Aspects of use of hydrogen as an energy carrier

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Aspects of use of hydrogen as an energy carrier

Shikhaliyeva S.Y.

Abstract

Hydrogen energy is attracting accelerated interest in all developed and developing countries. Hydrogen is a valuable resource both as an energy carrier in manufacturing and as a fuel for transport. This article describes aspects of the use of green hydrogen as an energy carrier, and discusses technologies for hydrogen production, its storage, distribution, and utilization. The main task is to consider the energy sector using hydrogen and assess the prospects for its safe use as an energy carrier. If we consider hydrogen as an energy carrier, then the effectiveness of such a carrier is beyond doubt.

Keywords: energy sources, hydrogen, energy carrier, technology, fuel.

Introduction

As the analysis of the work of many researchers in the field of energy shows, hydrogen can be used as a universal, environmentally friendly chemical energy source to be used in human society in the future. However, we must remember that hydrogen, like electricity, is derivative, i.e. secondary energy carriers that can always complement each other. At the same time, even if electricity and hydrogen occupy the entire range of secondary energy carriers of the future human society, primary carriers such as uranium, which are easily transported and stored without much difficulty, will undoubtedly remain. Energy is the basis for the decent existence of any modern industrialized society. The direct impact of energy on modern society is manifested in the standard of living, quality and lifestyle. Energy development needs are determined by population size and how energy is distributed between urban and rural areas. Energy growth is primarily related to population growth in most regions of the world. Ironically, the lack of energy resources also affects the increase in energy consumption and, therefore, the impact of energy on the environment. Hydrogen energy is a complex of hydrogen production, use, storage and distribution technologies. Much of this complex has not yet been developed and therefore requires further research [1-2].

Setting the main issue

Hydrogen storage and transportation technologies are well developed. Hydrogen can easily be converted into another energy carrier, such as electricity in fuel cells. In terms of environmental safety, hydrogen is an almost unparalleled energy source. Hydrogen is mostly obtained from water and its oxidation also results in water. That is, there are no harmful emissions into the atmosphere. The efficiency of hydrogen when used as a chemical fuel to replace fossil fuels is determined by many factors. But, without a doubt, the main reason is that hydrogen is an addition to electricity, which is the most common energy carrier [3]. Both energy carriers are highly efficient, portable, and there are areas where one cannot be used, at least with current technology, and then the other carrier is used. Of course, hydrogen as an energy carrier has advantages and disadvantages determined by its properties. Advantages of hydrogen as an energy carrier [4]:

Production

Hydrocarbons can be used as raw materials for hydrogen -production. However, importantly, non hydrocarbon energy sources can also be used for these purposes. And such a source is one of the most common compounds on our planet - water.

Usage. In many industries, hydrogen can be used as a chemical fuel or raw material. For example, in the purification of hydrogen metal ores, in the processing of heavy oils and resinous substances, in transport - in fuel cells [5], etc. widely used.

Storage. The advantage of hydrogen as an energy carrier is that hydrogen can be stored in arbitrary volumes and forms, and the form of storage is determined only by the possible further use of hydrogen.

Transportability. In fact, any type of modern transport can be used to transport hydrogen - sea, road, rail. Most importantly, hydrogen can be transported through pipelines using existing natural gas pipelines. Energy losses during the transportation of hydrogen through pipelines are much less than the transmission of electricity through high-voltage lines.

Safety for the environment. The use of hydrogen as an energy carrier involves its oxidation, and the result of this process can be mainly only water. True, when hydrogen is burned in the atmosphere, a small amount of nitrogen oxide is formed, but by using special engine designs, the productivity of this product can be reduced to almost zero [6].

The possibility of recycling the final product. When hydrogen is used as an energy carrier, the end product is mainly water that can be reused to produce hydrogen.

Although hydrogen has many positive properties, it also has some negative properties:

When hydrogen is stored, its packing density in storage is significantly lower than the packing density of gasoline, and this also applies to mass density, which means that it ultimately affects the amount of energy stored in the same volume. Liquid hydrogen has the highest mass storage density, for which the packing density reaches 85% of the packing density of gasoline in storage. That is, both the volume and bulk packing density of hydrogen in storage are much lower than required, which is especially important when hydrogen is used as a fuel in cars.

Due to the small size of hydrogen molecules, it has high fluidity, which causes problems in creating protective coatings.

Hydrogen can actively interact with some materials, which causes changes in their properties. For example, some alloys become more brittle when they interact with hydrogen. hydrogen energy carrier utilization

The factor preventing the widespread adoption of hydrogen as an energy carrier is the high cost of its production [7].

Nevertheless, the development of modern technologies allows to eliminate many negative properties of hydrogen.

The most important point in the use of hydrogen as an energy carrier is the problem of safe use of hydrogen. Its high flammability and explosiveness when mixed with oxygen are well known. Hydrogen, like any fuel, has dangerous properties, but people's fear of hydrogen often stems primarily from fear of the unknown. Hydrogen is no more dangerous than gasoline, natural gas, or any other fuel. Considering the temperature of the flame, the energy of the explosion and the emissivity of hydrogen, we can conclude that it is safer than methane and gasoline. Considering the non-toxicity of hydrogen and its ability to quickly dissipate in the environment, the advantages of hydrogen over other types of fuel are undeniable. There is very little hydrogen in the atmosphere, so hydrogen dissipates quickly in the environment, which greatly reduces the risk of fire and explosion.

It follows from the above that the future of hydrogen energy is unquestionable, hydrogen as an energy carrier is incredibly promising.

Currently, hydrogen is mainly used in oil refining processes, in the production of petroleum chemical processing products, and in petrochemical processing processes. Hydrogen is used in small amounts of pharmaceuticals, semiconductor materials, etc. used in production [9].

All this will lead to the fact that hydrogen will be widely used in transport, commercial and domestic sectors, as well as in industry. Experts suggest that even now, with the most widespread use of fossil fuels, hydrogen will nevertheless find widespread use in the following ways: 1) in fuel cells, where the direct combination of hydrogen with oxygen will make it possible to obtain electricity, and the emissions will be ordinary water, 2) in the dilution of natural gas, and this can be done directly in existing gas distribution networks, 3) as the main raw material for the production of synthetic fuels such as methane and ammonia, 4) using hydrogen fuel cells or their combination with internal combustion engines as a fuel for any type of vehicles, including urban transport. The widespread use of hydrogen in various modes of transportation will require the creation of a new, specialized infrastructure for the distribution and refueling of hydrogen with sufficient geographical coverage for users, which is in many ways different from the structure used for fossil fuels. Such a structure would consist of an extensive network of hydrogen refueling stations with hydrogen storage capacities and densities similar to those of vehicles. Undoubtedly, such an infrastructure will require large financial costs, which is associated with high investment risks, so it is not entirely clear what the demand for hydrogen will be in the near future [10]. In the proposed network of hydrogen refueling stations, hydrogen can be obtained directly at the stations, but this can also be done at special facilities, after which it can be delivered to the stations and stored there until the vehicles are refueled. In the coming decades, it is likely that petroleum-based fossil fuels used in transportation will remain the leading role due to the ease of working with this type of fuel, its simplicity of storage, high volume density, and its importance in transportation. Finally, a wide diversified delivery, distribution and storage network for this type of fuel has been created.

The result

Since the network of hydrogen refueling stations has not yet been established on a sufficient scale, the near future is likely to be for cars with hybrid internal combustion engines that can run on both hydrogen and fossil fuels. Such vehicles have the flexibility to easily switch to petroleum-based fuel in the absence of hydrogen refueling stations. At this stage, the use of hydrogen as a fuel is not profitable due to the high financial costs of its production and storage, but with the development of modern technologies, it can replace traditional fossil fuels as an energy carrier in the future.

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