Ethnopsychophysiology, perspectives of formation

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Ethnopsychophysiology, perspectives of formation

The perspectives of human sciences systems isolation into a separate trend - ethnopsychophysiologies are debated. The timeliness and urgency of the study of psychophysiological peculiarities of people groups, bound by kinship and compactly dwelling under specific conditions in the same territory are determined by three reasons. Firstly, the presence of the hypothesis, needing proof, that the genotype and the national way of life of various ethnic groups define with its complex interaction a set of morphological, physiological and psychological attributes of the concrete person. Secondly, lack of common views about forming, development and preservation of health of the individual within the framework of separate ethnic groups. Thirdly, lack of convincing model conceptions on the mechanisms defining morphofunctional and psychophysiological originality of various ethnic groups.

Polyethnity and polyculture of the modern Russian society, intensifying migratory processes put forward a complex of theoretical and practical problems for political science, sociology, psychology and biology. Considering mankind as a unified system of interacting personalities, it is necessary to expect dominance of the integration processes defining mechanisms of this community maturing. At the same time integration should not be perceived unambiguously as a path of peculiarities blurring and forming of amorphous mass. Processes of systems maturing, passing the paths of affiliation, presuppose a specialization of components comprising them, development of particular peculiarities. In this case - the idealization of interethnic interactions development is seen in affiliation of peoples on the basis of common economic and political problems while preserving their psychological and cultural originality, i.e. in a combination of internationalism and nationalism trends [8]. Substantial interethnic integration in the modern world is represented in the form of fusion, removal of language specific forms and cultural traditions deeply integrated in the natural conditions and people history, bound with national arts, traditions of children bringing up, etc. [20]. The attention is drawn e.g. on thorough workout of development of the concept of national Kalmyk school on the basis «ethnocultural connotation», i.e. on the basis of language signs development, the basic concepts lying at the heart of the national culture [21,22]. At the same time authors emphasize the importance of tolerance development in the sphere of interethnic relations, as the base of fruitful integration within the framework of the multi-national state. But, contradictions remain… reality or illusiveness of integration ideas, with preservation of specific ethnic properties. Despite of attractiveness of nations' integration concepts with ethnic originality preservation, in the recent years the real life is shaken by interethnic and interconfessional conflicts, various opposition forms development.

Undoubtedly the problem of correlation of integrating state factors and local peculiarities: historically stable people's way of life, their specific cultural and even psychic peculiarities is one of the most complicated. The years of irrational state policy and modern state building on the territory of the former USSR caused a number of serious problems, connected with loss of population's national identity. It should be noted, that the scale of national problems discussion is rather wide nowadays, but the dominance of the voluntaristic, simplified approaches based on, as a rule, on force methods is obvious. Is the natural scientific ground of the perspectives of integrating steps possible at all?

Probably, one of the most variegated and complex regions of Russia is its Southern region, more than 55 peoples and ethnic groups, more than 100 ethnic minorities, populating it, differ in languages, dialects, anthropological attribute, ethnogenesis, beliefs, culture, mentality, etc. [7,25]. U.M.Umaev emphasizes, that historical analysis allows to distinguish unique for Eurasia, despite of above mentioned complexity and mixed character of the national structure, a centuriesold intrinsic tolerance of peoples of Caucasus [26]. Nevertheless, in opinion of N.V. Tuzova flourishing of such specific manifestations of antagonism as interclan, interkin, interteip hostility is characteristic for the region's modern history [25]. Apparently, the majority of social problems has its roots in nonabsolute political and economic solutions, in group and individual ambitions regarding the power and money.

The human personality is the major component of the social processes, and the person appears not only as an object of social transformations, but also as the active subject possessing a complex of individually - typological biological and mental attributes. The set expression «individually - typological properties», widely used in the psychological and physiological literature reflects dual character of the human personality, on the one hand its unique morphophysiological nature, as a function of genetic originality and concrete life experience. On the other hand, the personality of the person is largely typified regarding stable biological and basic psychophysiological properties including such widely debated concepts as type of temperament [23], mental archetype [28], ethnic constants [19], etc. In domestic psychology the term "personality" occupies one of the leading positions, but, however, with worked out approaches to its structure study, the modern views on the factors defining processes of its forming still have, to a great extent social and economic, politicized character [2]. At best the question is the ethnocultural effects showing, in particular, in the character of psychopathologic symptomatology [12]. But, at the same time nowadays human being having not only universal specific properties, but also conscious, and spiritual peculiarities related to population, including ethnic and patrimonial properties is apparent enough.

The modern psychophysiology emphasizes, that physical part in the human being, synonymous to the hereditable, is, above all, neurodynamic properties of his central nervous system defining peculiarities of knowledge processes and temperamental attributes. Heredity signs of central nervous system properties have been studied to the fullest extent within the framework of domestic differential psychophysiology, first of all, using the parameters of integral bioelectric brain activity [9,24]. The considerable amount of studies is dedicated to detection of the cogitative activity style forms stipulated, in particular, by patterns of the functional interhemispheric brain asymmetry [6,17]. Problems connected with genetics of specific behavior forms are widely debated. Fundamentality of these works is vindicated by the considerable number of publications, both domestic, and foreign, enveloping phenomena of animal behavior [16] and human intellectual abilities [10]. Despite of an urgency of similar studies and scientific interest to the problems, the fact of the works in the field itself causes today a whole set of ethical and legal problems and still is extremely scrupulous in respect to the social and political relations (Borisov, 2003).

The modern domestic psychology following L.S. Vygotskiy [27] and A.N. Leontiev [18] widely educes the central thesis of Russian cultural - historical school about the fact, that the structure and development of human mental processes are generated by historically evolving practical activity, and known domestic geneticist N.P. Dubinin (1983), working with material factors of the living, wrote about formation of personality features as mankind history function, which defines science, morality, and culture. Nevertheless, in the sixties of the past century L.S. Vygotsky emphasized the complex interaction of influencing on the child's psychics forming "natural" factors, and not just "cultural" and "social" ones [27]. The apparent dualism of the situation, which remains until now could be seen in these two opinions.

Some authors adhere to the point of view, that basic properties of the human personality, alongside with peculiarities of his biological properties, are defined in a broad sense by ecological factors. Ecological factors participate in forming of antropobiogeocenose as an aggregate of biological properties and demographic characteristics, defining adaptive possibilities of the human population [14]. Researchers from the academician T.I. Alekseeva [1] group come to similar conclusions, who have been researching ecology and an ethnogenesis of the population of the Central - Asian and Northeast regions of Eurasia for a number of years. L.N. Gumilev states, that ethnogenesis processes are defined by three major factors: history, geoclimatic factors, genetics [11]. The author emphasizes, that ethnos, being the dynamic formation with unique internal structure and original stereotyped behavior, cannot be simplified to sociological, biological, or a geographical phenomenon. Despite of the depth of author's understanding of ethnos forming roots one can't to a full extent agree, that he removes from the context of ethnos analysis such basic from our point of view parameters as genotype and psychotype, and brings some humanistic construction - “cultural traditions” on the foreground. And moreover, analyzing the significance of forces affecting ethnos forming, the author very softly leads to conclusion, that natural forces (biological, geoclimatic, etc.) is not much of a factor, but only a background of ethnic modifications.

Group peculiarities of people extend and on such biosocial category as well, as health (health of the population, society, human health). Health of the population is defined as the resultant of the process of sociohistorical development of biological and psychosocial life activity of the population in a generations' row and under certain conditions. Quality of the population health is directly connected to its capability to efficiently adapt to habitation conditions (geoclimatic, biocenotic, political), forming behavior stereotypes and psychic attributes, the ways of overcoming a limited circle a stress factors, forming an optimal way of life. A.B. Kogan emphasized the importance of the ecological approach for working out certain problems of hygiene and medicine, availability of development of such trend as “health geography” [15].

The modern ethnopsychology rely on conceptions about the constancy of ethnic culture as an aggregate of the optimal behavioral models which are largely formed in the process of ethnos adaptogenesis [19]. Apparently, that in the given context the question is not only about stable behavioral forms, language and art originality, but also definite biological constants defining an originality of neurodynamic properties of the central nervous system, cognitive personality peculiarities, feeding behavior, etc.

Achievements of the modern psychophysiology allow to state, that “national character” has the objective features defined not only by sociocultural factors. The sufficient amount of the data has been accumulated, allowing to speak of specific peculiarities of morphology, physiology, psychics of group of people (ethnos, ethnic group), dwelling self-contained enough under certain specific ecological conditions, including, within the framework of certain sociocultural stereotypes.

Thus, generated social inquiry on the one hand and the essential amount of theoretical buildups and empirical data in respect of the human nervous system basic properties heritability and archetypic behavioral forms define the necessity of forming of a new scientific trend of human knowledge - "ethnopsychophysiology".

Psychophysiological approaches are actual in various areas: from fundamental speculations about dualism of the mind and body to practical problems of health securing and fighting against functional distresses and diseases, to solution of problems of preservation and development of national culture crumbs, solution of problems of sociopolitical relations. Nowadays there are no studies uncovering individually - typological properties of the personality as an ingredient of a definite ethnic group. Practically there is a lack of the works to include of neurophysiological mechanisms analysis, defining human mental peculiarities as the representative of the certain ethnos. The basic and perspective direction of ethnopsychophysiology development is the study of specific peculiarities of the age periodization and a determination of the proximate development zones in the forming of children physiology and psychics. It is impossible to find a school In Russia with mononational composition of pupils, but, nevertheless, all of them study under the unified curriculum by virtue of what children of various ethnic groups appear isolated from their culture [3,21,22]. a The psychophysiological originality of representatives of different ethnoses, for example, figurativeness or analyticity of initial thought processes, as a rule, is not taken into account in educational process.

The wide spectrum of means of the modern anthropology, physiology, psychology, and psychophysiology is considered as the methodical arsenal of ethnopsychophysiology. Carrying out of description of the originality peculiarities of forming and functioning of organism basic systems is relevant: central nervous, cardiovascular, respiratory; the highest nervous activity (somatotype, systems typological properties, profile of functional interhemispheric asymmetry of a brain, personality structure and psychological properties).

In particular, the relevancy of carrying out of similar studies is defined by several principal reasons.

Firstly, by the presence of the hypothesis needing confirmation, that the genotype and a national way of life of the various ethnic groups residing, for example, on the territory of the Southern Federal District, Russian Federation, define at their complex interaction a peculiar set of morphological, physiological and psychological properties of the concrete person, specificity of ontogenesis age dynamics.

Secondly, by lack of common conceptions on forming, development and preservation of health of the individual within the framework of the isolated ethnic groups, residing for a long time under concrete ecological conditions and experiencing the effect of the typical limiting factors. Development of this trend is based on theoretical conceptions about flexible, not absolute character of the “human health” category. Qualitative and quantitative health parameters depend on stable hereditary factors, psychophysiological peculiarities of the individual, from ontogenesis stage, from specificity of relevant and a social role which he plays.

Thirdly, by absence of convincing model conceptions on the mechanisms defining morphofunctional and a psychophysiological originality of various ethnic groups of the Southern Federal District, Russian Federation, that essentially affects organization of adequate measures of health management, and work out of the “regional component” of the educational establishments curricula.

There are all reasons to hope, that long-time, laborious work within the framework of ethnopsychophysiology will bring positive results for organization of reasonable political, economic, pedagogical activity, directed at interethnic integration.

morphological originality psychological

literature

morphological originality psychological

1.Alexeev T.I. Ecologis and an ethnogenesis of the population of Boreal Eurasia. The central - Asian and Northeast regions // the Report on the program of Basic research of Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences “Ethnocultural interaction in Eurasia” for 2003. Moscow, 2004. P.39-40.

2.Ananiev B.G. Social situations of development of the personality and its status // Selected psychological works. V. 1. M.: Pedagogics, 1980. P.124-136.

3.Belosertsev E.P. About national-state education in Russia // Pedagogics. 1998. №3. P.14-19.

4.Bondarenko O.Y. Ethnic prognozis: whether its building is possible? // Modern ethnopsychology / Under edit. A.E.Tarasa. M.: Harvest, 2003. 368 p.

5.Borisov Y. Genetics of human behavior: ethical context // Human. 2003.№2. P.8-17.

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