The transformation of citizenship policies in post-soviet states
Operationalizing the concept of "citizenship policy". Specifics of the institutional context of post-Soviet states. the transformation of the citizenship policy. features of post-Soviet models of citizenship policy and the main trends of their transformat
| Рубрика | Политология |
| Вид | дипломная работа |
| Язык | английский |
| Дата добавления | 23.09.2018 |
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Differences with Western European countries are indeed very significant: most of them have a long history of the development of citizenship, and in relation to them the theory of historical institutionalism is more applicable, since it is possible to single out general patterns and institutional inertia. Post-Soviet citizenship is formed largely from scratch, based on state- and nation-building processes and the adoption of modern standards in the field of legislation on citizenship. As a result, the actual transformation of the citizenship policy in the case of the post-Soviet countries is limited to a much shorter time interval - no more than a quarter of a century (or half a century in the case of the Baltic states, partially establishing continuity with the inter-war policy of citizenship).
Finally, it is important to note that the provisions prescribed in official documents can only partially coincide with the actual state of affairs. Given the high level of corruption in most of post-Soviet countries, the imperfection of the legal system and the failure to observe the principles of the rule of law, it can be confidently asserted that the identification of discrepancies between the citizenship policy reflected in legal documents and real practices, distorted by dysfunctional institutions, is a promising research object.
Bibliography
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Appendix I
Table 1. The Citizenship Policy Index Scores (without correction)
|
Final score |
Intermediate score |
0 |
0.5 |
1 |
1.5 |
2 |
|
|
Jus Soli |
At birth |
No jus soli at birth |
? |
Double jus soli |
? |
Full implementation |
|
|
After birth |
No jus soli after birth |
? |
Full implementation |
||||
|
Naturalization Requirements |
Immigrant naturalization |
10 years and more |
? |
From 4 to 9 years |
? |
3 years and less |
|
|
Spousal naturalization |
7 years and more |
6 years |
5 years |
4 years |
3 years and less |
||
|
Multiple Citizenship for Immigrants |
? |
Official and real ban |
Official ban with rare exceptions |
Non-recognition with rare exceptions |
Non-recognition with frequent exceptions |
No restrictions |
Appendix II
Table 2. The Three Main Components of CPI for post-Soviet states (2018)
|
Country |
Jus soli (0-2) |
Naturalization requirements (0-2) |
Multiple citizenship (0-2) |
CPI score (0-6) |
ДCPI (1991 - 2018) |
|
|
ARMENIA |
0 |
2 |
2 |
3 |
0,5 |
|
|
AZERBAIJAN |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
-0,5 |
|
|
BELARUS |
0 |
0,5 |
0,5 |
0,75 |
-0,25 |
|
|
ESTONIA |
0 |
0,25 |
1 |
0,75 |
0 |
|
|
GEORGIA |
0 |
1,5 |
1,5 |
2,25 |
0,25 |
|
|
KAZAKHSTAN |
0 |
1,5 |
0 |
1,5 |
0 |
|
|
KYRGYZ REPUBLIC |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
-0,75 |
|
|
LATVIA |
0 |
0,25 |
1 |
0,75 |
0,5 |
|
|
LITHUANIA |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0,5 |
0,5 |
|
|
MOLDOVA |
0,5 |
1 |
1,5 |
2,25 |
0,25 |
|
|
RUSSIAN FEDERATION |
0 |
1,38 |
1 |
1,88 |
-0,87 |
|
|
TAJIKISTAN |
0 |
2 |
0,25 |
2,13 |
-0,12 |
|
|
TURKMENISTAN |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
-0,25 |
|
|
UKRAINE |
0 |
1,5 |
0 |
1,5 |
0,5 |
|
|
UZBEKISTAN |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
Appendix III
Table 3. The Three Main Components of CPI for post-Soviet states (2005)
|
Country |
Jus soli (0-2) |
Naturalization requirements (0-2) |
Multiple citizenship (0-2) |
CPI score (0-6) |
ДCPI (1991 - 2005) |
|
|
ARMENIA |
0 |
2 |
1 |
2,5 |
0 |
|
|
AZERBAIJAN |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1,5 |
0 |
|
|
BELARUS |
0 |
0,5 |
0,5 |
0,75 |
-0,25 |
|
|
ESTONIA |
0 |
0,25 |
1 |
0,75 |
0 |
|
|
GEORGIA |
0 |
1,5 |
1 |
2 |
0 |
|
|
KAZAKHSTAN |
0 |
1,5 |
0 |
1,5 |
0 |
|
|
KYRGYZ REPUBLIC |
0 |
1,5 |
0,5 |
1,75 |
0 |
|
|
LATVIA |
0 |
0,25 |
0 |
0,25 |
0 |
|
|
LITHUANIA |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
MOLDOVA |
0,5 |
1 |
1 |
2 |
0 |
|
|
RUSSIAN FEDERATION |
0 |
1,38 |
1 |
1,88 |
-0,87 |
|
|
TAJIKISTAN |
0 |
2 |
0,5 |
2,25 |
0 |
|
|
TURKMENISTAN |
0 |
1 |
0,5 |
1,25 |
0 |
|
|
UKRAINE |
0 |
1,5 |
0 |
1,5 |
0,5 |
|
|
UZBEKISTAN |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
Appendix IV
Table 4. The Three Main Components of CPI for post-Soviet states (1995)
|
Country |
Jus soli (0-2) |
Naturalization requirements (0-2) |
Multiple citizenship (0-2) |
CPI score (0-6) |
|
|
ARMENIA |
0 |
2 |
1 |
2,5 |
|
|
AZERBAIJAN |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1,5 |
|
|
BELARUS |
0 |
0,5 |
1 |
1 |
|
|
ESTONIA |
0 |
0,25 |
1 |
0,75 |
|
|
GEORGIA |
0 |
1,5 |
1 |
2 |
|
|
KAZAKHSTAN |
0 |
1,5 |
0 |
1,5 |
|
|
KYRGYZ REPUBLIC |
0 |
1,5 |
0,5 |
1,75 |
|
|
LATVIA |
0 |
0,25 |
0 |
0,25 |
|
|
LITHUANIA |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
MOLDOVA |
0,5 |
1 |
1 |
2 |
|
|
RUSSIAN FEDERATION |
0 |
2 |
1,5 |
2,75 |
|
|
TAJIKISTAN |
0 |
2 |
0,5 |
2,25 |
|
|
TURKMENISTAN |
0 |
1 |
0,5 |
1,25 |
|
|
UKRAINE |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
|
|
UZBEKISTAN |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
Appendix V
Table 5. Typology of modes of acquisition of citizenship
|
Group of models |
Sub-group |
ID |
Mode of acquisition |
|
|
Birthright models of acquisition at birth |
Jus sanguinis at birth |
A1 |
Acquisition by persons born to nationals of C1 |
|
|
Jus soli at birth |
A2 |
Acquisition by person born in C1 (except those classified under mode A03) |
||
|
A3 |
Acquisition by persons who are foundlings, by persons born in C1 of unclear nationality or persons born in C1 who would otherwise be stateless |
|||
|
Modes of acquisition after birth |
Birthright based modes |
A4 |
Acquisition by persons whose relevant parent was a C1 national at the time of their birth |
|
|
A5 |
Acquisition by persons born (or assumed to have been born) in C1 |
|||
|
Basic residence modes |
A6 |
Residence-based acquisition by persons with a certain period of residence in C1 with no other special status |
||
|
A7 |
Socialisation based acquisition by persons raised (while minors) in C1 |
|||
|
Family relations modes |
A8 |
Transfer of nationality to spouses of nationals of C1 (spousal transfer) |
||
|
A9 |
Transfer of nationality to children of persons who are now, but were not nationals of C1 at the time of the child's birth, or whose nationality at that time is irrelevant (filial transfer) |
|||
|
A10 |
Transfer of nationality to adopted children of nationals of C1 |
|||
|
A11 |
Transfer of nationality to other relatives of nationals of C1 |
|||
|
A12 |
Transfer of nationality to relatives (spouse, child, grandchild) of former or deceased nationals of C1 |
|||
|
A13 |
Extension of acquisition to spouses of foreign nationals who acquire nationality of C1 (spousal extension |
|||
|
A14 |
Extension of acquisition to children of foreign nationals who acquire nationality of C1 (filial extension) |
|||
|
A15 |
Extension of acquisition to other relatives of foreign nationals who acquire nationality of C1 |
|||
|
Modes of acquisition after birth |
Affinity based modes |
A16 |
Reacquisition by former nationals of C1 |
|
|
A17 |
Acquisition by special nationals with restricted citizenship |
|||
|
A18 |
Acquisition by persons with nationality of C2 |
|||
|
A19 |
Acquisition by persons with cultural affinity to C1 (special ethnicity, mother tongue or religion) |
|||
|
A20 |
Acquisition by persons who acted as nationals of C1 in good faith and/or were presumed C1's nationals for some time |
|||
|
A21 |
Acquisition by persons with other special connections to C1 |
|||
|
Other modes |
A22 |
Acquisition by recognised refugees |
||
|
A23 |
Acquisition by stateless persons or persons of unclear nationality |
|||
|
A24 |
Acquisition by persons with special achievements for C1 |
|||
|
A25 |
Acquisition by persons in the public (military or non-military) service of C1 |
|||
|
A26 |
Acquisition by persons with special financial assets and/or persons who invest money in C1 |
|||
|
A27 |
Other modes of acquisition |
Appendix VI
Table 6. Typology of modes of loss of citizenship
|
Group of models |
Sub-group |
ID |
Mode of loss |
|
|
Renunciation |
L1 |
Renunciation of citizenship |
||
|
Lapse or withdrawal of nationality |
Abroad |
L2 |
Loss due to permanent residence abroad |
|
|
L3 |
Loss due to service in a foreign army |
|||
|
L4 |
Loss due to employment in non-military public service of a foreign state |
|||
|
In C1 or abroad |
L5 |
Loss due to acquisition of a foreign nationality |
||
|
L6 |
Loss by multiple national due to decision to retain foreign nationality when required by law to opt for C1's or foreign nationality |
|||
|
L7 |
Loss due to disloyalty, treason, violation of 'duties as a national' (or similar) |
|||
|
L8 |
Loss due to commission of other (criminal) offences |
|||
|
L9 |
Loss due to false information or fraud in procedure of acquisition of nationality |
|||
|
L10 |
Loss due to non-compliance with conditions for acquisition of nationality |
|||
|
L11 |
Loss due to loss of nationality by parent(s) |
|||
|
L12 |
Loss due to loss of nationality by spouse |
|||
|
L13 |
Loss due to annulment of paternity/maternity of a national of C1 (incl. annulment of adoption) |
|||
|
L14 |
Loss by person who acquired nationality as a foundling, person of unclear nationality or who would otherwise have been stateless from birth when foreign nationality is established |
|||
|
L15 |
Loss for other reasons |
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Appendix VII
Table 7. Modes of acquisitions of citizenship
Appendix VIII
Table 8. Modes of loss of citizenship
|
Country |
L1 |
L2 |
L3 |
L4 |
L5 |
L6 |
L7 |
L8 |
L9 |
L10 |
L11 |
L12 |
L13 |
L14 |
L15 |
|
|
Armenia1995 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
Armenia2005 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
Armenia2018 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
Azerbaijan1995 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
Azerbaijan2005 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
Azerbaijan2018 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
Belarus1995 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
Belarus2005 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
Belarus2018 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
Estonia1995 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
Estonia2005 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
Estonia2018 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
Georgia1995 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
Georgia2005 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
Georgia2018 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
Kazakhstan1995 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
Kazakhstan2005 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
Kazakhstan2018 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
Kyrgyzstan1995 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
Kyrgyzstan2005 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
Kyrgyzstan2018 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
Latvia1995 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
Latvia2005 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
Latvia2018 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
Lithuania1995 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
|
|
Lithuania2005 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
|
|
Lithuania2018 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
|
|
Moldova1995 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
Moldova2005 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
Moldova2018 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
Russia1995 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
Russia2005 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
Russia2018 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
Tajikistan1995 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
Tajikistan2005 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
Country |
L1 |
L2 |
L3 |
L4 |
L5 |
L6 |
L7 |
L8 |
L9 |
L10 |
L11 |
L12 |
L13 |
L14 |
L15 |
|
|
Tajikistan2018 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
Turkmenistan1995 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
Turkmenistan2005 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
Turkmenistan2018 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
Ukraine1995 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
Ukraine2005 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
Ukraine2018 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
Uzbekistan1995 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
Uzbekistan2005 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
Uzbekistan2018 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
USSR1990 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
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