War as a text in the online diary by Serhiy Zhadan
The text of the war as a recorded reality in the online diary of S. Zhadan is studied. The author's legacy is considered in the context of the European literary tradition. Mechanisms of manifestation of the author's theme of war have been revealed.
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War as a text in the online diary by Serhiy Zhadan
Tetiana Starostenko,
Candidate of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor at the English Philology Department H.S. Skovoroda Kharkiv National Pedagogical University (Kharkiv, Ukraine)
War as a text in the online diary by Serhiy Zhadan
The article explores the text of the war as a recorded reality in the online diary by Serhiy Zhadan. The legacy by the author is viewed in the context of the European literary tradition. There have been identified the mechanisms of manifestation of the topic of war in the author's writings. It has been proved that the poetic comprehension of the Soviet code as a part of postcolonial culture is endemic to Zhadan's writings and retraced both in his poetic legacy and prose. If initially imperial culture and their representatives get the ironic representation in the author's texts, the online diary of the war is marked by a departure from all kinds of criticism of the post-colonial reality, the total loss of Soviet symbolism, and the shift to the explicit criticism of every manifestation of the Russian code.
The image of the ongoing conflict war is being created out of the numerous patches. The war as a multidimensional phenomenon, is expressed through a sting of subtopics, working in concert: the city itself sieged by the alien fire, the streets and houses upholding some personal and unique history, the portraits of socially-positive citizens and their pets, the stray cats, the drunkards, the invariable national flag waving in the sky of Kharkiv as a symbol of invincibility, the sky as an independent living organism, the seasons and weather. The depiction of the war is achieved through a mosaic of devices: sound, speed, personification, poetic details, object symbolism, nature symbolism, flashbacks as a contrast to the unwanted reality. The text of the war is dynamic. The time is cyclic and is subdivided into several subgroups: the calendar time, the circadian timing, timelessness. The change of seasons and the development of the military situation is "written" inside the variable description of one and the same objects, which tend to reflect the city mood and the city climate. The borders of the city cross, however, don't transformed. The chief characteristics of the city in war are based on the oppositions to the city in peace: vibrancy - emptiness, speed - slowness, hum - silence. The last categories convey a variable meaning and may exist in both realities in the ambiguous qualities.
Key words: a recorded reality, the Soviet code, illusive peacefulness, the transformation of the city, the gallery of seasons, emptiness.
Війна як текст у онлайн-щоденнику Сергія Жадана
Тетяна Старостенко,
кандидат філологічних наук, доцент, доцент кафедри англійської філології Харківського національного педагогічного університету імені Г.С. Сковороди (Харків, Україна)
У статті досліджується текст війни як зафіксована реальність у онлайн-щоденнику Сергія Жадана. Спадщина автора розглядається в контексті європейської літературної традиції. Виявлено механізми прояву теми війни в працях автора. Було доведено, що поетичне осмислення радянського коду як частини постколоніальної культури є ендемічним для творів Жадана і простежується як у його поетичній спадщині, так і в прозі. Якщо спочатку імперська культура та її представники отримують іронічну репрезентацію у текстах автора, то онлайн-щоденник війни відзначається відходом від різного роду осмислення постколоніальної реальності, повною втратою радянської символіки та переходом до відкритої критики будь-якого елементу прояву російського коду. zhadan literary war
Образ війни, що триває, створено з численних значимих елементів. Війна як багатовимірне явище актуалізується через низку підтем, що діють узгоджено: саме місто, охоплене ворожим вогнем, вулиці та будинки, що несуть у собі особисту неповторну історію, портрети соціально-позитивних громадян та їхніх домашніх улюбленців, зображення бродячих котів, п'яничок, незмінний національний прапор як символ незламності, що майорить у небі Харкова, небо як самостійний живий організм, пори року та погода. Зображення війни досягається через мозаїку прийомів: звук, швидкість, персоніфікація, поетичні деталі, предметна символіка, символіка природи, флешбеки як протиставлення небажаній дійсності. Текст війни динамічний. Час циклічний і поділяється на кілька підгруп: календарний час, добовий час, позачасовість. Зміна пір року і розвиток військової ситуації "вписані" всередину варіативного опису одних і тих самих об'єктів, які, як правило, відображають міський настрій і міський клімат. Кордони міста перетинаються, однак не трансформуються. Основні характеристики міста під час війні базуються на протиставленнях мирному місту: жвавість - порожнеча, швидкість - повільність, гул - тиша. Причому останні категорії набувають варіативного значення та можуть існувати в обох реальностях у двоїстих якостях.
Ключові слова: зафіксована реальність, радянський код, примарний спокій, трансформація міста, галерея пір року, порожнеча.
Problem statement. Continental war literature as a part of trauma literature is a diverse and multidimensional phenomenon with both ancient and developed roots. The earliest work in the whole Western literary tradition focused on the battlefield was "The Iliad", written in the mid-8th century BCE and predominantly depicting the final weeks of the Trojan War and the Greek siege of the city of Troy. However, up to the 20th century, the topic of war in literature tends to manifest as a kind of a local phenomenon, rather than a common threat. The global perception of the war appears with the outbreak of the WWI and the WWII, when the world gets united in the face of the total enemy. As a result, the XXth century is marked by a number of texts, representing a national version of a common struggle. At the same time, the war literature breaks the continental frames and expands overseas. The common topic, clear and familiar to everyone, makes it written, read and understood worldwide. The intertextual poem by T.S. Eliot "The Waste Land" (1922), which started the-lost-genera- tion-literature, the fantasy novel by J.R.R. Tolkien "The Lord of the Rings" (1954), depicting the total fight against the world's evil, a 1969 semi-autobiographic "science fiction-infused anti-war novel" by Kurt Vonnegut "Slaughterhouse-Five" of the Allied firebombing of Dresden, or a 1945 novel by Erich Maria Remarque about stateless refugees in Paris "Arch of Triumph" - all of them are the fragments of one and the same story of survival and suffering of the common man in the milestones of history.
The war literature of the XXIst century despite its somewhat local focus (Afghani, Syrian, etc.) can never be local again due to the process of globalization, the Internet technologies and the scale of the imminent international involvement. Ukrainian literature is almost never a battlefield literature, continues to be focused on the consequences or the prerequisites of the war rather than its development. Starting from February, 24th, 2022 Serhiy Zhadan begins his endless online diary of the ongoing military conflict between two neighboring countries of the former USSR. The topic of feuding neighbours (ordinary people sharing the land between their houses or countries sharing boarders), to some extent endemic for Ukrainian literature, is not new and had a number of vectors: Kozak Ukraine - Sultan Turkey, the Crimean Khanate - Kozak Ukraine, Bohdan Khmelnitsky's Ukraine - Rzeczpospolita, Iwan Mazepa's Ukraine - the Russian Empire of Peter I, Kozak Ukraine - the Russian Empire of Katherine II, Stepan Bandera's Galicia - Poland, Stepan Bandera's West Ukrainian People's Republic - the USSR. Serhiy Zhadan's online diary is a catalogued reality of the city of Kharkiv during the turbulent days of the ongoing military conflict, set out both in poetry and prose.
The analysis of the main studies and publications. The mosaic nature of Serhiy Zhadan's legacy of sewn together images endemic to numerous historical epochs, religious characters, music and art figures, has produced a bunch of contexts for literary analysis. The investigations by I. Bondar-Tereschenko, Ya. Goloborodko, T. Gundorova, I. Dzyuba focus on both irony and parody in the texts by Zhadan, the use of slang, the reconstruction of Biblical myths, stylistic devices, timelessness, and social discourse within the frames of his works. A. Babenko studies the poetics of the author's prose (2021), A. Shust investigates the basic linguistic and extra linguistic parameters in Zhadan's texts (2020), V. Siruk analyses "The Templar Verses" within the context of the poetic heritage by Zhadan (2020), Zh. Tomashevska examines the concept WOMAN in Zhadan's poetry (2018).
Despite the close attention to Serhiy Zhadan's creativity, the topic of war inlaid in numerous texts and being rather meaningful in the author's poetic system, is taken into account scarcely or selectively.
Statement of the task. The aim of the present publication is to explore and analyze the manifestation devices of war as a text in the dimensions of the online diary by Serhiy Zhadan as a contemporary example of Ukrainian "witness literature".
Presentation of the main material. The topic of war, popping up here and there in Serhiy Zhadan's writings in its diverse forms, acquires its present-day shapes in his novel "The Orphanage" (2017) (Жадан, 2017) and gets fully manifested in 2022 in his online diary on the Facebook. However, the battle with the ghost of the Soviet Union, embodied in the litany of symbols still marking some peripheral areas of the Ukrainian space which somehow inevitably draw the author, is initially native for Zhadan's texts. The leitmotif repetitions of the Soviet markers produce a haunting feeling: 2008: "Червоний колір прапорів і виробничих гасел в'їдався в мою сітчатку, як йод в'їдається у відкриту рану" (liter, transl. The red colour of the flags and production slogans was eating into my retina the same way as iodine gets eaten into an open wound - T.S.) (Жадан, 2008: 71); "Я віднаходжу ці знаки, ці свідчення великої інформаційної війни на будинках і пам'ятниках колишніх радянських міст і розумію, чому вони мені так подобаються - це літери мого дитинства, це кольори моїх вісімдесятих, моя перша любов, моя справжня гордість, мій приватний соціалізм" (liter.tmml. I find these signs, these evidences of the great information war on the houses and monuments of the former Soviet cities and understand why I like them that much - these are the letters of my childhood, these are the colors of my eighties, my first love, my true pride, my private socialism - T.S.) (Жадан, 2008: 71-72); 2010: "помешкання були забиті довоєнними меблями, пошарпаними книгами та стосами журналу "Огоньок"" (liter.tmml. the apartment was crammed with the pre-war furniture, tattered with books and the stacks of Ogonyok magazine. - T.S.) (Жадан, 2019: 8); "скотчем до скла приліплені були порнокартинки, портрети Сталіна" (liter.tmml. porn pictures and the portraits of Stalin were stuck to the window glass with scotch tape - T.S.) (Жадан, 2019: 19); "А ще він депутат від Компартії" (liter, transl. And he is also a deputy from the Communist Party - T.S.) (Жадан, 2019: 51); "Нормальних живих піонерів" (liter.tmml. Normal alive pioneers - T.S.) (Жадан, 2019: 71); "збирати яблука в радгоспних садах" (liter.tmml. to pick apples in the state farm gardens - T.S.) (Жадан, 2019: 75); "І люди, за великим рахунком, ну, за винятком комуністів та циган, теж були такі самі" (liter. transl. And people, by and large, were relatively the same, with the exception of communists and gypsies - T.S.) (Жадан, 2019: 105); "врадянській педагогіці" (liter.tmml. in Soviet pedagogy - T.S.) (Жадан, 2019: 131); "Це ленінська кімната" (liter.tmml. This is Lenin's room - T.S.) (Жадан, 2019: 130); 2011: "Радянське кіно завжди дарувало надію" (liter.tmml. Soviet cinema always gave hope - T.S.) (Жадан, 2011: 101); "Захмелілі ковбої, комуністи і фермери" (liter.tmml. Sluggish cowboys, communists and farmers - T.S.) (Жадан, 2008: 16), etc.
The Sovietic code is incarnated in the very titles of the books by the author. Thus, the original English title of the work "The Anarchy in the Ukr" of 2008 still uses the definite article "the" like in the Soviet period, when Ukraine was a part of a larger formation - the USSR. The novel "Voroshslovgrad" of 2011, depicting the events of the turbulent 90s, exploits the Soviet name of Lugansk, when the region center had already got its original name, manifesting the idea of the city "which doesn't exist anymore": "Я є. А Ворошиловграда немає. І з цим потрібно рахуватись" (liter.tmml. I do exist. And Voroshilovgrad doesn't. And this must be taken into account - T.S.) (Жадан, 2019: 133).
The novel "Voroshilovgrad" addresses some recognizable Russian names, diminishing them: "старий запеклий пенсіонер <...> Я називав його Достоєвським" (liter.tmml. an old hardened pensioner <...> I called him Dostoevsky - T.S.) (Жадан, 2019: 8); "Пахмутову шукаю. <... > Пахмутову. Вівчарку. <...> Та стара зовсім (liter.tmml. I am looking for Pakhmutova. <...> Pakhmutova. The sheepdog <...> She is quite old - T.S.) (Жадан, 2019: 77); "Тепер бабуся Пахмутова стояла поруч" (liter.tmml. Now grandma Pakhmutova was standing next to her - T.S.) (Жадан, 2019: 78). The wordplay with the name of the dog is perceived as a direct allusion to the prominent Soviet composer, who is now 92.
However, being ironic towards the writers of the imperial period, Serhiy Zhadan adopts from them: "За хвилину до того, як з'явишся ти, - // я тебе передчую (liter, transl. A minute before you appear, - //I am foreseeing you - T.S.) (Жадан, 2008: 44). The lines create intertextual links with the poem by Alexander Blok "Предчувствую тебя. Года проходят мимо..." ("Foreseeing you, as years are passing by") (Блок, 1901).
In parallel the author falls into criticism of his own country, аs well as the neighbouring ones, fighting with the rudiments of the past, which to great extent have shaped the reality, modern to the author: "В країні стагнація і мудацтво, // лібералізм і продажне лівацтво, // і неясно, що нас трима на плаву. // Євросоюзом керує сволота. // Вони говорять: "Свобода, свобода", // а піди-но купи нормальну траву" (liter.tmml. The country is stagnant and stupid, // liberalism and venal leftism, // and it is not clear what is keeping us afloat. // The European Union is run by bastards. // They say: "Freedom, freedom", // but go and buy normal grass - T.S.) (Жадан, 2011: 5); "Тому пливи собі повз пороги <...> подалі від цієї країни" (liter.tmml. Therefore, swim over the thresholds <...> away from this country - T.S.) (Жадан, 2011: 11); "Та тому, що я дебіл! // Ти розумієш - дебіл! // А дебілів у армію не беруть! // Навіть в нашу, українську!" (liter.tmml. Just because I'm a moron! // You understand - a moron! // And morons are not accepted into the army! // Even in our, the Ukrainian ones! - T.S.) (Жадан, 2011: 67); "Країна стрімко втрачає своє обличчя" (liter.tmml. The country is rapidly losing its face - T.S.) (Жадан, 2008: 114). Some messages contain a bitter mourning: "Вони думають, що наш апокаліпсис примусить серця // шукати для нересту інше місце" (liter.transl. They think our apocalypse will force the hearts // to look elsewhere for spawning - T.S.) (Жадан, 2008: 114).
The online diary of the war, started at the of February, 2022, unlike the previous publications, is marked by a departure from all kinds of criticism of the post-colonial reality, the total loss of Soviet symbolism, the shift to explicit criticism of every manifestation of the Russian code: the 12th of March, 2022: "І небо вечірнє особливе. Раніше сказав би Гоголівське. Але не Гоголівське, ні. Шевченківське. Без жодної малоросійщини" (liter.transl. And the evening sky is special. Earlier I would have said Gogol's sky. But no, not Gogol's one. Shevchenko's. Without any single reminder of the Little Russia - T.S.) (Жадан, 2022); the 15th of March, 2022: "Харків, вулиця Сумська. На одному з фото - колишня книгарня Букс. Хтось ще хоче поговорити про Достоєвського?" (liter.transl. Kharkiv, Sumska street. One of the photos shows the former Bооks bookstore. Does anyone else want to talk about Dostoyevsky? - T.S.) (Жадан, 2022); "Та й загалом - без пам'ятника Леніну порядне місто може обійтися, а ось пам'ятник старому Хему (Гемінгвею. - Т.С.) - це щонайменше красиво" (liter.transl. And in general - a decent city can do without a monument to Lenin, but a monument to the old Hem (Hemingway. - T.S.) is at least beautiful - T.S.) (Жадан, 2022); the 18th of August, 2022: "Чи винен Пушкін у тому, що в Росії народжуються військові злочинці, Винен. Звісно, винен. Вони всі винні" (liter.transl. Is Pushkin to blame for the fact that war criminals are born in Russia? Yes, he is. Of course, he is. They all are - T.S.) (Жадан, 2022).
The text of the war is manifested in Serhiy Zhadan's online diary in the description of the elements of the city: the streets and house, people's faces, their mood, their activisties, and even the sky of Kharkiv. The transformation of the city from a peaceful formation into a disturbed attribute of the military time is thoroughly registered: the 15th of March, 2022: "Харків нині нагадує мурашник, порушений чиїмось брудним чоботом" (liter.transl. Kharkiv now resembles an anthill disturbed by someone's dirty boot - T.S.) (Жадан, 2022); the 28th of February, 2022: "В Харкові бахкає. Але на вулицях багато людей - стоять у чергах в аптеки і магазини. Багато військових - перевіряють, контролюють" (liter, transl. It is loud in Kharkiv. However, there are many people on the streets - queueing at pharmacies and shops. Lots of military - checking and monitoring - T.S.) (Жадан, 2022); "Черги за продуктами.
Багато військових і поліції. <...> Були на околицях, там будуються блокпости" (liter.transl. Lines for products. Lots of military and police. <...> We were on the outskirts, where the checkpoints are being built - T.S.) (Жадан, 2022); the 1st of March, 2022: "Центр міста обстріляли ракетами" (liter.transl. The city center was shelled with the rockets - T.S.) (Жадан, 2022).
Serhiy Zhadan's online diary, is a recorded reality of the days of the ongoing military conflict. The depiction of the city tends to be intervened with the snapshots of nature around, sometimes echoing the conditions inside Kharkiv, sometimes serving as a contrast to them: the 6th of March, 2022: "В місті весна. І в місті війна" (liter.transl. It's spring in the city. And there is war in the city - T.S) (Жадан, 2022); the 28th of February, 2022: "Небо під Харковом велике, чисте. Зірки - як волоські горіхи. Видно всі сузір'я. І дуже тихо, не гупають. Хай так і буде" (liter.transl. The sky near Kharkiv is big and clear. The stars are like walnuts. All the constellations are visible. And it is really quiet, nothing hums. Let it be so - T.S.) (Жадан, 2022); the 11th of March, 2022: "Порожні березневі харківські вулиці й холодний метал трамвайних колій. За ці два тижні місто сильно змінилось, відчувається як крізь біль проступає сила" (liter. transl. Empty March streets of Kharkiv and the cold metal of the rails. For the last two weeks, the city has changed much, one can feel how strength is coming through the pain - T.S.) (Жадан, 2022). The association of spring and power works naturally, since the spring symbolizes the awakening and growth, which in the author's writings is viewed in the context of the awakening of the national spirit. The idea of a change marks all the publications. The dominant message is loud emptiness as a contrast to the past vibrant life. It is especially noted in the posts on the 18th of March, on the 19th of March, on the 27th of April, on the 24th of August, 2022 (Жадан, 2022). This emptiness, which is yet marked by the waving Ukrainian flag, is transferred to the summertime: the 4th of June, 2022: "Харків поза центром звітрений, порожній" (liter.transl. Kharkiv outside the center is windswept and empty - T.S.) (Жадан, 2022); "Ошалілі від спеки містяни, вуличні базарчики, продавчині квітів, велосипедисти, військові - місто літнє, неквапливе, незвично тихе. Над містом майорять наші прапори" (liter.transl. The townspeople, maddened by the heat, the street bazaars, flower sellers, cyclists, soldiers - the city is summery, leisurely, unusually quiet. Our flags are weiving over the city - T.S.). This emptiness is intensified by the sounds, colours, features and the descriptions of shelling: March, 14; March, 16; March, 19; March, 21; March, 24; April, 9; April, 11; April, 20; April, 20; April, 22, 2022; April, 26; July, 22, 2022 (Жадан, 2022). Within this context especially powerful is the personification of the city: the 12th of March, 2022: "Цими вечорами Слобожанщина така тривожна, схожа на легені людини, яка затамувала подих" (liter, transl. These evenings Slobozhanshchyna is so unsettling, like the lungs of a person who has held his breath - T.S,) (Жадан, 2022); the 18th of August, 2022: "Харків від учора сильно й жорстоко розстрілюють" (liter.tmml. Kharkiv has been heavily and brutally shelled since yesterday - T.S.) (Жадан, 2022); the 17th of July, 2022: "Місто засинає" (liter, transl. The city is falling asleep - T.S.) (Жадан, 2022).
The portrait of the city would be incomplete without the account of the events during the day and the scenes of volunteering: March, 21; March, 22; March, 25; March, 28; March, 29; August, 11, 2022, July, 22, 2022 (Жадан, 2022).
The first sprouts of illusive peacefulness appear when the coffeehouses open and the pet stores start working. The author records all the elements of the awaken city mechanism: March, 31; April, 3; May, 16, 2022, July, 13, 2022 (Жадан, 2022).
The depiction of the city during the war is intervened with the portraits of its inhabitants: the 12th of March, 2022: "Під весняним сонцем харківяни прогулюються, не кваплячись, підставляючи сонцю лиця. Якісь парочки, молоді люди, що переходять із району в район пішки, тролейбусними маршрутами. Але вся ця лінивість щезає, щойно зауважуєш бабуську, що згорблено бреде до дому, притискаючи до грудей свіжий батон" (liter.tmml. Under the spring sun, the residents of Kharkiv take a leisurely stroll, facing the sun. Some couples, the young people, are moving from district to district on foot, on trolleybus routes. But all this laziness disappears as soon as you notice an old woman, hunched over, trudging home, clutching a fresh loaf of bread to her chest - T.S.) (Жадан, 2022); the 17th of March, 2022: "Харківські діти під обстрілами малюють мир" (liter.transl. Kharkiv children under shelling are drawing peace - T.S.) (Жадан, 2022). Serhiy Zhadan is a master of details: the image of an old woman holding tightly the loaf of bread on the background of the urban chronotope communicates with the reader directly, working as a powerful sign of the true situation inside the city, which seems peaceful at the first sight.
A huge contrast between Kharkiv in early spring and summery city is conveyed through the cat images. Within the first month of the war even the animals irradiate the city mood. On the 25th of March, 2022 the author notes: "Харківські котики. Печальні. Але горді" (liter.transl. Kharkiv cats. Sad. But proud - T.S.) (Жадан, 2022). In the late summer it seems that everybody has used to the current conditions. On the 9th of August the diary states: Сонні коти, повільні бабусі на подвір'ях, розімлілі пияки" (liter.transl. Sleepy cats, slow old ladies in the yards, drunken drunkards - T.S.) (Жадан, 2022).
Serhiy Zhadan's online diary is a gallery of Ukrainian seasons with their changeable weather, which intensifies the erratic situation inside the city: the 8th of March, 2022: "Небо сьогодні над Харковом у великих тривожних хмарах. Іноді пробивається сонце, нагадуючи, що вже весна. Без сонця похмуро. Але тихо. <... > Нагадує спогади Шевельова про Харків часів другої світової" (liter. transl. The sky over Kharkiv today is covered with large, disturbing clouds. Sometimes the sun breaks through, reminding that the spring has come. It's gloomy without the sun. But quietly. <...> Reminds me of Shevelyov's memories of Kharkiv during the Second World War - T.S.) (Жадан, 2022); the 10th of March, 2022: "До Харкова повернулася зима. Зранку вулиці лише перемітало сухим колючим снігом, а по обіді вже просто мете. Від цього місто видається великим, холодним" (liter.transl. Winter has returned to Kharkiv. In the morning, the streets were just covered with dry prickly snow, and in the afternoon it was just blowing. This makes the city seem big and cold - T.S.) (Жадан, 2022); the 15th of March, 2022: "В Харкові зранку сонячно і порожньою Щойно оголосили повітряну тривогу. Гостро й щемко відчувається весна" (liter.transl. In Kharkiv, the morning is sunny and empty. An air alert was just announced. Spring is sharp and depressing - T.S.) (Жадан, 2022); the 17th of July: "А тим часом літо перевалило за екватор" (liter.transl. Meanwhile, summer crossed the equator boundary - T.S.) (Жадан, 2022); the 22nd of July: "Літо відгонить осінню, час від часу зривається на дощ, небо цього літа традиційно в хмарах, ніби в сумнівах" (liter, transl. Summer drives away autumn, from time to time it breaks into rain, the sky this summer is traditionally cloudy, as if in doubts - T.S.) (Жадан, 2022); the 15th of August: "Літо тим часом добігає кінця. Час війни спресований, його важко розкласти на окремі дні, за календарем просто не встигаєш" (liter, transl. Meanwhile, the summer is coming to an end. The time of the war is compressed, it is difficult to divide it into some separate days, you just don't manage to follow the calendar - T.S.) (Жадан, 2022).
The opposition of "the beauty of a season - the reality", and "the beauty of seasons - the oblivion" is endemic to Zhadan's writings: the 12th of March, 2022: "Зранку у Харкові справжня весна.
Дивишся в небо - очі сльозяться від сонячного світла. Потім починає бабахати, автоматично пригинаєшся, зауважуєш мокрий сніг, важкий липкий чорнозем, сірий асфальт" (liter.transl. In the morning in Kharkiv is a real spring. You look at the sky - your eyes water from the sunlight. Then it starts to bark, you automatically bend down, noticing the wet snow, heavy sticky black soil, and gray asphalt - T.S.) (Жадан, 2022); the 1st of July, 2022: "Харківщина неймовірно щедра й тепла, літо глибоке й повсюдне, зовсім не відчувається, що йде війна" (liter.transl. Kharkiv region is incredibly generous and warm, the summer is deep and widespread, it absolutely does not feel like there is a war - T.S.) (Жадан, 2022).
The pictures of the seasons are followed by the portrait of the sky, which lives as an independent organism: the 18th of July: "Небо над Харковом звично живе своїм інтенсивним, пародоксальним життям" (liter.transl. The sky over Kharkiv habitually lives its intense, paradoxical life - T.S.) (Жадан, 2022). Zhadan's sky watches, follows, investigates, remember: The 15th of March, 2022: "Небо над Харковом нині глибоке й уважне. Ніби чиєсь око" (liter.transl. The sky over Kharkiv is now deep and attentive. Like someone's eye - T.S.) (Жадан, 2022).
The seasonal timing is subdivided into the circadian timing: the 17th of July: "Це дивне відчуття порожнього вечірнього міста, саме перед комендантською годиною, коли на вулиці зовсім немає перехожих" (liter, transl. It is a strange feeling of an empty city in the evening, just before the curfew, when there are no passers-by on the street - T.S.) (Жадан, 2022); the 9th of August: "Ранки нині сонячні й високі" (liter.transl. The mornings are now sunny and high - T.S.) (Жадан, 2022); "вечори ранні, глибокі" (liter.transl. еру evenings are early and deep - T.S.) (Жадан, 2022).
The feel of the city can be depicted via weather: the 6th of August, 2022: "В Харкові сонячно і піднебесно" (liter.transl. In Kharkiv, it is sunny and heavenly - T.S.) (Жадан, 2022); the 22nd of July: "Місто сонця" (liter.transl. The city of the sun - T.S.) (Жадан, 2022).
With the development of the online diary the author comes back to his traditional speculations about the past, the glimpse of which gets more and more tangible: the 4th of June, 2022: "За всім цим проступає Харків 90-х і 00-х, так, наче крізь риси лиця під час хвороби проступають і втома, і запущені болячки, і потреба спокою" (liter.transl. Kharkiv of the 90s and 00s is visible behind all this, as if through the features of the face during an illness there pops up fatigue, advanced sores, and the need for rest - T.S.) (Жадан, 2022); the 4th of June, 2022: "На сортувальній плити огорожі з емблемами олімпіади-80 нагадують про спресованість історії, про те, що цей часовий потік стосується нас усіх, ми всі до нього причетні, й залежні від нього теж усі" (liter.transl. On the sorting plate, the fences with the emblems of the Olympics-80 remind us of the compressed nature of history, that this time flow affects all of us, we are all involved in it, and everyone depends on it too - T.S.) (Жадан, 2022). The idea of the past as a determiner of the present creates the feeling of continuity of the common history of the country.
The characteristic features of the diary, as well as the writing style of the author in general, are the numerous flashbacks, memories. The most meaningful ones are connected with the following dates: the 15th of March, the 11th of July, the 8th of August, 2022 (Жадан, 2022). They are all linked to the young and peaceful days of Zhadan's autobiography. The sad days mark the death of the author's acquaintances and friends, who became the victims of the ongoing conflict: the 29th of March, the 7th of July, 2022 (Жадан, 2022). The memory text embraces the description of the houses and their historical background: March, 24, 2022 (Жадан, 2022).
Serhiy Zhadan's online war diary is not strictly a prosaic text. The fresh poems pop up in summer time. The one written on the 15th of June, 2022, called "Може саме тепер і варто почати", appeals to that talkative leitmotif silence: "І стоїть тиша над нами, мов незасіяне поле. //1 стоїть німота, мов завалені камінням криниці" (liter.transl. And silence stands above us like an unsown field. // And there is silence, like wells filled with stones - T.S.) (Жадан, 2022). The poem written on the 10th of August, 2022 "Чекають люди вечора" provides a picture of immigration and departure with everything one had loved and owned: "Чекають вечора люди, схожі на равликів, // так гірко сплять на вокзалах, так глибоко. <... > Дорога важка, коли несеш на спині свій дім і своє минуле. // Вперті равлики беззахисної Європи. // Жінки, що залишили вдома чисту постільну білизну. // Діти, що не відпускають материнську руку, // як прищеплені до яблоні гілки не відпускають теплий стовбур" (liter.transl. People who look like snails are waiting for the evening, // they sleep so bitterly at the stations, so deeply. <...> The road is hard when you carry your home and your past on your back. // Stubborn snails of defenseless Europe. // Women who left clean bed linen at home. // Children who do not release their mother's hand // like branches grafted to an apple tree do not release the warm trunk - T.S.) (Жадан, 2022); "Ховати ключі в кишені, як засушену квітку" (liter, transl. Hide the keys in your pocket as it was a dried flower - T.S.) (Жадан, 2022). The "keys" as a poetic detail compared to a dried flower appeal to memories and at the same time symbolize the loss of their practical significance. However, the poem of the 6th of July, 2022 "І щось обов'язково дається взамін" ('"And something is definitely given in return") is marked by the elevated tone and communicates hope: "Але буде літо, // і потяги, що повертаються в місто, // наче рибалки, // хай не вертаються без улову, // хай перевозять містами нашу надію" (liter, transl. But it will be summer, // and the trains will be returning to the city, // like fishermen, // let them not return without a catch, // let them transport our hope from town to town - T.S.) (Жадан, 2022). This correlates with the whole diary itself, since the majority of publications contain the distinct and the invariable last line: "Tomorrow we will wake up a day closer to the victory" (Жадан, 2022).
The conclusion and investigation perspectives:
Thus, the war as a text in the online diary by Serhiy Zhadan is a multidimensional phenomenon, expressed through a sting of subtopics and working in concert: the city itself, its streets and houses, the citizens and their pets, the constant national symbol of the flag, the sky as an independent living organism, the seasons and weather, the symbolism of a range of Kharkiv- based details. Sound symbolism and calendar symbolism play the dominant role in depiction. Nature, weather, the time of the day, echo the events, accompany them or serve as a contrast to the unwanted alien to the city reality. The chief characteristics of the city in war are emptiness, slowness, silence. The city is personified and lives its own independent life, disturbed by the war. The text of the diary is riddled with the flashbacks of the peaceful life, which creates dissonance. The investigation perspectives are viewed in further comparative analysis of the evolution of the topic of war on the material of the online diary and the novel "The Orphanage".
Список використаних джерел
1. Блок А.А. Предчувствую тебя. Года проходят мимо... URL: https://ihbrary.ru/text/1801/p.1/mdex.html (viewed 23 August, 2022).
2. Жадан С.В. Arnachy in the UKR. Харків: Фоліо, 2008. 223.
3. Жадан С.В. Ворошиловград: роман. Харків: Книжковий Клуб "Клуб Сімейного Дозвілля", 2019. 320 с.
4. Жадан С.В. Ефіопія. Харків: Фоліо, 2011. 121 с.
5. Жадан С.В. Інтернат: роман. Чернівці: Меридіан Черновіц, 2017. 336 с.
6. Жадан С.В. Марадона: Нова книга віршів. Харків: Фоліо, 2008. 169 с.
7. Жадан С.В. Офіційна сторінка. URL: https://www.facebook.com/serhiy.zhadan (viewed 24 August, 2022).
8. Жадан С.В. Цитатник. Харків: Фоліо, 2008. 215 с.
9. REFERENCES
10. Blok A. A. Predchuvstvuiu tiebia, goda prokhodiat mimo. [Foreseeing you, as years are passing by]. URL: https:// ilibrary.ru/text/1801/p.1/index.html (viewed 23 August, 2022).
11. Zhadan S.V. Arnachy in the UKR. Kharkiv: Folio, 2008. 223 p. [in Ukrainian].
12. Zhadan S.V. Voroshilovgrad: a novel. Kharkiv: Book Club: "Family Leisure Club", 2019. 320 p. [in Ukrainian].
13. Zhadan S.V. Efiopiia. [Ethiopia]. Kharkiv: Folio, 2011. 121 p. [in Ukrainian].
14. Zhadan S.V. Internat: a novel. [The Orphanage]. Chernivtsi: Meridian Chernivtsi, 2017. 336 p. [in Ukrainian].
15. Zhadan S.V. Maradona. Kharkiv: Folio, 2008. 169 p. [in Ukrainian].
16. Zhadan S.V. Ofitsiina storinka. [Official page]. URL: https://www.facebook.com/serhiy.zhadan (viewed 24 August, 2022).
17. Zhadan S.V. Tsytatnyk. [The Quote Book]. Kharkiv: Folio, 2008. 215 p. [in Ukrainian].
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