Protection against falls, strokes and other mechanical injuries

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National Technical University of Ukraine

Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute

Protection against falls, strokes and other mechanical injuries

Zatsarnyi V.V., с. of t.s., associate professor

Tretyakova L.D., d. of t.s., professor

Abstract

The analysis of textbooks and manuals on occupational safety and life security for higher educational institutions of Ukraine has shown that they do not pay sufficient attention to the issue of falling victim, namely, when walking on equal horizontal surfaces, falling from the height, as well as falling, collapse, collapse of objects, materials, rock, soil, overturning technological vehicles, the action of moving objects, flying and rotating parts.

The article analyzes mechanical injuries, which are the result of various kinds of falls, cutting, breaking, crushing, breaking, stretching, breaking, or piercing, methods and means of providing of safety in case of walking, using different adaptations for work at height, including portable ladders, tower tours, the order of their inspections are examined too. The dangers associated with the fall of various structures or unclosed objects from a height due to the spillage of individual parts of the rotating unit, or the result of rebound of objects falling on such elements, and the methods of ensuring safety in such situations are considered.

Classifier of accidents, given in Annex 4 of the Procedure for the investigation and record keeping of incidents, occupational diseases and accidents at work, in the middle of all events that led to an accident, distinguishes the victim's fall, including during movement and fall from the altitude, and also falls, collapse, collapse of objects, materials, rock, soil, overturning of technological vehicles, actions of moving objects, flying and rotating objects [1].

The analysis of textbooks and manuals on occupational safety, health and life security for higher education institutions of Ukraine, especially in the development of new curricula [2], has shown that they do not pay enough attention to this issue. Taking it into account the authors of this publication decided to consider the issues related to mechanical injuries in the workplace: the causes of accidents and injuries, protection against falls and impacts, safety of work on the ladders, eye protection and protection of other organs.

The modern industrial environment is characterized primarily by the fact that people interact with machines whose tasks are drilling, cutting, shearing, pushing, punching, fastening, sewing, stripping, shaping, stamping, and splitting such materials as metals, composites, plastics, elastomers. If the appropriate protective measures are not in place or if worker does not use these measures or does not take protective measures, these machines can cause damage to humans.

The mechanical force that damages the tissues of the body can act as compression, stretching, twisting, bending, smashing and impacting. The degree of damage to the tissues of the body thus depends on the direction and angle of force of action, the speed of movement, the magnitude and density of the traumatic object, as well as the anatomical structure and functional state of the tissues and organs that are injured. So, the muscle tension and some of the joints increase the trauma and contribute to fractures, dislocations and ruptures. If this happens, the resulting mechanical injury is usually the result of a cutting, tearing, shearing, crushing, breaking, stretching, tearing or piercing.

A cut occurs when a body touches the sharp object or its edges. The outer covering of the human body consists of the following components, starting from the outside: the epidermis - a strong outer body surface; dermis - the thickest part of the skin; capillaries - tiny blood vessels coming from small arteries and veins in the dermis; arteries - vessels that transport blood from the heart to the capillaries in the skin and veins - vessels that collect blood from the capillaries and bring it back to the heart. The severity of cuts and skin ruptures depends on the damage to the skin, veins, arteries, muscles and bones.

Deeper cuts lead to shearings. One of the most dangerous units, leading to cuts in the body is mechanical shears for cutting paper, metals, plastics, elastomers and composite materials, which are widely used in manufacturing. These machines lead to amputation of fingers and hands when operators put his hands under the blade for adjustments or enclose the blade material and run until extraction hand.

Organ crushing occurs when a part of the body falls between two solid surfaces that move gradually closer together, thus breaking down everything that lies between them. Injuries from crushing can be exhausting, painful and heavily healed. Dangers that cause fragmentation can be divided into three categories: squeeze, torsion and impact.

Squeeze hazard exists where two hard surfaces, of which at least one must approach the other push close enough together to crush any object that catch between them. This process can be slow in the case of manual operation, or fast, as in the case of a metal stamping machine. Dangers of torsion exist where objects gradually approach, and at least one of them rotates. Gears and pulleys are examples of torsion hazards. The impact also leads to the fact that parts of the body can be fragmented. It happens because of the fall of heavy things on the leg or other parts of the human body, the fall of a person from a height, or, for example, through a fall of a hammer on his finger.

The result of the fall can also be broken bone, which is called a fracture. To broken bones can lead machines used to deform construction materials in a variety of ways. Fractures are divided into: open and closed, full and incomplete.

Closed fracture is a broken bone that does not pierce the skin. An open fracture is a fracture that pierces the surrounding tissues and skin. A complete fracture separates the bone into two or more separate parts. Incomplete one leaves the whole bone, but there are cracks in it.

Also, fractures are divided into longitudinal, sloping and crumbling. Longitudinal is a fracture along the bone. Sloping - at an angle. Crumbling - when the bone is broken into several small parts at the site of damage.

Stretching is a closed mechanical damage, which is accompanied by a rupture of fibrils, individual tendon beams, while preserving their anatomical integrity. The rupture is also called a complete violation of the anatomical integrity of the muscle. Tensions are also known as a partial ruptures. Stretchings and ruptures resulting from single or repeated tendon tension prevailing in its strength resisnance limit and elasticity of individual elements, all tendon or its part.

There are many situations in the modern industrial environment when possible muscle tension and bonding stretchings. Muscles tension occur when muscles are overloaded or broken fibrils. Bonding stretching is the result of a tension near the joint. Tensions and stretchings cause swelling and severe pain.

Puncturing occurs when the object penetrates directly into the body and exits from it, resulting an injuries in the form of penetrating object. The greatest danger with puncture wounds is the potential danger of damage to the internal organs. Perforation devices that have sharp tools may pierce the body parts if protective precautions are not provided or not installed.

All of the above dangers and injuries caused by them can be a consequence of

a) the unwanted contact of a person with machine, its parts, elements separated from machine, etc.;

b) falls.

An unwanted person's contact with a machine may be caused by the following reasons:

a) an individual contacts with the machine, usually as a moving or rotating part, due to inattention, caused by fatigue, distraction, curiosity or other factors;

b) because of bits or elements that depart from a machine, splashes of a chemical substance or hot metal, the impact of a circular saw, etc .;

c) as a direct result of the malfunctioning of the machine, including electrical and mechanical failures.

Falls and injuries caused by them may occur during:

1. The movement of the individual on a smooth, flat surface due to the structural defect of the surface, a foreign object on it, its slipperiness or poor physical condition of the person himself.

2. Finding a person on stairs, ladders, other raised surfaces or at a height.

3. Destruction of structures, location of unfixed objects, etc. at height and their unpredictable movement that causes them to fall [3].

Falls on an even horizontal surface, as a rule, arise when workers encounter invisible foreign objects in their path. When a worker's foot hits an object, he or she stumbles and falls. When a worker's foot suddenly gets on a sticky surface or gets stuck due to a defect in the walking surface, it stops working properly, and the worker, counting on the continuation of movement at the set rate, falls. The worker also falls when the center of gravity suddenly comes out of balance, for example, a stain of oil on the floor, a skin of watermelon or orange or just a moist slippery floor will make the leg slip. This is the most common type of fall. Falls also occur when a person's leg suddenly falls down, for example, through a hole in the floor or a parquet board, or when the worker thinks he has reached the bottom of the ladder, but in fact there is another step.

Consequently, walking can be dangerous to the health of an employee if you walk on an unstable, contaminated or moving platform. A stable platform is any surface with a high level of grip and free from obstacles, and an unstable platform is one that does not have enough grip, or where there are obstacles, or both.

Maintaining order and production discipline can be a major factor in reducing the risk of falling. Water, lubricant, soap, solvents, cooling and washing liquid can reduce friction and turn a safe surface into a dangerous one. Shoes on the rubber sole can reduce the risk of slipping, but changing the type of footwear is not enough to ensure safety. Additional security measures are required, the choice of which is due to the reasons and nature of the formation of slippery floors.

In lobbies and other areas where people come from the street, the level of danger often increases when external moisture from the rain, snow, or snow is brought by pedestrians. To reduce the level of danger can be large rugs, wide enough to make a few steps to dry the shoes to achieve a smooth surface; constant monitoring of the surface of the floor and the removal of moisture immediately after entering; replacement of polished floor with non-slip surface.

In rooms where additional moisture on the floor is formed as a result of the process, to reduce the level of danger can be arranged non-slippery floor, constant monitoring of the condition of the floor and immediate measures to clean the spills, the requirement of employees to wear shoes, resistant to slipping, checking and cleaning the floor on a regular basis[3].

The ladders facilitate the execution of many high- altitude works. However, jobs associated with the use of ladders have security issues, one of which is an increased chance of falling, including when the worker believes that he has reached the lower part of the stairs, but in fact, there is one more step. The safety of fixed stairs and safety of work on them is regulated by DSTU ISO 14122-4: 2006 [4].

To ensure the safety of the use of portable ladders, you must comply with their service requirements. This includes regular checking and testing of ladders. It is worth noting that checking ladders and testing ladders is not the same thing. Checking means an inspection of the product, while the test also includes monitoring the static load, for which a special stand is assigned, and all the results obtained after the check are recorded in the log.

There are three types of inspections: after manufacture, during operation and after major repairs (this does not include painting of the product and similar work).

For industrial metal ladders, the frequency of tests during operation is 1 time per year. As for rope and wooden models, here they are held more often - once every six months. Safety requirements stipulate that fire stairs are checked once a year, and test runs are conducted once every five years.

Persons who have been trained in safe working methods, knowledge testing on occupational safety issues, have received a certificate, have the necessary qualifications and practical skills of using portable ladders and supports are allowed to work with portable ladders and supports.

The total length (height) of the portable ladder shall provide the worker with the opportunity to work standing on a sttp that is at least 1 m from the top of the ladder. Ladder length should not exceed 5 m.

The distance between the steps of ladders and supports should be no more than 250 mm and not less than 150 mm; the size of the section of the steps - not less than 40x20 mm. safety mechanical injury fall height

The metal details of the ladder should not have cracks, burrs and sharp edges.

Cracks in the bowstrings and steps of wooden ladders and supports are allowed only in longitudinal, length not more than 100 mm and a depth of no more than 5 mm. In this case, the location and direction of cracks should not endanger the weakening of the bowstrings and steps. Insulation of cracks or fractures by spackling, pasting or otherwise is not allowed. Transverse cracks are not allowed.

Sliding ladders should have a locking device that would exclude the possibility of involuntary dissolution of ladders while working on them. Sliding ladders with wheels should have a locking device that would exclude the movement of ladders while working on them.

Work with a power tool, a pneumatic tool, a soldering lamp and a gas burner, with a montage pyrotechnic gun allowed only from the ladders (supports), which have fenced railings on the upper deck. The most effective way to perform these types of work is by means of the tower tour.

The tower tour is a tower-type construction that includes several levels at which external and internal finishing works can be performed; repair, restoration, warming and painting of facades; installation and repair of roofs and drain systems; installation and service of glass surfaces, windows, electrical installations, ventilation, air conditioning, communication systems, billboards, signs, blinds; repair and service of ships, railway cars and cars; maintenance of production facilities; transportation; create temporary transitions, stairs, scenes and other designs.

If it is not possible to firmly secure the top of the ladder, as well as when working on ladders (supports) in places with a lively movement of pedestrians or at an altitude of more than 4 m, regardless of the presence of metal tips or rubber stops at the ends of the ladder (supports), an employee should be located near ladder, who oversees the place of work, the movement of people and supports the ladder (support).

If it is necessary to install a ladder (support) against the front door, an employee should be located near it, which would protect its from shocks.

Considering the dangers associated with the falls, it is expedient to consider the dangers associated with the drop in various structures or unclosed items from the height due to the fly away of individual parts of the rotating assembly, or as a result of the rebound of objects falling on such elements.

The most effective protection of the head from this kind of "shells" is a hard hat. The hard hats are designed to provide limited impact protection primarily on the upper part of the head, and thus reduce the effect that is passed on to the head, neck and spine. It is important not only to wear hard hats, but to wear them properly. Hard hats can help reduce the risk of falling, but only if they are properly exploited.

Protective hard hats must comply with the requirements of the state standards and normative and technical documentation for a specific type of hard hats. Thus, the requirements for construction hard hats are given in GOST 12.4.087-84, to miner's hard hats - GOST 12.4.091-80, protective shockproof and industrial hard hats - DSTU EN 397-2001, DSTU EN 812: 2005, fire hard hats - DSTU EN 443: 2006. Normative requirements for the use of protective hard hats are also contained in various branch regulatory documents, in particular, in the Rules for the Use of Electrical Protective Equipment (NPPAP 40.1-1.07-01), approved by the Order of the Ministry of Labor and Social Policy of Ukraine of 25.06.2001 No. 253, Labor Protection Regulations during the execution of work at a height (НПАОП 0.00-1.15-07), approved by the order of the State Committee for Industrial Safety on 27.03.2007 № 62 etc.

Protective hard hats shall have a printed or inscribed marking on the body (interior equipping) and information specified in the manufacturer's specifications and national standards: name or identification mark of the manufacturer; year, quarter (month) issue; size or range of sizes; standard number (for example, EN 3 97) and type of hard hats (usually on foreign-made hard hats).

The hard hats have to maintain their protective properties during the established lifetime specified by the manufacturer's documentation for a particular type of hard hats. The hard hat body should not deform and change its hardness due to the action of chemically aggressive substances and water.

According to GOST 12.4.128-83, the warranty period for the use of protective hard hats is not less than 2 years from the date of manufacture if the consumer complied with installed in the documentation the conditions of transportation, storage and operation. The shelf life of the hard hat made of the low pressure polyethylene from the date of their manufacture to decommissioning must be no more than: 3 years - in the open air in cold and hot climate conditions; 3.5 years - outdoors in temperate climates; 4 years - in the hot shops of metallurgical production. The term of use of hard hats from fiberglass in heated premises of metallurgical production is no more than 3 years.

Protective hard hats are not subjected to periodic operational tests, but their suitability is checked before each application through a visual inspection. The visual inspection of protective hard hats is carried out in order to detect defects, as well as to monitor their condition throughout the lifetime in accordance with the requirements of the operating documents established by the manufacturer.

The design of the hard hat allows maximum adjustment of the inside equipment inside the hard hat housing and does not interfere with wearing of other PPE, for example, safety glasses.

In the modern workplace, eye damage is a common and expensive phenomenon. Danger to the eyes are dust, powders, smoke (some sources of shelling, grinding, welding and woodworking); flying objects or particles (minting, cutting, grinding, forging and metal working - most of the eye injuries are caused precisely by these reasons); harmful gases, vapors and working fluids (treatment with acids or alkalis, welding works); sprinkling of molten metal (filling with babbit, casting molten metal and dripping water into a bath of molten metal); glare, ultraviolet and infrared rays (sources of welding, metal cutting and monitoring of the operation 40 of the furnace); lasers (laser beams can have a dangerous effect, and different types of laser beams require different ways of protecting the eyes); electrical hazards (electric arches and sparks).

The most common type of protective eyewear is open goggles. They may look like ordinary glasses, but they are made of glass, plastic or polycarbonate much stronger than ordinary glasses lenses. They can be worn on a recipe or without.

Polycarbonate lenses are lightweight and provide greater shock resistance, but glass lenses have a particularly good protection against infrared radiation. Therefore, the choice of lens material will depend on the production situation. Tinted lenses and lenses with anti-glare protection are available for daytime use, as well as at night when very bright light is present. There are also special coatings that prevent fogging of lenses.

Protective goggles are also available with side protection. The side-shields provide eye protection from the side. Eye-cups, side panels provide more complete eye protection, from threats that come from front, side, top or bottom.

Closed goggles are very similar to open goggles, but are closer to the eyes. They can provide additional protection in hazardous situations involving spray of liquids, gases, vapors and dust. Some models can be worn on a recipe, eye cups are made of fabric to provide better ventilation.

In some cases, full protection of the face and head of the worker is required, for example, protection against molten metal and chemical sprays. In this case, shields and masks are used to protect the face and the head.

In mechanical workshops, it is advisable to use screens for the protection of workers working in lathe and similar machines, and the portable welding screen can be located around the welding site to protect other workers from sparks and radiation [5].

Specially designed eyewash systems should be located in industries where there is a high risk of eye contamination by chemical agents (acids, alkalis, solvents, etc.). These can be fountains for washing eyes, showers, hand-held hoses for watering and medical bottles in the event of an accident. They all use a large amount of water to to wash off pollutants from the eyes and should be positioned so that workers should not have to pass through the doorway, go up or down the stairs or wander between the equipment for assistance.

Serious injuries are received by workers when heavy objects fall on their feet. With our feet we walk, stand, sit, we can kneel. They withstand our weight when we jump, run, or become socks, and they are vulnerable to many types of skin diseases, cuts, punctures, burns, stretches and fractures. But the first reason is the sharp or heavy objects that fall on the leg.

Manufacturers offer many different protective equipment for various industries. Protective footwear can prevent serious leg injuries that even lead to disability. Basically, it is designed to protect the leg and toes in the most injured areas. There are shoes that protect the toes from falling objects or pressure on the toe. The pillow between the tip of the finger and the foot creates comfort and isolation. Steel insole protects against stabs. Soles are made of a wide range of materials, depending on the nature of the workplace hazards faced by the worker. The same is the top of the footwear designed to protect against the effects of elevated temperatures, from mechanical action, from oil, petroleum products, acids, alkalis, non-toxic and explosive dust, from vibration, etc.

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