Comprehensive application of grammatical transformations in ukrainian translations of the novel "Jane Eyre" by Charlotte Bronte

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Comprehensive application of grammatical transformations in ukrainian translations of the novel "jane eyre” by charlotte bronte

Svitlana Ostapenko

Анотація

На основі порівняльного аналізу автор досліджує проблему застосування граматичних трансформацій у процесі перекладу роману «Джейн Ейр» Шарлоти Бронте українською мовою, їх виправданість та комплексність. В роботі досліджено поняття «перекладацька трансформація» та «граматична трансформація», представлено різні погляди на сутність перекладацьких трансформацій, проаналізовано особливості використання різних видів граматичних трансформацій (поділ, інтеграція, компенсація, заміна порядку слів) при перекладі англійського тексту українською мовою. Доведено, що трансформація є основою більшості прийомів перекладу, що включає заміну формальних компонентів вихідного тексту при збереженні інформації, призначеної для перекладу.

Ключові слова: адекватний переклад, трансформація, граматичне перетворення, поділ, інтеграція, компенсація, заміна порядку слів.

Abstract

COMPREHENSIVE APPLICATION OF GRAMMATICAL TRANSFORMATIONS IN UKRAINIAN TRANSLATIONS OF THE NOVEL "JANE EYRE" BY CHARLOTTE BRONTE

Svitlana Ostapenko

Department of Foreign Philology, Ukrainian Studies and Social and Law Disciplines, Mykhailo Tuhan-Baranovskyi Donetsk National University of Economics and Trade, Kryvyi Rih, Ukraine.

Background: Domestic and foreign translation studies have repeatedly addressed such issues as the unit of translation, ways of transmitting stylistic, lexical, and semantic units, ethnocultural specifics of the original, clarified the role of the translator in the translation process, determined the features of translation of poetic and prose texts, etc., but the grammatical aspect of translation has been studied cursorily. This very fact determines the relevance of this work.

Purpose: The purpose of the article is to analyze the application of grammatical transformations in the process of translations of Charlotte Bronte's novel "Jane Eyre" into Ukrainian, carried out by U. Hryhorash, P. Sokolovskyi, and M. Kiianovska, and carry out their comparative analysis.

Results: The main scientific results are obtained applying a set of general scientific and special methods of research, namely: analysis and generalization of scientific and educational-methodical literature on the problems of translation transformations; theoretical generalization, analysis, and synthesis; holistic and integral approaches to the study of linguistic phenomena; comparative, descriptive and analytical methods.

The theoretical significance of the study is in a further development of a comparative linguistic analysis of the original literary text, designed for a mass reader, and its translation.

The practical significance of this work is that the results obtained on the application of grammatical transformations prove the justification of their use for other translations in the future.

Discussion: In the process of the novel translation, translators applied all kinds of grammatical transformations. Most often, the transformations of inner partitioning and replacement were used, less often - integration and compensation.

Having analyzed the translations of Charlotte Bronte's novel "Jane Eyre" made by U. Hry- horash, P. Sokolovskyi, and M. Kiianovska, we can state that in U. Hryhorash's and P. Sokolovskyi's translations there are about a thousand transformations. This indicates that the translators deviated slightly from the norms of the source language to make the text easier for the Ukrainian reader to perceive and bring it closer to the norms of the Ukrainian language. In its turn, the translation made by M. Kiianovska demonstrates the translator's efforts to adhere to the norms of the original and to achieve simplification of the translation. In most cases, the transformations are justified. In some cases, the use of a certain transformation was more accurate in the translation of P. Sokolovskyi. But for the most part, the transformations were of complex nature: to achieve adequacy - the main goal of translation - translators applied several transformations simultaneously. While taking the translation decisions Ukrainian translators preserved the communicative function of the translated text, the correspondence of its usage to the norms of the Ukrainian language.

It has been practically proven that the translation process is not a simple replacement of units of one language with units of another language, but is a complex process that contains a number of difficulties that need to be overcome by a translator.

Key words: fiction translation, transformation, partitioning, integration, replacement, compensation, complexity.

Introduction. It is simply impossible to imagine the modem culture of any nation without the translation of works of art. They undoubtedly not only build bridges of understanding between different nations and their cultural achievements but also contribute to the ideological, thematic, genre enrichment of literature and culture. Fiction translation is a rather complex and multifaceted phenomenon, which concerns various spheres of human activity and is connected with various linguistic and anthropological sciences. Therefore, its functional stress in modern science is quite excessive. The classical triad of functions: informative, aesthetic, and expressive, in the process of development of related sciences, was supplemented by creative, cultural, educational, nation-building or "self-affirming", i. e. the one that helps to preserve its cultural achievements, put their language on a par with other languages in the most difficult periods for the nation.

The complexity of literary translation is also in the fact that it involves at least three parties - a writer - a translator - a reader, and the role of each is special. The process of translating prose or poetry is real creative work, the art in the ways of which the translator faces a significant number of translation problems that require his most virtuoso skills to solve. The fiction text is specific as for both linguistic structure and literary components, which interact with each other creating a single living artistic organism - a literary text, the integrity of which every translator seeks to violate in order for the reader to perceive his product better at the original level. Accordingly, for modern translation studies, it will be important to study both the process and the product of translation in syntagmatics and paradigmatics to elucidate the peculiarities of literary translation.

The complexity of this translation, to some extent, gave rise to the greatest interest of scientific circles of different sciences to study its various aspects and problems, and therefore, on the one hand, we have some theoretical chaos, and on the other - the most developed field of translation theory in general. Domestic and foreign translation studies have repeatedly addressed such issues as the unit of translation, ways of transmitting stylistic, lexical, and semantic units, ethnocultural specifics of the original. They clarified the role of the translator in the translation process, determined the features of translation of poetic and prose texts, etc. However, the grammatical aspect of translation has been studied cursorily. This very fact determines the relevance of this work. After all, it is the grammar that reveals the deepest connections compared to elements of other levels of language structure, most fully reflects the specifics of language, and the loss of grammatical features of the reproduced text, due to translation, in many cases leads to changes in the original character and leveling.

To prevent such negative phenomena, scientists have identified the necessary grammatical transformations, which are studied in this paper. In turn, a comparative analysis of three different translations of the novel "Jane Eyre" by Charlotte Bronte, carried out by U. Hryhorash, P. Sokolovskyi, and M. Kiianovska enable us to justify the application of grammatical transformations.

Background. Linguists' interest in the problem of translation transformations and their coverage is already traditional in the course of translation theory and practice. Linguists such as L. Barkhudarov, V. Komissarov, I. Korunets, V. Karaban, and others devoted their works to the study of translation transformations (Остапенко 2017: 113). Scientists L. Naumenko and A. Hordieieva provided classification and definitions of all types of transformations. However, the issue of the justification of the use of transformations in the translation of works of fiction remains in the field of view of modern linguists.

This work is devoted to a comparative analysis of the application of grammatical transformations in Ukrainian translations of English texts.

The purpose of the article is to analyze the application of grammatical transformations in the process of translations of Charlotte Bronte's novel "Jane Eyre" into Ukrainian, made by U. Hryhorash, P. Sokolovskyi, and M. Kiianovska, and carry out their comparative analysis.

Achieving the purpose of the study involves solving the following tasks:

to study the concepts of "translation transformation" and "grammatical transformation";

to analyze the peculiarities of different types of grammatical transformations application in the process of English texts translation into Ukrainian;

to formulate conclusions about the scope of use of grammatical transformations and the justification of their application.

The main scientific results are obtained applying a set of general scientific and special methods of research, namely: analysis and generalization of scientific and educational-methodical literature on the problems of translation transformations; theoretical generalization, analysis, and synthesis; holistic and integral approaches to the study of linguistic phenomena; comparative, descriptive and analytical methods.

Discussion. The translation process involves establishing a relationship between the information of the target language and the source language. This relationship is a prerequisite for a translation since any interpretation of the source text is directly related to the selection of verbal means of the target language. Translation difficulties (namely, lexical, grammatical, and stylistic) are caused by inconsistencies between the units of the target language and the source language. To overcome such inconsistencies, the translator uses interlanguage replacement techniques to achieve equivalence between the original text and the translated text. These replacements are called translation transformations.

The necessity to use grammatical transformations naturally arises in the process of translation, as in the Ukrainian language there are no such grammatical categories as Article, Gerund, Infinitive Complexes, and Absolute Nominative Participle Construction. "Grammatical transformations are caused by various factors - both grammatical and lexical, although the decisive role is played by grammatical factors of the language of translation" (Шемуда 2013).

The task of the translator in achieving adequacy is to apply various translation transformations in order for the translated text to convey all the information contained in the original text, in compliance with the relevant norms of the target language, as accurately as possible. Accordingly, in the process of the translation activity, the translator always pursues a certain goal - to achieve the adequacy of translation.

Translation transformations are source text elements transmissions necessary due to the difference between the syntactic system and the lexical-semantic system of the two languages in order to ensure a full translation (Гарбовский 2004: 56).

M. Shemuda points out that “translation from one language to another is impossible without grammatical transformations. Grammatical transformations are first of all the reorganization of the sentence (change of its structure) and various replacements - both syntactic and morphological ones” (Шемуда 2013).

Depending on the nature of the language units, which are considered as starting points in the transformation process, L. Naumenko and A. Hordieieva (Науменко та ш. 2011) divide translation transformations into lexical-semantic, grammatical, and stylistic ones. In our research, we will study and analyze grammatical transformations in detail.

L. Naumenko and A. Hordieieva offer the following classification of grammatical transformations (Науменко та ш. 2011):

inner partitioning;

outer partitioning;

inner integration;

outer integration;

replacement;

compensation.

In our opinion, this classification is the most accurate one, so on its basis, the application of grammatical transformations in our study is analyzed.

Results. We studied the application of grammatical transformations in Ukrainian translations of Charlotte Bronte's novel "Jane Eyre", carried out by U. Hryhorash, P. Sokolovskyi, and M. Kiianovska.

Application of the grammatical transformation "partitioning". The most common transformation in the process of translating the novel is the partitioning, both inner and outer.

Inner partitioning is the transformation of a simple sentence into a complex or compound sentence when being translated from a foreign language (Науменко та ін. 2011: 28):

A breakfast-room adjoined the drawing-room, I slipped in there (Bronte). - Я непомітно зайшла у їдальню, яка розташувалася неподалік (Бронте, пер. Григо- раш 2009). - З вітальні був хід у невеличку їдаленьку; отож я й шмигнула туди (Бронте, пер. Соколовський). - Кімната для сніданків прилягала до вітальні, я прошмигнула туди (Бронте, пер. Кіяновська 2018).

As we can see, the original sentence is a simple one, expanded by a Nominative Participle Construction. U. Hryhorash and M. Kiianovska translated it with a complex sentence, which is typical for the Ukrainian language when translating sentences with Participle Constructions, while P. Sokolovskyi offered a compound one. For this purpose, all the translators applied the transformation of inner partitioning. grammatical translating complexity

The same can be observed in the following example:

Afar, it offered a pale blank of mist and cloud; near a scene of wet lawn and storm - beat shrub, with ceaseless rain sweeping away wildly before a long and lamentable blast (Bronte). - Вдалині все було окутане блідим туманом і хмарами; виднівся мокрий газон і пошарпаний бурями чагарник, лив безперервний дощ, а вітер жалібно стогнав і налітав шаленими поривами (Бронте, пер. Григораш 2009). - Вдалині висіла густа запона туману і хмар; перед вікном розкинувся моріжок з пошарпаними бурею кущами; їх щедро поливали дощові потоки, гнані вітром, який, жалібно стогнучи, налітав шаленими поривами (Бронте, пер. Соколов - ський). - У далині нависала біла завіса туману і хмар, а зовсім близько виднілися мокрий газон та кущі, які розшарпував вітер, невпинні потоки дощу відносило вбік найбільш сильними поривами (Бронте, пер. Кіяновська 2018).

In the source language, a simple sentence with homogeneous parts and Participle is used. Into Ukrainian, it was rendered by applying compound and compound-complex sentences. All three translators applied three inner partitionings simultaneously, providing information with ease of perception.

Outer partitioning is the division of a complex sentence into several simple ones when being translated from a foreign language (Науменко та ін. 2011: 28):

Jane, I don't like cavillers or questioners; besides, there is something truly forbidding in a child taking up her elders in that manner (Bronte). - Джейн, ти ж знаєш, що я не люблю, коли до мене чіпляються і починають допитуватися; крім того, діти не повинні говорити таким тоном із дорослими (Бронте, пер. Григораш 2009). - Джейн, я не люблю, коли чіпляються до слів і допитуються. Дитина не сміє так розмовляти зі старшими! (Бронте, пер. Соколовський). - Джейн, я не люблю тих, хто чипляється до слів або ставить неналежні питання; крім того, у дитині, яка так звертається до старших, є щось по-справжньому відразливе (Бронте, пер. Кіяновська 2018).

As it can be mentioned, P. Sokolovskyi applied the transformation of outer partitioning having translated the complex sentence with two simple ones. At the same time, U. Hryhorash and M. Kiianovska while this sentence rendering into Ukrainian used inner partitioning.

In the next example

John Reed was a schoolboy offourteen years old; ... large and stout for his age (Bronte). - Джон Рід був чотирнадцятирічним школярем; ... він був великим і товстим як на свій вік (Бронте, пер. Григораш 2009). - Йому минуло чотирнадцять. То був гладкий хлопчак, що набагато переріс своїх ровесників (Бронте, пер. Соколовський). - Джон Рід був чотирнадцятирічним школярем, великим і дебелим, як на свій вік (Бронте, пер. Кіяновська 2018).

M. Kiianovska kept the structure of the original sentence while P. Sokolovskyi again applied outer and inner partitioning simultaneously. U. Hryhorash used only inner partitioning. All these point at the complex application of translation transformations.

Application of the grammatical transformation "replacement". The transformation of the replacement of word order is also typical in the process of translating the work "Jane Eyre" into Ukrainian.

Replacement is a transformation by which the order of words in a translated sentence is changed in comparison with the sentence of the original following the norms of the syntax of the target language (Науменко та ін. 2011: 27):

There was no possibility of taking a walk that day (Bronte). - Того дня ми не змогли піти на прогулянку (Бронте, пер. Григораш 2009). - Того дня ми не змогли піти на прогулянку (Бронте, пер. Соколовський). - Піти на прогулянку того дня не було змоги (Бронте, пер. Кіяновська 2018).

In the process of the given sentence translating, all translators resorted to changing the order of words, which is explained by the rules of the Ukrainian language syntax.

The same can be observed in the following example:

that further out-door exercise was now out of the question (Bronte). - про прогулянку годі було й мріяти (Бронте, пер. Григораш 2009). - годі було й думати виходити з дому (Бронте, пер. Соколовський). - Про подальші вільні вправи на свіжому повітрі вже не йшлося (Бронте, пер. Кіяновська 2018).

As we can see, U. Hryhorash and P. Sokolovskyi applied the transformation of replacement while M. Kiianovska kept the word order in the sentence.

Application of the grammatical transformation "integration". The transformation, reverse to partitioning, is integration, which is also quite often used when translating the novel into Ukrainian.

There are two types of integration: outer and inner.

Outer integration is a method of translation by which two or more simple sentences are combined into one complex (Науменко та ін. 2011: 30):

It contained a bookcase. I soon possessed myself of a volume, taking care that it should be one stored with pictures (Bronte). - Там стояла шафа з книжками, я підійшла і вибрала одну, попередньо переконавшись, що в ній багато малюнків (Бронте, пер. Григораш 2009). - Там стояла шафа з книжками. Я вибрала собі одну з них, спершу подивившись, чи вона з малюнками (Бронте, пер. Соколовський). - Там стояла книжкова шафа - і невдовзі я заволоділа одним з фоліантів, правда, спершу переконалася, що там є малюнки (Бронте, пер. Кіяновська 2018).

According to the given examples, U. Hryhorash and M. Kiianovska combined two simple sentences into one compound to emphasize the causal relationship between parts of an utterance.

Inner integration is a way of translating when a complex or compound sentence is rendered with a simple sentence (Науменко та ін. 2011: 30):

... every nerve I had feared him, and every morsel offlesh in my bones shrank when he came near (Bronte) - ... кожний нерв, кожна часточка моєї плоті до самих кісток тремтіла при його появі (Бронте, пер. Григораш 2009). - Я боялася його кожним своїм нервом, і кожна моя жилочка тремтіла, коли він підступав до мене (Бронте, пер. Соколовський). - ... кожним своїм нервом я боялася його, кожна жилка мого тіла здригалася, коли він до мене наближався (Бронте, пер. Кіяновська 2018).

While this compound-complex sentence translation U. Hryhorash applied two inner integrations rendering it with a simple sentence.

Application of the grammatical transformation "compensation". The least used in the novel translation is the transformation of compensation. However, we can supply some examples.

Compensation is a method of translation by which the loss of meaning in one part of a sentence or text is compensated in another part (Науменко та ін. 2011: 26):

We had been wandering, indeed, in the leafless shrubbery an hour in the morning (Bronte). - Щоправда, вранці ми блукали безлистою алеєю аж цілу годину (Бронте, пер. Григораш 2009). - Щоправда, вранці ми поблукали з годинку алеями, обсад- женими кущами, з яких уже опало листя (Бронте, пер. Соколовський). - Щоправда, вранці ми десь годину поблукали між безлистих кущів (Бронте, пер. Кіяновська 2018).

In this example, all translators applied the transformation of compensation, which brought the structure of translated sentences closer to the norms of the Ukrainian language. The Ukrainian language is characterized by the use of an introductory construction at the beginning of a sentence to reinforce certain information.

Comprehensive application of grammatical transformations. As can be seen from the following examples, the transformations mostly were of complex nature: in order to achieve adequacy - the main goal of translation - translators applied several transformations simultaneously.

I mounted into the window-seat: gathering up my feet, I sat cross-legged, like a Turk; and, having drawn the red moreen curtain nearly close, I was shrined in double retirement (Bronte). - Я вилізла на підвіконня і схрестила ноги по турецькому; запнувши цупку червону завісу, я залишилася на самоті (Бронте, пер. Григораш 2009). - Потім забралася на підвіконня, де й сіла, підібгавши ноги по -турецькому. Запнувши червоні штофні завіси, я з двох боків відгородилась від довколиш - нього світу (Бронте, пер. Соколовський). - Тоді я вилізла з ногами на невеличку софу у віконній ниші та всілася по-турецькі, а затягнувши майже до кінця щільні червоні вовняні портьєри, відчула себе подвійно відгородженою від світу (Брон- те, пер. Кіяновська 2018).

The source language sentence is compound expanded by Participle. All three translators applied inner integration while combining two first parts into one with homogeneous predicates. P. Sokolovskyi also used outer partitioning dividing the original sentence into two simple ones.

Let's analyze the next example:

I was glad of it: I never liked long walks, especially on chilly afternoons: dreadful to me was the coming home in the raw twilight, with nipped fingers and toes, and a heart saddened by the chidings of Bessie (Bronte). - Мене це радувало - я бо ніколи не любила довгих прогулянок, особливо прохолодними вечорами; я просто ненавиділа ці вогкі сутінки, коли пальці рук і ніг дерев 'яніють від холоду, а серце крається від постійних нарікань Бессі (Бронте, пер. Григораш 2009). - Щодо мене, то я була рада: я страх не любила довгих пообідніх прогулянок, а надто взимку. Жахливо було вертатися додому в холодному присмерку, коли заходять зашпори в руки і в ноги, а серце ниє від сердитого бурчання Бесі (Бронте, пер. Соколовський). - Я тільки зраділа: ніколи не любила довгих прогулянок о цій порі, а надто в студене пообідня; жахливою мукою для мене було приходити додому в сутінках із задубілими пальцями рук і ніг, із серцем, що стискалося від докорів Бессі (Бронте, пер. Кіяновська 2018).

U. Hryhorash translated this sentence as close to the original sentence as possible applying only transformation of inner partitioning which is traditional for the Ukrainian language while Participle translation. At the same time, P. Sokolovskyi trying to provide information with ease of perception used the transformation of outer partitioning and two inner partitionings. M. Kiianovska as in most cases in the translation process tried to preserve the structure of the source language sentence, but in the last part used inner partitioning.

In the next example

With Bewick on my knee, I was then happy: happy at least in my way. I feared nothing but interruption, and that came too soon (Bronte). - Отак сидячи на підвіконні з книжкою Б'юїка на колінах, я була щасливою, принаймні так мені здавалося. В той момент я не боялася нічого, хіба одного: мені можуть завадити. Так і трапилося (Бронте, пер. Григораш 2009). - З Б'юїком на колінах я була - принаймні по-своєму - щаслива і боялась тільки одного: що моє щастя урветься. Так воно незабаром і сталося (Бронте, пер. Соколовський). - З Б'юїком на колінах я почувалася щасливою; принаймні, по-своєму щасливою. Я боялась тільки, що це моє щастя - ненадовго. Воно і справді урвалося несподівано швидко (Бронте, пер. Кіяновська 2018).

U. Hryhorash and M. Kiianovska used outer partitioning splitting the second compound sentence into two simple ones. At the same time, they applied inner partitioning to emphasize the causal relations between the parts of the complex target language sentence. P. Sokolovskyi also used outer and inner partitioning but at the same time - inner integration, reorganizing the sentence structure and replacing the semantic accents to the first part of the utterance.

All these examples indicate the need for comprehensive application of different types of transformations to achieve the accuracy of source language information transfer and to give translation adequacy and specificity.

5. Conclusions. Summing up the analysis, we can conclude that in most cases the transformations are justified. The translators applied all kinds of grammatical transformations. Most often, the transformations of inner partitioning and replacement were used, less often - integration and compensation.

Having analyzed the translations of Charlotte Bronte's novel "Jane Eyre" made by U. Hryhorash, P. Sokolovskyi, and M. Kiianovska, we can state that in U. Hryhorash's and P. Sokolovskyi's translations there are about a thousand transformations. This indicates that the translators deviated slightly from the norms of the source language to make the text easier for the Ukrainian reader to perceive and bring it closer to the norms of the Ukrainian language. In its turn, the translation made by M. Kiianovska demonstrates the translator's efforts to adhere to the norms of the original and to achieve simplification of the translation. In most cases, the transformations are justified. In some cases, the use of a certain transformation was more accurate in the translation of P. Sokolovskyi. But for the most part, the transformations were of complex nature: to achieve adequacy - the main goal of translation - translators applied several transformations simultaneously. While taking the translation decisions Ukrainian translators preserved the communicative function of the translated text, the correspondence of its usage to the norms of the Ukrainian language.

It has been practically proven that the translation process is not a simple replacement of units of one language with units of another language, but is a complex process that contains a number of difficulties that need to be overcome by a translator.

Thus, for a comprehensive analysis of translations of the novel, it is necessary to further consider the comprehensive application of all types of transformations, the use of which contributes to the quality of fiction translation.

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