Azerbaijan ethnic group

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Міністерство освіти і науки України

Запорізький національний університет

Кафедра англійської філології

Індивідуальне завдання з етнології

Виконала:

Студентка 1 курсу факультету іноземної філології

Група 102а

Перевірила:

Доцент

Запоріжжя

2021

Analysis of the Azerbaijan ethnic group

Ethnogenesis

So many things they say about Azerbaijanis! Sometimes you can even hear the opinion that this people cannot be considered Caucasian, because they have something in common with the peoples of Asia. However, this is idle fiction. They are the indigenous people of the Caucasus, as well as inhabiting this region.

Historians have come to the conclusion that the origin of the people is associated with immigrants from Caucasian Albania - a large state located in the eastern part of the Caucasus in the II-I centuries BC. Then the population of this country began to mix with the Huns, Cimmerians and others.

Persia also had a significant impact on the formation of the ethnic nation of Azerbaijanis. In the first centuries of our era, the Sassanid dynasty ruled in Persia, which expanded its influence to the eastern regions.

We must not forget about the later influence of the Seljuk Turks, who came to these lands in the 11th century. As a result, the local population was first influenced by the Persian culture, and then by the process of Turkization. Thus, the Azerbaijani people have a rich history and it is closely linked with the history of neighboring states.

History

ThehistoryofAzerbaijancoversthetopicsrelatedtothehistoryoftheRepublicofAzerbaijan, aswellastheAzerbaijanis, andtheregionshistorically, ethnicallyandgeographicallyconsideredAzerbaijani.

In ancient times, the territory of the modern settlement of the nationality was occupied by nomadic tribes of the Caucasian and Caspian anthropological types. Later they formally united into Caucasian Albania, which was a union of 26 independently living nomadic and semi-nomadic tribes.

In the IV century BC, Alexander the Great came to the region and founded the state of Media Atropatena. From it aroused the name of the nation and the territorial boundaries of the main area of its placement. The state existed until the 8th century AD, when it was conquered by the powerful Arab Caliphate, which quickly replaced the Zoroastrianism that dominated here.

The next period, to which the researchers attribute the identification of Azerbaijanis as a nation, is the XI-XIII centuries. Oghuz tribes, who spoke the Turkic language, began to actively penetrate the region: the flow increased during the rule of the Tatar-Mongols. The final touch to the formation of the ethnos was the Turkmens who came from Central Asia. By the 15th century, the inhabitants of the territories of modern Iran and Azerbaijan considered them one people and spoke the same language.

From the 16th to the 18th century, the powerful Safavid dynasty ruled, during which the empire flourished, taxed neighboring regions and encroached on foreign territories. Then the state fell into decay and was divided into many khanates, for which the next century was fought by Russians, Iranians, Afghans, and the Ottoman Caliphate.

After the revolution, the Azerbaijan SSR was formed in 1991 the country's independence was restored. In Iran, representatives of the nation have been discriminated against for a long time, but today many government posts are held by Azerbaijanis.

Geographical distribution

Azerbaijanis are a Turkic-speaking people, constituting the main population of Azerbaijan and a significant part of the population of northwestern Iran. In addition to Iran and Azerbaijan, they traditionally live on the territory of modern Russia (Dagestan), Georgia (Borchaly) and Turkey (Kars and Ygdyr)

The population of Azerbaijan is 30-35 million. More than 15 million of them live in Iran. Azerbaijanis make up the overwhelming population of northwestern Iran, being the second largest ethnic group in the country after the Persians and the largest national minority in Iran. They make up the majority in the provinces of West Azerbaijan, East Azerbaijan, Ardabil and Zanjan. They also live in the provinces of Gilan, Kurdistan, Qom and Tehran (about 25%). There are large Azerbaijani communities in the cities of Tehran, Keredzh, and Mashhad.

Further, in terms of population, 600-700 thousand people lives in Turkey, Russia and etc.

Race, physical features

Azerbaijanis belong to the Caucasian type, representing its Caspian subtype, which includes signs of the Indo-Afghan and Mediterranean races. The hallmarks of a nation's appearance include:

averageheight: 170-175 cm;

blackeyecolor;

bluishblackhair;

medium and high level of vegetation;

narrowandlowface;

protrudingnose;

skin pigmentation is darker than that of other Caucasian peoples.

Genetic studies have shown that Azerbaijanis are close to the Persians and the peoples of the Caucasus, while the Turks, immigrants from Asia Minor and representatives of the Indo-European group, had little influence on the formation of external signs.

Religion, beliefs

In the 1st century BC, there was no single religious worldview covering the entire territory of Azerbaijan. On the territory, worship of the main god of the ancient Turkic pantheon, Tengri, was widespread, along with Tengrianism, Zoroastrianism, fire worship, as well as worship of the sun, moon, stars, earth and water were widespread. In the north of the country, in some parts of the territory of Albania, especially in the mountainous, western regions, Christianity was spread.

The spread of Islam throughout the country in the 7th century played a significant role in the historical fate of the country and its people. The Islamic religion gave a strong impetus to the formation of a single people and language, and had a decisive influence on the acceleration of this process. The emergence of a religious community between the Turkic and non-Turkic ethnic groups contributed to the formation of common customs and traditions throughout the territory of Azerbaijan where they were settled, the expansion of family ties and the further deepening of the process of mutual influence.

The modern people of Azerbaijan include various religious movements prevalent among the people and ethnic groups living in the country. There are several confessions in Azerbaijan.

Approximately 95% of the population of Azerbaijan is Muslim. The rest of the population is of other faith or non-religious, although not officially represented. Among the Muslim majority, religious practices differ, and Muslim identity tends to be based more on culture and ethnicity than religion. The Muslim population is approximately 85% Shiites and 15% Sunnis; the differences have traditionally not been clearly defined. Other traditional religions or beliefs held by many in the country are Orthodox Sunni Islam, the Russian Orthodox Church, and various Christian sects. Traditionally, villages around Baku and Lankaran region are considered to be the stronghold of Shiism. In some northern regions, here are Sunnis.

Traditional occupations

The traditional occupations of the rural population are cotton growing, viticulture, sericulture, cultivation of industrial crops, distant sheep breeding, and cattlebreeding. The most important grain crops are wheat, barley, rice, as well as millet, rye, corn, and oats. The main traditional agricultural implements are a sickle with teeth (chin) or without teeth (orag), a scythe (deryaz), a plow, a pitchfork (yab, shana).

Traditional crafts - carpet weaving, goldsmithing and jewelry production, inlay and carving on wood, stone and metal, woolen, silk and paper weaving, wool felting, leather dressing, weaponsmithing, weaving of mats, making braid (baffa), patterned belts ( tumbags), laces and laces, knitting of woolen socks (jorabi), etc.

At present, the population of Azerbaijan is employed in industry (especially in oil, gas, instrument making, etc.) and in agriculture.

Culture

Azerbaijan culture II half of the XlX century. The development of capitalism in Northern Azerbaijani was a decisive change in culture. End of the centry Baku city became the center of Azerbaijan. During this period in Azerbaijan culture created a generation of progressive leaders. Among them M.F.Akhundzadeh, H.B.Zerdabi, N.Vezrov, S.A.Shirvani, H.I.Mahmudbeyov, S.M.Qanizadeh, R.Afandiyev and etc. National burgeousH.Z.Tagiyev, M.Nagiyev and other representatives were in the field of other charitable brave steps activities and education. They opened schools, built theater buildings and letting the money to publish the newspapers differently. In North Azerbaijani cultural revival, a new type of schools and cultural educational institutions, the creation of the national press and theater, the impact of the idea of revival of national consciousness of the nation's leading intellectuals and etc. All these were culture's the main characteristic features.

Gobustan reserve

Gobustan - rock paintings and mud volcanoes included in the UNESCO cultural heritage list - is one of the most memorable sights of Azerbaijan. The reserve, located just 50-60 km from the capital of the country, Baku.

Azerbaijan carpet museum

Many people know that the culture of carpet weaving has flourished in Azerbaijan since ancient times, but not everyone knows that the first museum dedicated to this unique type of applied art appeared in Azerbaijan.

The State Museum of Azerbaijani Carpet and Folk Applied Arts were founded in 1967. Its recognizable and modern building stands in the very center of the city, near the Primorsky Boulevard.

Maiden's Tower

The majestic and most mysterious monument of Baku, the Maiden Tower, or GizGalasy, rises in the southeastern part of the IcheriSheher fortress and has long been considered a symbol of the city. This unique construction of Azerbaijani architecture has no analogues in the East.

IcheriSheher

Getting to the old part of Baku - Icheri-Sheher - it seems that you are stepping off the ship "Mikhail Svetlov" from the movie "The Diamond Arm". The territory of Icheri-Sheher was inhabited by people already in the Bronze Age, and in the 1st century AD.Baku has become a small port city. A natural sea harbor with a favorable climate and favorable location withstood numerous raids by the Turks and Rus. In the 8-15th century's trade and handicraft developed rapidly, so the famous ruler Shirvanshah moved his residence here. To strengthen the city, he ordered the erection of fortress walls and a ditch. Icheri-Shekher flourished with renewed vigor, the trade life of this part of Baku was in full swing. The boom in oil production in the Caspian, which began in the 19th century, is still reflected in the appearance of the city.

Clothes

National costumes of Azerbaijanis are very beautiful and original. Female dresses are graceful in silhouette and cut, emphasizing supple waists of Azerbaijani beauties. They are decorated with intricate embroidery trimmed with beautiful "gold" bands. Menswear is also very original. It emphasizes courage should not be too tight to constrain swift movements.

Women's wear was made basically of silk and velvet, the man's - from cloth and home-made cashmere fabric.

A remarkable element of Azerbaijani clothes is underwear. Both female and male it was made of linen and cotton fabrics. Rich beauties could afford silk ones.

The style reflected the marital status and age of the owner. A young girl's wear noticeably differed from a married women's. Young women dressed the most brightly and elegantly.

Women wore boots with the embroidered surface and high boots with long legs. The most popular female headdresses were skull-caps and silk kerchiefs. Outside home girls put on a veil.

Typical men's clothes consisted of an upper shirt, arkhaluk, chukha and wide trousers. In winter they wore sheepskins and fur coats from natural leather and furs.

In was indecent in Azerbaijan not to wear a headdress. The popular kinds of man's headdresses were various papakhas made of leather. Widely spread were arakchyns from silk fabric and decorated with gold embroideries. Elderly men and old men carried soft quilted "teseks" from white coarse calico.

Man's footwear made from chamois leather was one-color and without patterns. In cities the men wore boots, in the country - charyks.

Food

Azerbaijani national food is very diverse, numbering dozens of different types of dishes from flour, dairy and meat products. Bread and lavash were baked in tandoor, popular were kutabs - pies made of unleavened dough stuffed with greens or cottage cheese. In everyday life, they ate rich lamb soups - bozbash and piti. There was a special attitude towards pilaf: the national cuisine finds more than 30 of its recipes. All post-Soviet advertisements include such popular Azerbaijani dishes as dolma, lula kebab and shashlik.

Of sweets Baklava is one of the most famous Azerbaijani sweets. Baklava in each region of Azerbaijan is prepared according to a special recipe and even looks different: classic baklava in the form of a rhombus, the famous sheki -- square, and in the Gabala district they prepare triangular baklava. Sweets usually enjoyed with black tea in traditional mug armuda.

Non-material culture

Legend of the Maiden Tower in Baku

There is no unanimously accepted version about the purpose of creation and about the origin of the tower, therefore various legends are associated with it. For example, according to some legends, at the walls of the Maiden Tower of the deceased Bartholomew, one of the apostles of Jesus. Appearing in Baku in the 1st century, Bartholomew preached Christianity, but the pagan tribes did not accept this faith and executed the apostle.

The legend of the daughter

Many legends originated from the word "maiden", and the most widespread of them is the tale of the Shah and his daughter. Her father was going to give her in marriage to a man whom she did not love. In some versions, the shah himself decided to marry his daughter. She asked her father to build the tower and postpone the wedding until the construction was completed, hoping that the shah would change his mind. But when the tower was erected, the girl climbed it and threw herself from there into the sea. The stone, which the young girl broke, was nicknamed "the stone of the virgin"; the brides brought flowers to it. There is a version of another ending of this story - the girl had a lover who killed the Shah for the death of the girl. But it turned out that she did not die, mermaids saved her, and since then the lovers have not parted.

Folklore

Azerbaijani folk loreby its nature and plots is in many respects close to the folkart of the peoples of the Caucasus, Westernand Central Asia.

Fairytalesarewidespread: fairytales, everydaytales, aboutanimals; love-romanticandhistorical-heroiclegendsaboutheroes, performedtomusic - dastans. Themostfamousepicsare "AsliandKerem", "AshugGarib", "Kor-oglu", "ShahIslam", "KitabiDedeKorkud".

Songcreativityincludeslyrical, ritualsongs, ditties (goshmalar) andhumoresques (latifa) arealsocommon. Dancesareverypopular. Ashugs - folksingers, poetsandmusiciansperformingdastansandtheirowncompositions - occupy a specialplaceinthelifeofAzerbaijanis. FolkstoriesandanecdotesassociatedwiththenameofMollaNasredinenjoynationwidelove.

Themusicalcultureisdeveloped. Mughams, largevocalandinstrumentalworks, datebacktotheancientmusicoftheEast. Ofthemusicalinstruments, themostcommonare: saz, tar, kemancha, balaban, zurna, tambourine, tutuk.

Traditions

Azerbaijaniscarefullypreservetheirnationalspiritualtraditions. ThemostancientandreveredholidayamongthepeopleisNovruzBayram, celebratedonMarch 21-22. Itsymbolizesthearrivalofthenewyear, spring, renewalofnatureandfertility.

OfthegeneralMuslimholidays, memorabledaysareespeciallyhonored: thesacrificialanimalsofKurban-BayramandtheendofthefastofRamazan-Bayram (Orujlug). TherearealsowidespreadShiiteholidaysdedicatedtotheeighthimamRezaandthe "hidden" imam - Mahdi, Ashura, etc.

TheseholidaysarecelebratedaccordingtotheMuslimlunarcalendarwithanannualshiftof 11 daysahead. AmongthemodernholidaysofAzerbaijan, celebratedintheAzerbaijanidiaspora, areRepublicDay (May 28), NationalIndependenceDayoftheAzerbaijanipeople (June 15), NationalIndependenceDay (October 18), NationalRevivalDay (November 17), SolidarityDayofAzerbaijanisaroundtheworld ( December, 31st).

Nowadays, peopleincreasinglyfollowtheIslamictradition, duetothelackoforganizedreligiouseducation, people'sbeliefsabouttheafterlifearestillnotclear.

Thereistheideaofheavenandhell, whicharetheobviousendforpeoplewhoaredying. Thebadgotohell, thegoodgotoheaven. Afterdeath, thefirstandsubsequentfourThursdays, aswellasthethird, seventhandfortiethdaysandthefirstyearafterdeath, arespecialdaysafterthedeceased.

Family relations

Theelders, whowerecalledaksakals, werethemainonesinfamiliesandtribalsettlements. Theymadeallpublicdecisions, wenttothemforadvice, theywereinvolvedinresolvingdisputes, economicissues, askedforhelpinmatchmaking. Insmallfamilies, itsheadhad a decisiveword; children, wife, sistersandbrotherscouldnotdisobeyhim. Themarriageableageforgirlscameat 15-17 yearsold, sometimestheygotmarriedearlier. Afterthewedding, thebridecametoherhusband'shouse. Traditionally, bythistime, parentswerepreparingseparatehousingfortheirson, itwascustomarytolivein a numberofvillagesparents. Thedaughter-in-lawwasforbiddentobethefirsttospeaktoherfather-in-law, andintheeventof a dialogue, shewasrequiredtocoverhermouthwiththecornerof a handkerchief.

Thebirthof a child, especially a son, was a realholiday. Accordingtotradition, immediatelyaftercuttingtheumbilicalcord, hewasbathedinsaltwatertokeephimcleanandbold. Afterthat, hewashandedovertohismother, withwhomhedidnotpartuntil 7-10 yearsold. Thenamewasusuallychosenconsonantwiththenamesofotherchildren, oftenthenamesofgrandparentsweregiven.

Lingual situation

The Azerbaijani language is included in the West Oguz group of the southwestern (Oguz) branch of the Turkic languages. The literary tradition dates back to the 15th century. Arabic script was used until the 20th century; The Cyrillic alphabet was introduced in 1939. In 1992, the Azerbaijani government switched from Cyrillic to Latin as the official spelling

Ethnic identity

The toponym "Azerbaijan", derived from which the "Azerbaijanis" nation is called, has ancient roots and comes from the name of the state of Media Atropatena. It existed since the 3rd century BC and was located on the territory of modern Iran and southeast Azerbaijan. In a distorted form, it represented the Middle Persian word "Aderbadgan", from which the modern name of the state and people originated. A number of researchers discover a connection with the personal name Adarbador, which means "keeper of fire" or "temple of fire" in Media. This version is confirmed by the fact that Zoroastrianism was developed in the region, the cult of which assumed the presence of temples with everlasting fires.

You can talk about stereotypes among Azerbaijanis. The most famous is the hospitality. There are special rituals for welcoming guests. In ancient Azerbaijan, in wealthy families, when a servant carried a full bag of groceries for a guest on the road, it was a hint that it was time for the guest to return. The Azerbaijanis were very attentive, caring and polite towards the guest. The hospitality of Azerbaijanis was known at one time in the Middle East and in Russia. In honor of visiting merchants and travelers, real feasts were held in the palaces of the rulers with a menu of 300 dishes.

There is also a stereotype about attitudes and women's rights. "The woman is sitting at home." For a long time, it has been believed that women have no right to choose and must do what men say. This stereotype has been preserved to this day in some families, but people, over time, began to change and women began to show themselves.

If we talk about the attitude of the Azerbaijani ethnos to other peoples, then Azerbaijan is in "fraternal" relations with Turkey. Turkey always helps and supports Azerbaijan in everything. There is a conflict with Armenia - the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, which lasted 30 years. But I hope that over time everything will work out and everyone will live in harmony!

Literature

azerbaijan museum stereotype ethnic

1. https://photopodushka.ru/en/dracena/malochislennye-narody-azerbaidzhana-proishozhdenie-azerbaidzhancev/

2. https://travelask.ru/articles/azerbaydzhantsy-narod-bez-nazvaniya-no-s-drevnimi-kornyami

3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Azerbaijan

4. http://anl.az/el/Kitab/2018/02/cd/i-44365.pdf

5. https://files.preslib.az/projects/azerbaijan/rus/gl3.pdf

6. https://files.preslib.az/projects/remz/pdf_en/atr_din.pdf

7. https://nk.gov.az/ru/page/34/

8. https://www.advantour.com/rus/azerbaijan/culture.htm

9. https://theculturetrip.com/europe/azerbaijan/articles/11-things-you-should-know-about-azerbaijani-culture/

10. http://kurskonb.ru/our-booke/geo/ethnos/azerbaijan/17-culture-architecture.html

11. https://www.advantour.com/azerbaijan/traditions/clothing.htm

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