Goals and main guidelines of energy security in the conditions of the war-time economy

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Goals and main guidelines of energy security in the conditions of the war-time economy

Oksana Novosad

Lesia Ukrainka Volyn National University

Liubomyr Matiichuk

Ternopil National Technical University named after Ivan Pulyuy

Olena Pavlova

Ukrainka Volyn National University

Goals and main guidelines of energy security in the conditions of the war-time economy

Ukraine's energy potential during wartime has been clarified. The work of scientists, researchers, and practitioners on the goals and strategies of energy system development is analyzed. The main stages of the formation of energy security as a socioeconomic category during the transformation changes are outlined. The most important of them is the stage of long-term policy and centralized management; the stage of active transformational shifts of the economy in the 1990s, systemic crisis phenomena, processes of decentralization of the management system; stage of stability and reproduction in the innovative provision of energy regulation of the fuel and energy sector; the stage of the revival of energy security in the postwar period (started in March 2022 - continues to this day). The role and significance of such processes as globalization, liberalization, and diversification, which impact expanding the boundaries of the integration energy environment, have been studied. The objectivity in achieving energy security is generalized; the following directions are singled out: - traditional types of energy (coa, gas, oil products); hydropower; nuclear energy; renewable energy sources. Economic categories are structured according to the impact on energy security at the micro, macro, and mezo levels. The goals and main strategies of ensuring the EB during the martial law economy of Ukraine are systematized. Suggestions for the optimal and most economically sound way to achieve them are given.

The complementary nature of implementing an energy security strategy is possible by identifying and avoiding the causes and consequences of potential threats and risks. Consequently, the energy security strategy also considers the features of technological, environmental, resource, and social security. Even though the solution to the problem of energy security is aimed at achieving national goals, at the same time, minor problems remain out of consideration. Therefore, short-term and long-term stages of implementation should be taken into account when developing an appropriate strategy. Regarding the effectiveness of this strategy, the necessary conceptual tools and methodological directions for further generalization should be substantiated. Considering Ukraine's Energy Strategy until 2035, "Security, Energy Efficiency, Competitiveness", appropriate types of energy strategies should be developed to increase energy efficiency, strengthen energy security standards and principles and prevent potential threats.

НОВОСАД О. В.

Волинський національний університету імені Лесі Українки

МАТІЙЧУК Л. П.

Тернопільський національний технічний університет імені Івана Пулюя

ПАВЛОВА О. М.

Волинський національний університет імені Лесі Українки

ЦІЛІ ТА ОСНОВНІ ОРІЄНТИРИ ЕНЕРГЕТИЧНОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ ЗА УМОВ ЕКОНОМІКИ ВІЙСЬКОВОГО ЧАСУ

З'ясовано енергетичний потенціал України за умов військового часу. Проаналізовано напрацювання вчених, дослідників та практиків стосовно цілей та стратегій розвитку енергетичної системи. Окреслено основні етапи формування енергетичної безпеки, як соціально-економічної категорії протягом трансформаційних зрушень. Найважливіші з них: етап тривалого директивного та централізованого управління; етап активних трансформаційних зрушень економіки 1990 років, системних кризових явищ, процесів децентралізації системи управління; етап стабільності та відтворення в інноваційному забезпеченні енергетичного регулювання паливно-енергетичним сектором; етап відродження енергетичної безпеки післявоєнного періоду (розпочато з березня 2022 року і триває до сих пір). Досліджено роль та значення таких процесів як глобалізація, лібералізація та диверсифікація, які чинять вплив на розширення меж інтеграційного енергетичного середовища. Узагальнено цілеоб'єктність в напрямі досягнення енергетичної безпеки, виокремлено наступні напрями: традиційні види енергетики (вугілля, газ, нафтопродукти); гідроенергетика; атомна енергетика; відновлювальні джерела енергії. Структуровано економічні категорії за ступенем впливу на енергетичну безпеку, на мікро-, макро-, мезо- рівнях. Систематизовано цілі та основні стратегії забезпечення ЕБ підчас економіки воєнного стану України. Надано пропозиції щодо оптимального та найбільш економічно-обґрунтованого способу їх досягнення.

Комплементарний характер здійснення стратегії енергетичної безпеки можливий за рахунок з'ясування та уникнення причин та наслідків ймовірних загроз та ризиків. Наслідки стратегії енергетичної безпеки передбачають врахування також ознак і технологічної, екологічної, ресурсної та соціальної безпеки. Попри те що, вирішення проблеми енергетичної безпеки націлено на досягнення загольнодержавницьких цілей, водночас дрібні проблеми залишаються поза увагою. Тому слід враховувати при розробці відповідної стратегії короткострокові та довгострокові етапи реалізації. Щодо результативності зазначеної стратегії слід обґрунтувати необхідний понятійно-концептуальний інструментарій та методологічні напрями подальшого узагальнення. Враховуючи Енергетичну стратегію України до 2035 року "Безпека, енергоефективність, конкурентоспроможність", слід розробити відповідні види енергетичних стратегій відносно підвищення енергоефективності, зміцнення норм та принципів енергетичної безпеки та упередження ймовірних загроз. energy wartime security

Formulation of the problem in general and its connection with enterprises by scientific or practical tasks

The energy security system needs to find out the goals and strategies of its high-quality and reliable provider. Ukraine's advantageous geographical location gives it an indisputable right to transport hydrocarbon resources from the Caspian region to the EU. Undoubtedly, in the run-up to the full-scale war with Russia, Ukraine was a leader in supplying oil and gas products to European consumers. The most significant volumes of natural gas are usually supplied to Poland, Hungary, and Slovakia. Through the territory of Ukraine, natural gas is exported by 20 companies, including both foreign and Ukrainian traders and private mining companies. As a result, Ukraine, in line with the European Union, adheres to the principles of the Energy Strategy, where the energy security of the European continent as a whole is paramount.

However, implementing the previous Baku-South-Odesa-Brody-Europe (Nord Stream) oil transportation route and the current main gas pipeline from Russia through Denmark, Finland, and Sweden to Germany does not fully solve the problem of external energy diversification. Under these conditions, the attempts made did not bring the expected results. Under the conditions of military aggression, the United Gas Transport System of Ukraine stopped allocating natural gas capacity from 4 to 20 March 2022 and made nominations/renominations when exporting the resource to European consumers.

According to United Gas Transport System of Ukraine, in 2021, Ukraine exported more than 2 billion cubic meters of natural gas. In December 2021, non-residents of the country stored about 1.2 billion cubic meters of natural gas in the "customs warehouse" mode in underground storage facilities (from now on, referred to as underground gas storage facilities). According to Energy Minister Herman Galushchenko, Russian natural gas supplies to Europe increased in March 2022, despite a full-scale war, reaching 109.5 billion cubic meters, compared to 103.8 before the war.

The subject of increased research attention is energy resources, which need substantial improvement, elucidation of forms and types of manifestations.

Analysis of research and publications

Many theoretical, applied, and fundamental researches are devoted to the problems of energy security purpose. All of them affect the main provisions set out in the Energy Strategy of Ukraine. I. Zablocka, S. Erlimov, V. Dzhudzhula, A. Shidlovsky, L. Yakovenko, C. Izmalkova, and others should be recognized as the leading researchers in this field. Among the scholars who advocate the consolidation and socialization of energy security goals in the context of the development of the Commonwealth Energy Concept are O. Pavlova, V. Kupchak, V. Lagodienko, O. Sukhodol, K. Pavlov, O. Novosad, O. Strishenets, and others. However, the variability of Ukraine's economy and military aggression on the part of Russia have highlighted other goals and guidelines for the development of the energy system to which the article is devoted.

Formulation of the goals of the article

The purpose of this article is to define the goals and the main guidelines for energy security in a martial economy.

Presenting main material

In a broad sense, energy resources are natural or artificially activated energy sources used to produce and sell products with varying degrees of energy efficiency.

Energy resources play a vital role in improving the population's living standards and an efficient, systematic, reliable, and environmentally friendly energy supply [5].

In the historical sense, it should be mentioned that in the middle of the XX century, researchers and engineers saw the successful functioning of the economic system in the development of nuclear energy. This type of energy resource could solve the lack of minerals, the availability of additional fuel and energy sources, and facilitate the transition to a new civilized stage of development [22].

However, it turned out that the insistence on the proposed approaches was limited and erroneous. The fundamental dynamics of the market economy with new force posed several problems to humanity that nuclear energy could not solve. Controversial topics included: depletion and low efficiency of subsoil reserves, danger and instability of energy supply and consumption routes, total monopolization of the energy market, rising energy tariffs, lack of energy-saving policies. Due to the untimely solution of these problems for most countries on our planet, the first energy crisis of 1972-1973 was felt [4]. Since the post-Soviet period, Ukraine has remained an energy-rich country with considerable fuel and energy potential, with significant reserves and gas, oil, and coal [6].

Despite this advantage, the energy intensity of the national economy is twice as high as in the world economy and three times higher than in other countries. This is due to irrational and inefficient methods of using heat, water, and electricity resources. For example, heating one square meter of Ukraine consumes 6-8 times more energy than Europe and America.

Over the past 24 years, the development of Ukraine's energy security has been carried out under the conditions of structural changes in management policy in the first place. There are several stages of transformation that characterize the essence of energy security as an economic and social category:

-stage of the long-term directive and centralized management;

-stage of active transformational shifts of the economy in the 1990s, systemic crisis phenomena, processes of decentralization of the management system;

-stage of stability and reproduction in the innovative provision of energy regulation of the fuel and energy sector;

- the stage of the revival of energy security in the postwar period (started in March 2022 - continues to this day).

These energy crises include various circumstances that occurred in Ukraine at different times. Due to Ukraine's sovereignty, the 1990s saw the destructive institutional and organizational processes of self-management and planning of the country's socio-economic policy, all other segments and sectors of the national economic complex, including the energy sector.

The adoption of the Energy Strategy of Ukraine was a significant impetus for the energy sector to the European laws of pricing and harmonization of critical components, and the adaptation of market regulation principles. However, the Energy Strategy of Ukraine still contains controversial issues that are in the field of coordination of national, corporate, and regional interests in the creation of territorial infrastructure of the Fuel and Energy Complex. The differentiated nature of developing productive forces, which is regional, distinguishes the energy potential by territorial distribution. This regional affiliation may express different levels of energy security and different price fluctuations. However, several generalized features can systematize energy issues regardless of the region's point or micro and meso-fluctuations [7].

These features include:

-spatial, which comes from national energy consumption and develops in a systemic combination of organizational, economic, technological unity;

-structuring, which is necessary to ensure the levels of energy security in the strategic management and regulation of the fuel and energy sector.

Of particular importance in defining the goals and benchmarks of energy development belongs the Energy Strategy of Ukraine. The ESA is the most strategically necessary document that regulates the stage of effective regulation of the economy's energy sector in the context of transformational changes in society. However, the strategic approach of this document remains in the field of political lobbying, which declares the intentions and actions of the government in the field of energy supply. Ukraine's Energy Strategy is constantly being improved by updated regulations, dynamically finding answers to new challenges in the context of state regulation, and market forecasting of the country's socio-economic development [18].

The energy strategy is based on creating and implementing new solutions related to the problems of modern energy-saving technologies. This direction of implementing technological solutions that are equivalent to energy production is the optimal cost-effective and environmentally friendly way to achieve the required level of energy consumption. In general, in all energy strategies, consumption is significant. Because energy-saving technologies are a measure of the direction of movement of energy consumption. Ukraine's energy strategy practically implements the goals and directions of radical change in the country's energy sector, thus creating an effective energy-saving policy. This document highlights a range of unresolved issues in the current energy system. These are, first of all, achieving a stable and reliable energy supply, the significant increase of energy efficiency of the industry, modernization, and reconstruction of energy infrastructure, radical transformation of fuel and energy complex, use of energy and innovative technologies to reduce eco-destructive impact and increase energy security. In integrating the world economy and energy markets of the fuel and energy complex (i.e., changes in the external global environment relative to the national one), globalization, liberalization, and diversification have the most significant influence on forming the energy security entity.

The essence of the impact of these processes is as follows:

- globalization leads to increased integration of energy systems in economic (electricity markets, investments), technological (expanding the boundaries of the territory with centralized electricity supply), interstate and intercontinental (interstate and intercontinental energy associations) aspects;

- liberalization causes increased regulation and competition in the development of regional, interregional, and interstate energy markets;

On the one hand, diversification leads to an increase in the use of various fuels, sources of fuel, and energy supplies; on the other, different types of energy installations.

The process of liberalizing market structures in Europe is linked to the adoption in June 1996 of Directive 96/92 / EC of the European Parliament and the Council on standard rules for the internal market in electricity. This directive stimulates the liberalization of market structures and market pricing models, reducing market restrictions and reducing markets protected from competition [19, 20].

Thus, the main objectives of EU liberalization are:

1) lower prices;

2) development of competition.

It is believed that the liberalization of the market environment contributes to the introduction of energy technologies with greater environmental and economic efficiency. Financial and investment risks, environmental constraints, and compliance risks play a more critical role. Meanwhile, some experts believe that EU liberalization has no direct impact on solving environmental problems and lower prices; moreover, its impact on the volume of attracted investments and rational development of energy-generating capacities is ambiguous [1].

The main goal of energy development is to increase the living social standards of citizens, increase the level of solvency of consumers to ensure ever-increasing demand for energy resources. In this sense, we are talking about domestic enterprises, households, which as subjects of the economic system, need a balanced energy-saving policy that aims to implement measures such as providing tax benefits for the use of energy-saving equipment, circulation of heat, water, and gas: energy saving and alternative energy sources and modern energy-saving technologies. In addition, applying for the state support program through subsidies for the population will change the parameters of energy security [23].

The following directions are characteristic of the energy strategy: traditional types of energy (coal, gas, oil products); hydropower; nuclear energy; renewable energy sources.

In addition, the energy sector uses such concepts as small and large energy, alternative energy sources, centralized and autonomous energy, non-traditional energy, non-traditional renewable energy sources. Alternative energy sources can be divided into renewable and non-renewable energy sources. As a rule, renewable energy sources include solar, wind, and geothermal energy, the energy of water flows and land, the energy of seas and oceans, low-potential energy of the environment [10, 11, 12, 13].

Non-renewable energy sources include hydrogen energy and biomass energy.

In current conditions, renewable energy is of particular importance in management, scientific and technical direction, which includes technological cycles of production, transmission, conversion, accumulation, and consumption of electricity, heat, and mechanical energy through renewable energy sources. In turn, renewable energy resources - are continuous or intermittent energy flows, which should be divided into two types:

-the energy of direct action;

-the energy of solar radiation of indirect action way of application of wind, hydropower, the thermal energy of the environment, and biomass energy.

The main feature of renewable energy sources is their unique environmental friendliness, which does not disturb the energy balance and does not require disposal. However, there are certain risks in the use of renewable energy sources associated with the instability of the nature of the energy resource, which is accompanied by a jump in energy potential and therefore cannot be reflected in reliable energy consumption [8, 9].

Almost all of Ukraine has a supply of renewable energy sources. The generalized technically permissible potential of renewable energy sources is annually compared to 98 (from now on referred to as a ton of conventional fuel), which covers about 50% of total energy consumption under current conditions, and during the dot of 2030 is projected to increase to 30% [3].

The role of renewable energy sources is constantly growing in the economic cycle. Annually, the world's growth rate of renewable energy sources exceeds 10%, which is projected to further increase the share of renewable energy sources in the world's energy balance to 35%. At the same time, the share of carriers of traditional energy sources in the energy balance reaches 74%. Under conditions of depletion of non-renewable (traditional energy sources) and their constant use, the oil will last up to 40 years, gas resources - up to 50, coal - up to 190 years [10].

The opinion of some experts on the dominance soon in the economical use of such alternative energy sources as hydropower and biomass prevail. However, at the present stage, the application's potential priority is photovoltaics and wind energy renewable energy sources. Regarding wind energy, its broad application should be noted, which fully allows it to compete with certain types of fossil energy sources of traditional energy [11]. There is a direct synergy between the goals pursued by the actors and the objects of achieving energy security.

The visibility of targeted strategies and measures in different countries is different. The difference is in the country's affiliation with the consumer or producer of energy resources. Energy-consuming countries, as a rule, do not have the necessary energy-intensive industrial base, which is necessary for their energy independence. Their goal is adaptive and flexible prices, an uninterrupted supply of energy products, diversification of interaction. Producers or suppliers of energy resources with energy potential form other goals that reflect the expansion of markets, reliability and stability of sources of export earnings, as much coverage and mastery of the market segment [2, 15, 16, 17].

At the same time, in the world arena of primary producers and suppliers of energy resources, there is a redistribution, which is a consequence of Russia's aggression against Ukraine and the policy of finding new ways and routes of energy supply. So, summarizing the objectivity in the direction of achieving energy security, we highlight the following areas:

1. Own energy potential. Allows you to distribute cranes according to the level of energy independence into countries-consumers and countries-producers of energy products.

2. Organizational and economic relations between entities in energy consumption. Relationships between entities on the purchase and sale of energy resources are developing under conditions of different combinations of government and market levers of energy regulation.

3. Foreign policy of countries on the objectives of energy resources.

The absolute objectivity of these measures is a vector of energy policy and, at the same time, ensures the achievement of an appropriate level of energy security with a defined and well-regulated management policy. This can be reflected in the schematic sequence of the leading positions of the world's primary energy centers. Ukraine, which until recently was primarily a consumer of energy resources, is changing its status and relocating to a producer of energy resources. As a consumer country, it tried to ensure the import of sufficient amounts of energy resources to reach a compromise on pricing through the balance of payments. In addition, post-war strategies to restore its fuel and energy complex and the transit role of energy to European countries contribute to the effectiveness of the model of socio-economic development and increase the likelihood of energy security in their own country and Europe as a whole. In this sense, a coordinated policy in energy security between Ukraine and the EU is pursued. At the same time, the indicator of energy security in Ukraine and Europe will be the strategy of minimizing energy costs with the best possible political, social, economic, and technological stability. At the same time, the European Union, focusing on a competitive energy market scenario, is a typical consumer country, sees compliance with energy security standards in limiting the monopolization of structures and diversifying analogs of routes and paths of energy resources to the EU [21, 24].

Therefore, systematizing the above analysis of the objectives of energy security should be specified to clarify the objectives needed to achieve:

1. Policy of energy saving, reliability, independence of the fuel and energy complex.

2. Search and application of renewable energy sources in economic practice.

3. Implementation of the main conditions and principles of the Energy Strategy until 2035 and implementation of European energy standards.

4. Investment and innovation transformation of energy infrastructure.

5. State and market regulation of energy security of Ukraine.

The systemic nature of these goals, which are designed to improve energy security, is a set of interconnected and consistent measures that reflect the directions of the Energy Strategy. At the same time, a balanced macroeconomic, mesoeconomic, and microeconomic policy is essential in achieving these goals, which prevents the emergence of internal and external threats and aims at the sustainability of innovation infrastructure to achieve the desired basis of national security. In addition, the national security policy should be summarized by the famous English theorist E. Kingston-McClory: "National policy is the top of the triangle, which is based on economic and energy policy, foreign policy and military policy in their combination" [8].

Based on the systemic nature of energy security and the principles of its complementarity with the internal and external environment, it is necessary to identify certain circumstances in which there is permanent coherence. First of all, it is:

-complementary and intersectoral nature of energy security in the structure of the economic system of the country;

-resource and functional sequence and combination of production, technological, sales, and other processes;

-the existence of unified approaches to the functioning of all components of energy security;

-compliance with the principles and approaches of the International Energy Charter for investment and social risk assessment.

Thus, the main approaches in the circumstances should be understood: systemic, strategic planning, risk, and threat forecasting [21].

Achieving these goals is possible by analyzing and evaluating the main goal-setting parameters. The parameters for achieving energy security goals include a set of factors that affect the internal and external processes of the energy system at the micro, macro, and meso levels, taking into account the possible threats in each of the subsystems. At the same time, these parameters differ according to the specifics of a particular level of economic development, principles, coverage of the object, process, and social impact on energy security, clarifying its role in ensuring sustainable social reproduction on a national scale.

Based on our interpretation of the essence and importance of energy security, the number of goal-setting parameters is significant and reflects the author's vision of solving the scientific gap primarily. The indicators are structured by categories and the degree of impact on energy security at the micro, macro, meso levels:

1. According to the criterion of specificity of energy resources: oil and oil products; natural gas; coal; nuclear energy; hydropower resources; various types of RES; hydrogen energy; accumulative types of energy.

2. By the technology of production processes and application: technological infrastructure (extraction, storage, transportation, storage, use of energy resources); monitoring and regulation of energy policy (goals and methods of planning, monitoring, and control of the implementation of goals, strategic changes, the relationship between the subjects of energy resources); renewal and renovation of the resource potential of the energy system (improvement of qualification skills, restoration, and repair work of energy facilities, maintenance services); the infrastructural value of energy facilities (reproduction of material and technical fund, work on design, construction, expansion of networks, observance of operational norms, etc.); information transparency and accessibility (publication of reports on implemented measures following the set goals, financial and economic practices, customer-oriented policy, image support, public opinion, etc.).

3. By subjects and objects of consumption: households; housing and communal services; institutional units of the public sector (hospitals, kindergartens, schools, other public service facilities); production sectors of the economy (agriculture, industry, transport, construction, etc.); institutions of the public sector of the economy (government agencies, military industry, tourism).

The considered parameters should be noted for their diverse nature of origin, which further complicates their analysis and evaluation of measurement.

There is a direct synergy between the goals pursued by the actors and the objects of achieving energy security.

A balanced approach to objective strategic modeling of energy security as a continuous process taking into account the probability of threats and their potential for leveling is not possible without understanding several factors that shape the disclosure of the essential importance of the category itself. These include:

-conjunctural and national factors cover the problems of local, regional, and national levels of political and social interests of society. The main idea of the stakeholders is the socialization of state formation with the doctrine of energy conservation and further structuring of these processes at the micro, meso, and macro levels;

-potential resources and opportunities that allow in connection with the available natural, economic, labor, scientific, and technological advantages and opportunities to achieve the required standards of energy conservation and the required level of energy security;

-internal and external changes cover regional and international processes, trade circumstances, existing threats to energy security and allow for objectively assessing the place and importance of the country in ensuring its security and the security of the contingent. In particular, the dynamics or statics that result from external or internal changes make it possible to orient the future mission, means, assessment, and tools of the energy strategy. The energy security strategy can be understood as an orderly structural interaction between the main components (objects and entities of the energy system) to ensure coordinated optimization activities to avoid potential risks and threats to their energy supply. There are two ways to achieve the desired energy security strategy results. The first method involves the influence of external factors on energy policy (mega, macro, and meso levels), the second is focused on internal circumstances (internal market and intersectoral balance) [14, 24].

Therefore, taking into account the rather complex combination of factors, circumstances, and principles of goal-setting factors for energy security, three main hypotheses of energy strategy should be identified:

-stability of fundamental principles, ideas, methodological calculations, which will form the basis of longterm design;

-objectivity, necessity, and flexibility of planned decisions in terms of building a strategy of change;

- effect and high return with energy-saving benchmarks of the main components of energy security in the short term;

Since the energy security strategy is not only a theoretical and methodological plan for the development of the energy sector for the next 10-15 years but also contains practical guidelines for overcoming energy constraints, it is logical to specify the number of measures to achieve it. The latter include:

-criteria and indicators for ensuring, measuring, and assessing energy security;

-dynamics of supply and demand for energy resources during the strategy of 10-15 years;

-economic and environmental justification for choosing the most desirable option for the development of energy security strategy;

- clarification of time limits for the implementation of each of the stages of ensuring the energy security strategy;

- development and optimization of measures to repair damage to the energy system after Russia's military actions, expanding its resource base, modernization of energy and technological equipment, etc.;

- improvement of normative-legal support of the coordination of efforts of Ukraine and Europe on energy security measures;

-political lobbying for energy security measures for the country's advantages in the distribution of international markets and other preferences;

-regulation of the activities of the state, executive, and authorized bodies about the transparent and effective implementation of the set goals.Conclusions from this study and prospects for further exploration in this direction

The complementary nature of implementing an energy security strategy is possible by identifying and avoiding the causes and consequences of potential threats and risks. Consequently, the energy security strategy also considers the features of technological, environmental, resource, and social security. Even though the solution to the problem of energy security is aimed at achieving national goals, at the same time, minor problems remain out of consideration. Therefore, short-term and long-term stages of implementation should be taken into account when developing an appropriate strategy. Regarding the effectiveness of this strategy, the necessary conceptual tools and methodological directions for further generalization should be substantiated. Considering Ukraine's Energy Strategy until 2035, "Security, Energy Efficiency, Competitiveness", appropriate types of energy strategies should be developed to increase energy efficiency, strengthen energy security standards and principles and prevent potential threats. Among these options are the following:

1. Strategy of moderate growth and energy-efficient use of energy resources.

2. Strategy of long-term energy development in the conditions of threat reduction.

3. Strategy of medium-term development and formation of a competitive energy market.

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