Антипролиферативное действие карнозина и его производных на опухолевые клетки нейрального происхождения

Характер влияния заместителей в молекуле карнозина на его антипролиферативные свойства был сходен с характером влияния заместителей на антиоксидантную активность карнозина. Согласно эффективности защиты суперскрученной ДНК от перекисного окисления липидов индуцированного в смеси Фентона дипептиды располагались следующим образом: гистидин < ацетил-карнозин < гомокарнозин ? карнозин ? анзерин [15, 264]. Совпадение принципов изменения силы антиоксидантного и антипролиферативного эффектов еще раз указывает на сопряженность между антиоксидантным и антипролиферативным свойствами карнозина.

Синтетический аналог карнозина - L-гистидин-в-аланин, представляющий собой т.н. “карнозина наоборот” также индуцировал накопление клеток в G₂ фазе клеточного цикла и ингибировал пролиферацию опухолевых клеток (Рис. 3.1.4.Б). Причем, диапазон эффективных концентраций для антипролиферативного эффекта L-гистидин-в-аланина был в 10 раз ниже (5 - 10 мМ), чем для карнозина (50 - 100 мМ). Однако, при концентрации выше 10 мМ L-гистидин-в-аланин приводил к интенсивной гибели опухолевых клеток. Токсичность “карнозина наоборот” может быть связана с положением L-гистидина на первом месте. Известно, что в концентрации выше 5 мМ гистидин обладает цитотоксическими действием. Добавление в-аланина к молекуле гистидина в молекуле карнозина, вероятно, способствует снижению токсичности гистидина. Было показано, что токсичность гистидина связана с присутствием ионов железа, удаление ионов железа из среды снижало токсический эффект гистидина. Имидазольное кольцо в молекуле гистидина способно хелатировать железо, отдавая протон от азота 1N. Металлы в металлоферментах часто координируются с помощью гистидина через незащищенный азот в имидазоле. Предполагается, что гистидин способен отнимать т.н. “хелатируемое железо”, железо слабосвязанное с внутриклеточными ферментами, и делать его более доступным для окисления под действием АФК [265, 266]. Перемещение L-гистидина на первое место в молекуле “карнозина наоборот” делает имидазольное кольцо более открытым, и, следовательно, более доступным для взаимодействий, что, вероятно, является причиной цитотоксичности высоких концентраций L-гистидин-в-аланина.

Инкубация с синтетическим трипептидом пинеалоном приводила к снижению внутриклеточного уровня АФК в клетках РС-12 по сравнению с необработанным контролем (Рис. 3.1.5.А). Наши результаты согласовывались с полученными ранее данными об антиоксидантных свойствах пинеалона, продемонстрированных на модели гиперборической гипоксии [244-246]. Кроме того, на клетках РС-12 мы показали, что пинеалон обладает защитным антиоксидантным действием. Пинеалон частично препятствовал росту внутрикелточного уровня АФК индуцированного действием Н₂О₂ и снижал уровень клеточной гибели (Рис. 3.1.5). Анализ клеточного цикла выявил, что подобно карнозину, инкубация с пинеалоном приводит к увеличению количества S и G₂/М клеток по сравнению с контролем (Рис. 3.1.6). Однако, для достижения сходного эффекта пинеалон требовался в концентрациях на несколько порядков ниже, чем карнозин (нМ - для пинеалона, мМ - для карнозина). Ранее в нашей лаборатории было показано, что пинеалон препятствует росту ERK1/2 в гранулярных клетках мозжечка индуцированное действием уабаина [234]. Поскольку активация ERK1/2 необходима для прогрессии клеточного цикла, снижение активности ERK1/2 под действием пинеалона может быть одним из механизмов индукции G₂ блока в его присутствии. Кроме того, аминокислотный состав пинеалона и карнозина различается, указывая на то, что действие исследуемых короткоцепочечных пептидов на клеточный цикл, видимо, обосновано не присутствием конкретной аминокислоты, а скорее всего антиоксидантными свойствами веществ.

Глиобластома - это наиболее частая и агрессивная форма опухоли головного мозга [269]. На сегодняшний день лечение глиобластомы носит скорее паллиативный характер и продлевает жизнь больного максимум на 2 года [270]. Одним из наиболее эффективных способов лечения глиобластомы является лучевая терапия, применение которой ограничено повреждающим действием на нормальные ткани. Соединения, способные усиливать гибель опухолевых клеток, предохраняя при этом нормальные ткани, представляют собой одно из наиболее актуальных направлений исследований.

С помощью колониеформирующего метода было продемонстрировано, что предварительная инкубация клеток глиобластомы с карнозином приводит к снижению выживаемости клеток после действия ионизирующего излучения по сравнению с контролем (Рис. 3.4.1). Ранее было показано, что обработка нормальных клеток карнозином снижает последствия повреждающего действия радиации. Введение мышам карнозина в течение нескольких дней перед облучением способствовало повышению выживаемости животных и сопровождалось увеличением эффективности образования селезеночных колоний гематопоэтическими стволовыми клетками из костного мозга облученных животных [218-220]. Кроме того, карнозин снижал степень повреждения плазмиды ДНК и количество разрывов в цепи ДНК, индуцированные действием ионизирующего излучения [271]. Исходя из полученных нами данных мы предполагаем, что карнозин способен избирательно снижать выживаемость опухолевых клеток под действием ионизирующего излучения, защищая при этом нормальные клетки. Полученные нами данные могут быть использованы на практике для разработки протоколов применения карнозина в терапии опухолей головного мозга.



ВЫВОДЫ

1. Исследован характер воздействия карнозина на пролиферацию культур опухолевых клеток: феохромоцитомы крысы (РС-12), карциномы горла и рта (FaDu и Cal27), карциномы молочной железы (MB231) и глиобластомы человека (U-118-MG). Обнаружено, что карнозин ингибирует пролиферацию всех исследованных клеточных линий. Наиболее выраженный эффект проявлялся на клетках глиобластомы человека U-118-MG;

2. Изучено влияние карнозина на уровень АФК и активность антиоксидантных ферментов глиобластомы. Выявлено, что ингибирование пролиферации клеток глиобластомы под действием карнозина сопровождается снижением уровня АФК и увеличением активности MnСОД;

3. Исследовано воздействие карнозина на клеточный цикл клеток РС-12 и U-118-MG. Установлено, что изменения в антиоксидантной системе сопровождаются накоплением клеток в G2 фазе клеточного цикла и усилением экспрессии циклина В1;

4. Проведено сравнение антипролиферативного эффекта карнозина с действием его производных и синтетического трипептида пинеалона. Выявлено, что метилированное производное карнозина, анзерин, ингибирует пролиферацию клеток опухолевых клеток эффективнее, чем карнозин;

5. Исследован эффект совместного применения карнозина и ионизирующего излучения на гибель опухолевых клеток. Обнаружено, что предварительная инкубация клеток с карнозином снижает выживаемость клеток глиобластомы под действием ионизирующего излучения.



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