Enver Hoxha and Eurostalinism

After the break with the USSR, Enver Hoxha perceived everything Soviet in a negative way. This concerned, in particular, the attempts of the Soviet Union to restore ties or at least normalize interstate relations. Hoxha's book “Khrushchevites” (1980) breathes hatred for all Soviet. The Albanian dictator despised the “endless meals of the Soviet leaders”, their appearance, and especially their arrogance in circumvention. (Hoxha himself was effective in all forms of communication, including appearance - handsome, elegant, very tall and slender, in addition, he had remarkable oratorical and motivational skills). Despite the huge loans that he received and, following the example of the Albanian king Zog, was in no hurry to return, Hoxha was dissatisfied with Soviet financial assistance, as well as with Soviet specialists.

Declaration of Albania as completely laistic, with all the ensuing repressive consequences, and building bunkers throughout the country - these decisions of Hoxha defy rational explanation. Albania is literally covered with bunkers designed to protect the country from the outside. Until the 1980s, about 700,000 reinforced concrete bunkers were built, about one for every four inhabitants of the country (Dimitri, 1978, p. 82). It has now been proven that they were designed in such a way that during the battle the soldiers in them would simply suffocate from powder gases.

And the last. The authors of the work had a cognitive dissonance caused by an attempt to understand the holistic enthusiasm and pragmatic acceptance of Stalin's ideas. A person with a European education, respect for the French and Italian cultural traditions, and finally, a Muslim, brought up in the spirit of Sharia from early childhood, was able to imbue faith in primitive autocracy and primitive leaderism with a strategy of destroying competitors and false opponents. Although Hoxha did not have respect for Khrushchev, the latter revealed the genesis of Stalin's crimes. And Hoxha, if he were objective, should have understood the essence of the criminal rule of his idol. One can still understand the transfer of the practice of exaltation and cult on one's own personality, but not the acceptance of the methodology of the demonic extermination of yesterday's associates.

Enver Khalil Hoxha lived and died as a European Stalinist. The basis of his leaderism (Hoxhaism) was the first country that unconditionally relied on the MarxistStalinist ideology. Hoxhaism began to form as a dogmatic version of Marxism-Leninism and as a development of Stalinism. Hoxhaism sharply criticizes all rejections of communist ideas, calling them revisionist. At the same time, according to Hoxhaism, each country has the right to decide how to adopt socialist ideas. Hoxhaism gained many organizations of Hoxhaist orientation operated and a certain popularity in the Third World countries, where still continue to operate in a number of countries.

REFERENCES

A Brief History of Albania: From Ancient Times to the Present Day. (1992). Moscow: Nauka.

Abrahams, F. K. (2015). Modern Albania: from dictatorship to democracy in Albania. New York: New York University Press.

Albanians want Hoxha stripped of hero titles. Retrieved from http://istorja.ru.Balkans

Alekseev, A. (2021, February 21). Tirana without a monument to the tyrant. Moscow: Mir newspaper.

Aleshin, A. (2022, January 11). Comrade Enver. (Historical and biographical essay). Retrieved from www.enverhoxha. ru/ enverhoxha-article-1.htm

Blondel, Zh. (1992). Political leadership. The path to a comprehensive analysis. M.: Russian Academy of Management. Retrieved from http://grachev62.narod.ru/blondel/contents.htm Bykov, V. (2022, November 7). Shevdet's feat. Russian plot. Retrieved from http://rufabula.com Chichkin, A. (1989). Enver Hoxha - era and personality. Moscow: "Young Guard", No. 12.

Chuvakhin, D. S. (1995). On a diplomatic mission in Albania. 1946-1952. "New and Contemporary History", No. 1.

Deepening friendship and strengthening cooperation between China and Albania. Interview with the Chinese Ambassador to Albania. Retrieved from https//russian. people.com.cn Dimitri, T. (1978). Analis, Balkans 1945-1960 Presses Universitaries de France.

Diplomatic Dictionary. (1948). Moscow: Gospolitizdat,

Diplomatic Dictionary. (1986). In 3 volumes, v.3. Moscow: Ed. Nauka,.

Dorozhkin, A. (2019). Sino-Albanian conflict 1977-1979. in the reflection of TASS correspondents // Genesis: historical research, No. 9, 86-94.

Emelyanov, V. (2008, November 9). The man who abolished religion. Moscow: Gas. "Independent".

Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/ Biographies/Enver_Hoxha Encyclopedia Britannica. Albanians want Hoxha stripped of hero titles. Retrieved from http://istorja.ru.Balkans/

Fevziu, Blendi. (2016). Enver Hoxha: The Iron First of Albania. Edited and introduced by Robert Elsie. London; New Yourk: I.B.Tauris.

From the memoirs of Enver Hoxha. (2021, February 21). Moscow: Mir.

Glenny, M. (1993). The Rebirth of History: Eastern Europe in the Age of Democracy, Penguin.

Hoxha, E. (1972). Speech in commemoration of the 20th anniversary of the formation of the Albanian Party of Labor and the 44th anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution. Tirana: Ed. "Naim Frashery".

Hoxha, E. (1980). Khrushchevtsy. Tirana: 8 Nentori.

Hoxha, Enver. Retrieved from https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Khodja_Enver

Iskenderov, P. (2008). Enver Hoxha. Brief biographical sketch of the leader of socialist Albania. Moscow: "Questions of History", 6, 12-29.

Kamenskaya, E. (2017). Albania and Soviet-Albanian Relations in the Public Sphere of the USSR. In: Scientific Notes of the Ural Federal University. Yekaterinburg: No.1, 154-161.

Kazakov, E. (2020). Nedzhmie Khoja - dialectical irredentism. Retrieved from https://rabkor.ru/columns/edu/2020/05/07 Khudoley, K. (2016). Stalinism with Albanian specifics. Rec. on the book of B. Fevziu "Enver Hoxha". London, St. Petersburg: Bulletin of the St. Petersburg State University, 6(3), 30-43.

Kovalchuk, J. (2020, March 12). Enver Hoxha: a parable for the whole of Albania. Moscow: Newspaper "Balkanist.Istoria". Ksaverov, S. (2022). Albania as a great monument to paranoia. Retrieved from http://kabu-ru.cdn.ampproject.org Mussky, I. (2004). One hundred great dictators. Moscow: "Veche".

Nikolaev, I. (1990). The death of the gods: how communist Albania destroyed religion, but still returned to it years later. Retrieved from http://tjornal.ru>stories>220890

O'Connel, James. (1999). A Coming of Age: Albania under Enver Hoxha. East European monographs, no.517. New York: Distributed by Columbia University.

Pashtriku. (2022, December 7). Roli historik i lidhjes shqiptare te prizrenit (1878-1881). Nga editori - 3 korrik.

Political repressions in Albania. (2021.21.02). Kommersant. Retrieved from http://kommersant.ru Polonsky, I. (2015). The Last Stalinist of Europe. Military Review. No. 6, 13-25.

Rajmer, M. (2018.23.11) Pieklo komunistycznej Albanii. Warszawa: «Dziennik Gazeta Prawna».

Shablovsky, V. (2020). Yak to scold a dictator. Lviv: View. Old Lev.

Smirnova, N. D. (2003). History of Albania in the 20th century. Moscow: Nauka.

Stan, L. (2008). Traditional Justice in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union: Reckoning with the communist past. Routledge, 1 edition,

Volkov, V. (2010). Soviet-Albanian relations in 40-50s of the XX century. Moscow: Left Turn Publishing House.

Zhirnov, E. (2004, April 5). There are two hundred million of us without you. Moscow: Kommersant Vlast.

Размещено на Allbest.ru