104). Such patterns suggest that the existence of problems with sexual potency, to some extent, switched the examined patients from thoughts about suicide.

Consideration of this interdependence is possible from the standpoint of the protective mechanisms of mental activity, when the latter (instinct) prevails in the structure of the cortical-subcortical interaction. The negative correlation of the indicator of increased feeling of guilt in this category of patients, obtained in the course of the study, should testify in favor of reducing the severity of suicidal intentions. However, the hypothetical version contradicts to practical experience. According to the authors, this phenomenon deserves attention and further study, since the symptom of "feeling of guilt" is highly dangerous for patients with suicide ideation.

At the second stage of the study, the patients were divided into two groups. The first group consisted of those who did not show any suicidal intentions (18 men, (42.9±7.6)%. The second group included 24 patients (57.1 ±7.6)%) with varying degrees of suicidal activity. The values of the quantitative severity of depression HDRS17 (the sum of the points on the first 17 points of the Hamilton scale) were compared in two groups (Figure), but it was not informative in terms of detecting the presence of suicidal intentions (which confirmed once again the assumption that the danger of suicide does not depend on the severity of depression), because there were no statistically significant differences in its values between the two compared groups (M-W U=176, Z=1.01714, p=0.309088>0.05). In the first group of patients (without suicidal intent), the HDRS17 depression severity index ranged from 14 to 23 points and averaged 20 [18; 21] points. In the second group of patients with thoughts about suicide, it varied from 17 to 24 points and averaged 20 [19; 22] points.

alcohol withdrawal syndrome depression

Table 1. T-Kendal's correlation of the degree of expressiveness of suicidal intentions with other symptoms of depression on the Hamilton scale obtained from the enrolled patients

The connection of suicidal intent with other symptoms of depression was investigated. At the same time, the two-way contingency tables of the sign "presence of suicidal intentions" with signs responsible for the manifestation of certain depressive symptoms were analyzed. the results of the analysis (table) confirmed the presence of statistically significant associations of the development of suicidal intentions with symptoms of depersonalization and derealization, with genital symptoms (loss of libido) and a feeling of guilt.

Box and whisker plot of the HDRS17 depression severity index values in two patient groups: without suicidal intent and with such.

Table 2. The prevalence of symptoms of depression in the examined patients, depending on the presence of suicidal intent

Notes: M is the prevalence of the sign in the group (%), m is the standard error; * is statistical significance due to the presence of suicidal intentions; X2 is the calculated value of criterion c2statistics.

The obtained frequency distribution of the occurrence of depressive symptoms in groups of patients indicates a direct link between the symptoms of depersonalization and derealization with suicidal intentions. Indeed, the majority of these symptoms are present in the group of suicidal patients, while in the majority of patients from the group who do not show suicidal tendencies, symptoms of depersonalization and derealization are not observed. This relationship allows us to consider the presence of symptoms of depersonalization and derealization in patients with withdrawal syndrome in alcohol dependence as diagnostic potential of hidden suicidal intentions.

The interrelation of suicidal intentions with genital symptoms revealed in the process of research is not so unambiguous. According to our research, the symptom of loss of libido was observed only in 20% of patients in the group without suicidal intent. It should be assumed that the presence of problems with libido in patients with withdrawal syndrome with alcohol dependence is mutually exclusive for the occurrence of suicidal intentions. However, this assumption requires clarification by conducting a larger study.

Thus, the analysis of the results of the study showed a statistically significant relationship between the occurrence of suicidal intentions in the examined patients with other symptoms of depression, namely, depersonalization and derealization, severity of the feeling of guilt, insomnia with early morning awakenings and mental anxiety with tension, irritability and discomfort.

Conclusions

Obligatory symptoms of depression in patients with withdrawal syndrome in alcohol dependence include marked manifestations of insomnia with a disruption of the entire sleep cycle, symptoms of dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract with loss of appetite and obsessive-compulsive disorders, indicating a disorganization of mental and somatic activity with an impairment of vital functions.

The risk factors for suicidal intent in patients with withdrawal syndrome in alcohol dependence include depressive symptoms such as depersonalization and derealization, feelings of guilt, insomnia with early morning awakenings and mental anxiety accompanied by tension, irritability and anxiety. the symptom of the loss of libido plays the role of an anti-risk factor.

The "targets" for the prevention of suicidal behavior in patients with withdrawal syndrome in alcohol dependence are: relief of anxiety, feelings of guilt, feelings of depersonalization and derealization; normalization of sleep.

References

1. Maruta N.O. (2017) Naukovi doslidzhennya v galuzi nevrologiyi, psy'xiatriyi ta narkologiyi: aktual'ni napryamy' v Ukrayini [Scientific research in the field of neurology, psychiatry and narcology: current trends in Ukraine]. Zdorov'ya Ukrayiny' XXI storichchya, vol. 1, no 40, pp. 28-29.

2. Bromet E.J., Havenaar J.M., tintle N., Kostyuchenko S., Kotov R., Gluzman S. (2007) Suicide ideation, plans and attempts in Ukraine: findings from the Ukraine world mental health survey. Psychol Med., vol.37, pp. 807-819.

3. Mozgovaya T.P, Leschina I.V., Fedorchenko S.V., Artamonov R.O. (2018) Optimizatsiya efektivnosti reabilitatsionnogo potentsiala u bol'nih na alkogol'nuyu zavisimost' [Optimization of the effectiveness of rehabilitation potential in patients with alcohol dependence]. Proceedings of the 28th International Conference: Dovzhenko Readings: Use of psychoactive substances in a "hybrid" war (Kharkiv, Ukraine, April 10-11,2018), Kharkiv: Institute of Neurology, Psychiatry and Narcology of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, pp. 129-131.

4. WHO (2018) Global status report on alcohol and health 2018. Geneva: World Health Organization. Available at: https://www. who.int/substanceabuse/publications/ global_alcohol_report/en/ (accessed 21 September 2018).

5. Baingana F., al'Absi M., Becker A.E., Pringle B. (2015) Global research challenges and opportunities for mental health and substance-use disorders. Nature 527(7578):S172-S177. doi: 10.1038/nature16032.

6. Shuvera O.V. (2017) Forensic and pharmaceutical bases of the improvement of countermeasures for alcohol dependence (PhD Thesis), Kiev: National medical academy of postgraduate education named after P. L. Shupyk of the Ministry of healthcare of Ukraine.

7. Tabachnikov S.I., Harchenko E.N., Prib G.A. i dr. (2011) Mediko-sotsiologicheskie aspekti harakteristiki toksikomanii u lits podrostkovogo i molodogo vozrasta [Medico-sociological aspects of the characteristics of substance abuse in teenagers and young people]. Archives of psychiatry, vol. 3, no 66, pp. 61-66.

8. Hallgren K.A., Ries R.K., Atkins D.C., Bumgardner K., Roy-Byrne P. (2017) Prediction of suicide ideation and attempt among substance-using patients in primary care. JAm BoardFamMed., vol. 30, no 2, pp. 150-160. doi:10.3122/jabfm.2017.02.160264/.

9. Mozgovaya T.P., Leschina I.V., Fedorchenko S.V., Artamonov R.O., Dubovik V.V. (2016) Assotsiirovannaya s alkogol'noi zavisimost'yu depressiya i ee gendernie osobennosti [Alcohol-related depression and its gender characteristics]. Proceedings of the 27 th International Conference: Dovzhenko Readings: Prevention of dependence on psychoactive substances as a basis for young people's mental health (Kharkiv, Ukraine, April 26-27,2016), Kharkiv: Institute of Neurology, Psychiatry and Narcology of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, pp. 146-148.

10. Khalid A., Kunwar A.R., Rajbhandari K.C., Sharma V.D., Regmi S.K. (2000) A study of prevalence and comorbidity of depression in alcohol dependence. Indian J Psychiatry, vol.42, no 4, pp. 434-438.

11. Coкlho B.M., Andrade L.H., Guarniero F.B., Wang Y-P. (2010) The influence of the comorbidity between depression and alcohol use disorder on suicidal behaviors in the Sдo Paulo epidemiologic catchment area study. Brazil Rev Bras Psiquiatr., vol. 32, pp. 396 - 408.

12. Kozhina A.M., Zelenskaya E.A. (2015) Model'formirovaniya suitsidal'nogo povedeniya vsledstvie ekstremal'nih sobitii [Model of the formation of suicidal behavior due to extreme events]. Ukrains'kyj visnykpsychonevrolohii, vol. 3, no 84, pp. 128-129.

13. WHO (2014) Preventing suicide: A global imperative. Geneva: World Health Organization. Available at: http://www.who.int/ mental_health/suicide-prevention/world_ report_2014/en/ (accessed 21 February 2018).

14. Ness J., Hawton K., Bergen H., et al. (2015) Alcohol use and misuse, self-harm and subsequent mortality: An epidemiological and longitudinal study from the multicentre study of self-harm in England. Emerg Med J., vol.32, no. 10, pp. 793-799. doi: 10.1136/emermed-2013-202753.

15. Kuria M.W., Ndetei D.M., Obot I.S., Khasakhala L.I., Bagaka B.M., Mbugua M.N., Kamau J. (2012) The Association between Alcohol Dependence and Depression before and after Treatment for Alcohol Dependence. ISRN Psychiatry, 2012, 482802. doi: 10.5402/2012/482802. Print 2012.

16. Connolly J.M., Kavanagh D.J., Baker A.L., Kay-Lambkin F.J., Lewin T.J., Davis PJ., Quek L.H. (2013) Craving as a predictor of treatment outcomes in heavy drinkers with comorbid depressed mood. Addict Behav., vol. 38, no 2, pp. 1585-1592. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.06.003.

17. Razvodovskii Yu.E. (2006) Alkogol' i suitsidi v Belarusi [Alcohol and suicides in Belarus]. S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry, vol. 106, no 4, pp. 55-63.

18. Sosin I.K., Chuev Yu.F. (2012) Dokazatel'naya farmatsiya: sovremennaya rubrifikatsiya pokazanii k primeneniyu metodov lazernoi terapii v narkologii [Evidence-based pharmacy: modern rubricification of indications for the use of laser therapy methods in narcology]. Ukrains'kyj visnyk psychonevrolohii, vol. 2, no 71, pp. 90-91.

19. Darvishi N., Farhadi M., Haghtalab T., Poorolajal J. (2015) Alcohol-Related Risk of Suicidal Ideation, Suicide Attempt, and Completed Suicide: A Meta-Analysis. PLoS One., vol. 10, no. 5, e0126870. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126870.

20. Pompili M., Serafini G., Innamorati M., et al. (2010) Suicidal behavior and alcohol abuse. Int J Environ Res Public Health., vol.7, no 4, pp.1392-1431. doi:10.3390/ijerph7041392.

21. Mischenko T.S., Shestopalova L.F., Treschinskaya M.A. (2009) Klinicheskie shkali i psihodiagnosticheskie testi v diagnostike sosudistih zabolevanii golovnogo mozga [Clinical scales and psychodiagnostic tests in the diagnosis of vascular diseases of the brain]. Novosti meditsini i farmatsii: Nevrologiya iPsihiatriya, no 277, pp. 62-74.

Размещено на Allbest.ru