Consideration of the concept of criticism as a social theme in Jambyl Jabayev's poems

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Consideration of the concept of criticism as a social theme in Jambyl Jabayev's poems

Abstract

This article examines the concept of criticism as a social theme in the poems of Jambyl Jabayev. The authors also reveal some important social problems of the Kazakh people of that past era in the poems of the great poet. The great poet of the Kazakh steppes, Jambyl Jabayev, is one of the greatest people of the last century in the Turkic world. Jambyl aqyn (poet-author) throughout his hundred-year life tirelessly composed impromptu poems with a dombra (musical instrument of the Kazakh people-auth) in his hand, revealing all the social problems of the Kazakh people. He is well known in all world literature and in Kazakh literature, by his famous aitys (an impromptu contest between two bard poets-auth.) and epics, as well as songs and poems improvised in a special style. Jambyl Jabayev expresses many social problems in his poems, aityses and epics. The poet attaches importance to criticism against the rulers and administration systems of that period. According to Jambyl, the dombra is a bow, and the every word that comes out of his mouth is an arrow. The spiritual heritage of Jambyl Jabaev was studied in Turkey in the form of an extensive scientific topic. The text of this study was prepared in Turkish and translated into English.¹

Keywords: Jambyl Jabaev, Suyunbay, poetry, poet, poem, criticism, Kazakh people, dombra, aitys dzhambul jabaev suyunbai poetry

ЖАМБЫЛ ЖАБАЕВ ПОЕМАЛАРЬШЬЩ 0ЛЕУМЕТТІК ТАЦЫРЫБЫ БОЛГАН СЫНИ КЄЗЦАРАС КОНЦЕПЦИЯСЫН ТАЛДАУ

Сонер Саглам¹*, Яшар Сезен¹

іПамуккале Университеті, Туркия Республикасы, Памуккале к.

Ацдатпа. Бул макалада Жамбыл Жабаев елецдеріндегі сыни кезкарас утымы злеуметтік такырып ретінде карастырылады. Авторлар акынньщ елецдерінде орын алган еткен дзуірдегі казак халкыныц кейбір мацызды злеуметтік мзселелерін де ашып керсетеді. ^азак даласыныц улы акыны Жамбыл Жабаев ТYркі дYниесініц де еткен гасырдагы улы тулталарыныц бірі. Жамбыл акын жYЗ жылдык гумырында колынан домбырасын тастамай, казак халкыныц барлык злеуметтік мзселелерін экспромттык елецдерімен жалыкпай жырлап еткен. Ол бYкіл злем здебиетінде жзне казак здебиетінде зйгілі айтыстары мен дастандары, сондай-ак ерекше мзнердегі импровизацияланган елец жырларымен кецінен танымал. Акын сол кезецдегі билік екілдері мен баскару жYЙесін сынауга ерекше мзн берді. Акын елецдерінде злеуметтік такырып ретінде карастырган сыни кезкарас угымы мысалдар аркылы аныкталып, зерттелді. Жамбыл Жабаевтьщ рухани мурасы ТYркияда аукымды гылыми такырып тYрінде зерттелді. Зерттеу мзтіні турік тілінде даиындалып, агылшын тіліне аударылганОлжас Бекенулы ^УАНБАЙ - Анкара Университетінщ PhD докторанты. Туркия Республикасы, Анкара к., E-mail: olkube89@gmail.com ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2079-1084.

Туйін сездер: Жамбыл Жабаев, СYИінбаИ, поэзия, акын, жыр, сын, казак халкы, домбыра, аИтыс.

Introduction

Jambyl Jabayev, the great poet of the Kazakh steppe. He is one of the most important representatives of Kazakh folk literature, Kazakh oral tradition and aitys (an impromptu contest between two bard poets-auth.) art. He is the pinnacle of Kazakh oral tradition, especially poetry, epic and aitys genres. Jambyl has become a phenomenon name not only in Kazakh literature but also in the whole Turkic world and literature throughout the century he lived in. He has even been called the "Homer of the XX Century" all over the world. Jambyl was born in February 1846 at the foot of Mount Jambyl on the banks of the Shu River in the current Jambyl province of Kazakhstan. His lineage is from the Ekey branch of the Shapyrashty tribe of the Great Juz. Jambyl's father is Japa and his mother's name is Uldan (Ismail, Gungor, 1996: 9). His grandfather named him as a Jambyl, and he was born at the end of February in a harsh winter cold (Joldasbekov, 2019: 23). Born to a poor family, Jambyl spent his childhood and youth in great economic difficulties, and these troubles played a major role in the formation of his personality and works. Since he lives in a semi-nomadic society, he cannot find an education opportunity. His interest in music increased when his uncle, who was a dombra (musical instrument of the Kazakh people-auth) player, sang poetry to him at the age of nine. At a young age, Jambyl had the opportunity to meet the famous Bцltirik Aqyn. Bцltirik Aqyn makes no concessions against the rich and those who rule the people during aitys, and Jambyl has valued this aspect of him since his childhood. Jambyl memorizes Bцltirik's words that are said skillfully and accurately and uses them until the end of his life (Urakova, 2008: 31-32).

Jambyl's mother, Uldan, and Uncle Qanadan, are masters of words who perform songs and folk songs. For this reason, Jambyl has always been in art since his childhood and he came to his adolescence in this art environment. At a young age, he attends various councils with his uncle and learns to play kopuz and dombra (Kinaci, 2016: 39-40). Jambyl begins to be known as «aqyn bala» (child poet-auth.) at the age of 16-17. Afterwards, he exhibits his poetic skills in the quarrels he had with the leading poets of that period, such as Qulmanbet, Aykьmis, Baqtibay, Dospambet, Sary, Sarbas, Shanshubay, Qulanayan. In addition, he competes his art with the minstrels and Manasists of the Kyrgyz such as Naymanbay, Katagan, Balik, Tynybek, Arystanbek, Sagymbek, and thus thus, he develops the art of poetry by feeding on the poetry tradition of the Kyrgyz. By reading folk tales such as "Qoblandy, Alpamys, Manas, Koroglu and Shahmardan" among the people, he also endears himself to the people (Biray, 2016: 52-53).

Materials and research methods

There are two main works that are the source of the research. Both works were published in Turkey. The first of these is the work named "Jambil", which was prepared by Zeyne§ ismail and Ahmet Gьngцr on the occasion of the announcement of 1996 as the Year of Jambyl, published by the "Ahmet Yesevi" Foundation and presented to the 150th anniversary of Jambyl's birth. In this work, there are 30 poems, 1 epic and 5 aytis, which belong to Jambyl and sung by the bard. While determining the concept of criticism in Jambyl's works, which is the subject of the study, 30 poems in the work were examined. The other work that is the source of the research is "Bozkirin Ulu Ozani Jambil Jabayev" (The Great Poet of the Steppe Jambyl Jabayev) written by Kazakh scientist and Turkologist Myrzatay Joldasbekov, prepared for publication in 2019 in cooperation with the Eurasian Writers Union, and the Embassy of the Republic of Kazakhstan in Ankara and Ankara Keqiцren Municipality and published by Bengь Publishing. In the work, in addition to the epic and aytis texts belonging to Jambyl, there are a total of 27 poems in full text. In the study, all 27 poems were examined and the subject of criticism was tried to be determined.

Many scientists of Kazakhstan and Turkey were engaged in this topic. In this scientific article, we used the books and scientific works of Prof. Dr. Myrzatay Zholdasbekov, «The Great Bard of the Steppe Jambyl Jabayev, Ankara: Bengu Publications. 2019 [Joldasbekov Mirzatay. Bozkirin Ulu Ozani Jambil Jabayev, Ankara: Bengь Yayinlari. 2019] Also, scientist Prof.Dr Shakir Ibrayev in his work «Jambyl Jabayev (His Life and Art)» Bilig: 1996 [Ibrayev §akir, Jambil Jabaev (Hayati ve Sanati), Bilig: 1996] highlighted important factors. And scientific works of Associate Professor Nurgul Aldabekova, «Jambyl Jabayev Master of impromptu contest», Jambyl Special Issue, Journal of Turkish Dialects and Literature: 1996 [Aldabekova, Nurgьl., Jambil Jabayev Ati§ma Geleneginin Ustasi, Jambil Цzel Sayisi, Tьrk Lehgeleri ve Edebiyati Dergisi: 1996] were used in this study. Also, we also considered the works of the famous Kazakh scientist Prof.Dr.Serik Kirabayev, «Getting to Know Jambyl Again», Jambyl Jabayev Special Issue, Kardesh Kalemler Magazine: 2016. [Kirabayev Serik. Jambil'i Yeniden Tanima, Jambil Jabayev Цzel Sayisi, Karde§ Kalemler Dergisi: 2016]. Dissertations on the research topic were also considered. For example, dissertation about the Jambyl Jabayev of Associate Professor Lazzat Urakova «Aitys Tradition in Kazakh Folk Literature and Jambyl's Role in This Tradition», Ankara University Institute of Social Sciences, Contemporary Turkish Dialects and Literatures ABD: 2008 [Urakova Lazzat. Kazak Halk Edebiyatinda Aytis Gelenegi ve Bu Gelenek Igerisinde Jambil'in Yeri, Ankara Ьniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitьsь Qagda§ Tьrk Lehgeleri ve Edebiyatlari ABD: 2008].

The topic of Jambyl Jabayev is also interesting for the prominent scholars of Turkish Turkologists. The main pillar of this research is the scientific work of Prof.Dr. Zeynesh Ismail and Associate Professor Ahmet Gungor explored the poems and verses of Jambyl: «Jambil» Ankara: Ahmet Yesevi Foundation Publications: 1996 [Ismail, Zeyne§; Gьngцr, Ahmet. Jambil, Ankara: Ahmet Yesevi Vakfi Yayinlari: 1996]In this research article, we used the works of Prof.Dr.Ekrem Ayan, «Jambyl Jabayev on the 170^th Anniversary of His Birth», Jambyl Jabayev Special Issue, Karde§ Kalemler Magazine: 2016 [Ayan Ekrem, Dogumunun 170. Yilinda Jambil Jabayev, Karde§ Kalemler Dergisi Jambil Jabayev Цzel Sayisi, 2016] and we used a scientific article of Prof. Dr.Nergis Biray, «Jambil Jabayev.His Works and About the Epic of Otegen Batyr» Jambyl Jabayev Special Issue, Karde§ Kalemler Magazine: 2016 [Biray Nergis, Jambil Jabayev, Eserleri ve Цtegen Batir Destani Hakkinda, Karde§ Kalemler Dergisi Jambil Jabayev Цzel Sayisi, 2016]. And also scientific works were used of Prof. Dr.Ali Abbas Chinar «Kazakh Folk Poet Jambyl Jabaev and the World of Art» Bilig: 1996 [Qinar Ali Abbas, Kazak Halk §airi Cambil Cabaev ve Sanat Dьnyasi, Bilig: 1996]. Monthly Eurasian Literature Magazine Kardesh Kalemler made a special issue about of famous Kazakh poet Jambyl Jabayev on the 170^th Anniversary of His Birth and this magazine was used in our scientific research [Karde§ Kalemler Aylik Avrasya Edebiyat Dergisi. Dogumunun 170. Yilinda Ьnlь Kazak Ozani Jambil Jabayev Цzel Sayisi, 2016]. The works of the famous young Turkish scholar Associate Professor Cemile Kinaci, were not left without attention. She's work about Jambyl «Two Voices Rising From Different Geographies: Kazakh Influx Jambil and Anatolian Poet Pir Sultan Abdal», Jambil Jabayev Special Issue, Kardesh Kalemler Magazine: 2016 [Kinaci Cemile. Farkli Cografyalardan Yьkselen iki Ses: Kazak Akini Jambil Ile Anadolu Ozani Pir Sultan Abdal, Jambil Jabayev Цzel Sayisi, Karde§ Kalemler Dergisi: 2016]. Also, with extensive scientific activity, an article was used by the author of this scientific work of Associate Professor of the Pamukkale University Soner Saglam «A Study on Jambyl's Poem Akin Boldim» Journal of Turkish World Language and Literature: 2019 [Saglam Soner. Jambil'in `'Akin Boldim'' Adli §iiri Ьzerine Bir inceleme, Tьrk Dьnyasi Dil ve Edebiyat Dergisi: 2019].

On May 20, 1938, a day of respect for the literary service of Jambyl was held, and ceremonies were held both in Almaty and in Jambil (his birthplace). The poet is awarded the "Order of Lenin", the highest decoration of the Soviet Union. The state needs propaganda and it easily carries out this propaganda through Jambyl. And he is given a magnificent house. Every need is met. The chauffeur is also available 24 hours a day. It is kept under constant care. Apart from his personal doctor Rahimbek Dosimbekov, his health is followed under the constant observation of Kazakhstan's famous doctor H. Barlibayev. Jambyl defines her private cook, Fatima Feyzrahmanov, as "my second mother who breastfeeds me" (Karde§ Kalemler, 2016: 5-6). The year 1937 marks the 750^th anniversary of the birth of Shota Rustavelli, the great poet of the Georgian people. All the peoples of the Soviet Union commemorate this holiday with great respect (Ismail and Gungor, 1996: 25). Jambyl, whose fame spread widely throughout the country, is invited to the celebrations of the 750^th anniversary of the Georgian poet Shota Rustavelli. Jambyl Jabayev was the author of the epic work ”Aqin Shota Rustavelli" in 1937 (Urakova, 2008: 37). Jambyl as the chairman of the Kazakhstan delegates attends the meeting in Georgia. The old poet sees many places during this expedition and sings his poems about the homeland and Shota Rustavelli, the poet of the brother Georgian people, called "Greetings to the Caucasus, Greetings to the Poet, Caucasus, and Song of Life". In 1938, in accordance with the Constitution of the Soviet Union, the Supreme Senate of the Kazakh SSR held elections for the first time. In this election, Jambyl is elected by the people as a deputy to the senate. Jambyl opens the first session of the Senate on 15 July. Due to his very successful effort in the field of literature in 1941, the folk poet of the Kazakh SSR, Jambyl Jabayev, was awarded the SSSR State Award by the decision of the SSR Council of Ministers (Ismail and Gungor, 1996: 25-27). The poet, whose fame peaked with the publication of his works in radio, newspapers and magazines and their delivery to all parts of the country, was elected to the Supreme Council of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic in 1938, after being an honorary member of the Union of Soviet Writers. His poem "Menin Цmirim" (My Life), which contains important clues about his life, is read during his meeting with the voters who nominated him as a deputy candidate for the Supreme Council of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic on June 10, 1938. Now the whole world knows him and he does not hesitate to recite poetry about every new development in the country. Especially in the years of the World War II, the poems that Jambyl sang are a mirror of the historical events until the Second World War and the socio-economic change that came into being with the new system. The poems he sang at the same time became a great source of morale for the soldiers fighting at the front. Many soldiers in the letter they sent to Jambyl from the front state that his poems were as effective as weapons for them. He sings his poems "Leningradtiq Цrenim" for the soldiers defending cities such as Leningrad, Moscow and Stalingrad (Urakova, 2008: 38).

Between the years 1870-1912, especially two of Jambyl's arts reached a high peak. The first is the aitys that he never gave way to anyone. Jambyl is called the winged bird of sparring. The second is the bravery epics of the East, Kazakhs and Kyrgyz, which he recited by heart. For example, he tells the "Kцroglu" (Koroglu) epic only for fifteen days. Besides the epics that the poet sang, there are more than ten known quarrels. Jambyl: He has participated in a lot of impromptu poem contest and had a battle with "Bolek Kiz, Aykumis, Baqtibay,Sara Aqin, Boltirik, Shabil Shal, Maykot, Sarbas, Kulmanbet, Dosmagambet and Shashubay" (Ismail and Gungor, 1996: 11). The most important ones among these battles are the aitys he made with the bard poet Kulmanbet and Sarbas. Especially his skirmish with Qulmanbet is one of Jambyl's biggest skirmishes (Aldabekova, 1996: 60-61). Jambyl participates in the fights starting from his youth until the age of 70. In the last 30 years, she has not directly participated in these competitions. Younger generation do not fight him, they choose him as the poet's referee in these competitions, as the judge of their own word clashes (Joldasbekov, 2019: 96-117).

It is possible to gather Jambyl's skirmishes in two groups in general. The first of these is the squabbles he had with girls, brides and boys in his youth (17-30 years old); the second one is the skirmishes he made with the well-known and successful raids of his period (30-70 years old), in which he now joined as a strong raider. Undoubtedly, the most important among these squabbles is aytis made with Qulmambet, as we mentioned before. The skirmish in question took place in a fair on the banks of the Ile river in 1881, and Jambil defeated Qulmambet, which no bard could defeat. During this period, Jambyl is 35 and Qulmambet is 44 years old (Kinaci, 2016: 40-41). During the life of Jambyl, known as "Homer of the XX century", many of his works were translated into world languages and these translated works were published in many countries of the world. He deals with the political system of the Soviet Union, the advantages of the socialist development path, and the reconstituted social developments in his poems. Jambyl, who is the master of jokes and jokes, and a cheerful person who makes jokes in his poems, recites the poem abruptly, not by heart. He memorizes the mastery of poetry, the art of bard, as well as the poems that have been in the memory of the people for centuries. The poetic legacy of Jambyl, who poetized the friendship of peoples, has been extensively researched. It was the poet Saken Seyfullin who had his poems published in the first newspaper. Poets and writers such as Muhtar Auezov and Sabit Mukanov write about Jambyl. Jambyl's 4-volume work is also republished. Sьyinbay's grandson, scientist Sultangali Sadirbayev and writer Beken Ibiralim support the publication of these works. Again, the works of Mirzatay Joldasbekov and Ualihan Kalizhan on Jambyl have a very important place. In addition, the author, Beken Ibiralim Jambyl, includes the "Kiz Jibek" epic, which was memorized, into his books (Kirabayev, 2016: 21-25).

In today's Kazakhstan, especially in Southern Kazakhstan, Shymkent, Jambyl, Turkistan, Otrar etc. In important residential areas, the Jambyl school continues its existence intensively. Famous minstrels named Omirzak, Orimbay, Estay, Erip, Kenen, Ospantay, Otep and Sayadil are Jambil's apprentices. Jambyl masterfully plays the dombra. Jambil's mastery of playing the dombra led to the widespread use of the triangular dombra known as "Jambil Dombra” throughout the country, and this traditional dombra to be called Jambil. It is possible to divide Jambyl's artistic personality into two parts. The first of these is until the 1917 revolution, and the second period is after the revolution. Among the themes that he dealt with in the first period of his art are love, nature, love, beauty and heroism. In the second period, in addition to these, themes such as the party, party leaders, the army, the fraternity of the peoples forming the Soviets, workers, science, and World War II gain importance (Chinar, 1996: 105).

Social Criticism in Jambyl Jabayev's Poems. Jambyl Jabayev expresses many individual, religious, national and social (social) issues and values in the epics he sang for days, especially the poems he improvised, and the aytis he made with his rivals. The subjects that the poet deals with in his poems, epics and aytis can be classified under these four headings. Social criticism is one of the subjects Jambyl intensively deals with and expresses, especially under the title of social themes and values. The theme of criticism, which we also call satire, is intensely handled by poets, writers, poets and minstrels in literature. This theme is one of the most talked about topics today as it was in the past. The subject of social criticism has always been popular in the works of poets, writers, poets and intellectuals who shape the society and make their art for the people. One of the poets, poets and intellectuals of the Turkish world, who heavily includes the concept of criticism in his works, is the Kazakh influx Jambil Jabayev. Jabayev intensely deals with the theme of criticism, which is a social issue, especially in his poems. For Jambil, criticizing the raids, rulers, administrative systems and wealthy people who are his contemporary in his poems is an indispensable element of his art. According to this, one of the main duties of the poet is to see and criticize the faults, mistakes and injustices in the society. For this reason, criticism, which is a social issue, is one of the indispensable themes in Jambil's poems.

Jambyl speaks on behalf of the oppressed people. It expresses their thoughts and desires. In his poems, he reveals the cruelty of the rich, gentlemen and administrators to the people (Ismail and Gungor: 1996: 13). Jambil, with his poems "Дkeme, Janis Aqinga, Jilqishi, Kдmshat Qiz, Kedey Kьyeu, Mдmbetke, Sдt Saylanarda, Mдnke Turali, §altabayga, Qaliga andKцkimge", which are among his first poems, mainly and people in the position of rulers he fearlessly and ruthlessly criticizes the spoiled rich people who do not care about the people, and defends the people with whom he shares the same fate. In addition, in these poems, the injustices and persecutions that the Kazakhs were subjected to at that time; it is sometimes portrayed in a sarcastic, sometimes critical, and sometimes angry style (Urakova, 2008: 35).

The other work that is the source of the study is "The Great Bard of the Steppe Jambyl Jabayev", written by Kazakh scientist and Turkologist Mirzatay Joldasbekov, prepared for publication in 2019 in cooperation with the Eurasian Writers Union, the Embassy of the Republic of Kazakhstan in Ankara and Ankara Ke^цren Municipality and published by Bengь Publishing. In addition to the epic and aytis texts belonging to Jambyl, there are a total of 27 poems in full text. In the study, all 27 poems were examined and the subject of criticism was tried to be determined.

In the work "Jambil" written by Zeyne§ ismail and Ahmet Gьngцr "Pat§a amiri tariltti" (The tsar 's decree overwhelms), "Saran bay men jomart kedey" (The Miserly Rich and the Generous Poor), "Qimiz" (Kimiz), "Olenshi Omarga" (To the fals singer Omar),"Jastar Aldindagi Sцz (Word Before Youth), "Ostepkede" (At Fair), "Adildik kerek haliqqa" (Justice Needs the People), Besik Jiri (Cradle Lullaby), "Artiq§a tuwgan azamat" (Born Supremely), "Mдmbetke" (To Mambet) and "Aqin boldim on u§te" (IBecame a Poet on Thirteen), the subject of criticism takes place in general. In these poems, the poet criticizes the administrative systems and understandings of the periods in which he lived, the inn, the sultan, the tsar, the bolis and the civil servants with a harsh style. By increasing the dose of criticism from time to time, he calls the society to unite and struggle against these management understandings and the rulers who oppress the oppressed people. In Myrzatai Joldasbekov's work "The Great Bard of the Steppe Jambyl Jabayev" the subject of criticism, which is a social theme, comes to the fore in five poems titled "My Life", "My Destiny", "The Great Migration", "I Became a Bard at Thirteen" and "Motherland".

Criticisms of the Poets. Poet Jambyl, who is called the encyclopedia of Kazakh oral tradition, is a peer with Abay, who laid the foundations of Kazakh written literature and is accepted as the founder of this literature, and lived in the same era. While Jambyl brought the Kazakh oral tradition to the top with his poems, aytis and epics; Abay, on the other hand, laid the foundations of the Kazakh written literary tradition and became the teacher of a great school. The biggest similarity between both figures is that they give an important place to the subject of criticism in their poems. Besides, Jambyl has a poem consisting of three quatrains called "Abaydin Sьretine (Abay's Picture)", which he wrote for Abay and attributed to Abay. While praising Abay in this poem, Jambyl draws attention to the importance of Abay especially for Kazakh people and literature: