The patient’s right to access to psychiatric records: doctrine and jurisprudence
Research of access to medical documentation, use of psychiatric documentation of minors, or petitions to the court for the destruction of psychiatric documentation by analogy with data on criminal records. Characteristics of civil, administrative claims.
| Рубрика | Государство и право |
| Вид | статья |
| Язык | английский |
| Дата добавления | 28.01.2023 |
| Размер файла | 44,4 K |
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20 Weil, F., The Right of the Mental Patient to be Medically Informed, 12 Law & Med. 681, 683-684 (1993).
21 BGH, 06.12.1988 - VI ZR 76/88, para. 9-10; BVerfGE - Beschluss vom 16 Sep. 1998, 1 BvR 1130/98, para. 10.
22 BGH, 06.12.1988 - VI ZR 76/88, para. 3, 4-7; ; VG Dusseldorf, Urt. v. 01.10.2003 - 7 K 1821/01, para. 25-30.
23 LG Saarbrucken, 20.09.1995 - 16 S 1/93, para. 7-8.
24 BGH, 06.12.1988 - VI ZR 76/88, para. 3, 4-7, 9.
25 Anatoliy A. Lytvynenko, A Right of Access to Medical Records: The Contemporary Case Law of the European Court of Human Rights and the Jurisprudence of Germany, 5.3 Athens Journal of Law 103, 115-116 (2020).
26 BGH, 31.05.1983 - VI ZR 259/81, para. 8.
27 LG Saarbrucken, 20.09.1995 - 16 S 1/93, para. 7.
28 Alan F. Westin, Medical Records: Should Patients Have Access?, The Hastings Center Report, Vol. 7 no. 6 (Dec. 1977) at p. 27.
29 OLG Karlsruhe, Urt. v. 21.02.2001 - 2 Ws 213/01, para. 18-20; 23-24.
30 See, for instance, the judgment of the Federal Social Court of Germany BSG, Urt v. 23.02.1960, 9 RV 576/55, at para. 5 (facts), 14, 15, 16.
31 Robert C. Showalter, Patient Access to Psychiatric Records: A Psychodynamic Perspective, 4 Med. & Law 351, 353 (1985).
32 James M. Madden, Patient Access to Medical Records in Washington (Comment), 57 Wash. L. Rev. 698, 708 (1981).
33 Gregory B. Nokes, Patient's Right of Access Limited to Records of Hospitals Receiving Legislative Appropriations: Doe v. Institute of Living, Inc. (Note), 11 Conn. L. Rev. 44, 56-57 (1978).
34 See. e.g. Bane v. Superintendant of Boston State Hospital, 350 Mass. 637, at p. 368 (1966) (also reported in: North-Eastern Reporter, Ser. 2, Vol. 216 at p. 111); appeal to courts of federal jurisdiction: Bane v. Spencer, 273 F. Supp. 820, 822 ff. (D. Mass. 1967; Civil Action Nos. 65-627 M; 65-704 M); Bane v. Spencer, 393 F.2d 108, 110 (1st Cir. 1968).
35 See, for instance, comments and cases cited in Anatoliy A. Lytvynenko, A Right to Access to Medical Records in the Case Law of the Portuguese Courts: Possible Guidelines for future European Court of Human Rights Case Law, 5.4 Athens Journal of Law 265, 267 (2020) and Anatoliy A. Lytvynenko, The right of access to patient 's health data: a comparative analysis of the case law of the European Court of Human Rights, the European Court of Justice, and the practice of the courts of the United States and some European countries, 20 (33) Legal Horizons 135, 138-139 (2020).
36 Markiv district court of Lugansk region, Judgment No. 71481729, 03.01.2018.
37 Showalter (1985), at 354-356.
38 BGH, 02.10.1984 - VI ZR 311/82, at page 4-8.
39 MG v United Kindgom, App. 39393/98, judgment of 29 Sept. 2002, facts & judgment.
40 BGH, 06.12.1988 - VI ZR 76/88, para. 3, 4-7 (facts).
41 AG Weltzar, 15.08.1978 - 3C 707/78, para. 8-9 and 15; LG Gottingen, 16.11.1978 - 2 O 152/78, para. 9-10; 16.
42 See the judgment of the German Federal Supreme Court: BGH, 23.11.1982; VI ZR 222/79, at para. 16.
43 According to Swedish legislation, namely the Patient Data Act (originally - Patientdatalagen 2008:355), 8 kap. §4, the Health and Care Inspectorate (Inspektionen for vдrd och omsorg in Swedish) is the body which could decide upon whether to expunge the health records. The law anchors a number of situations wherein the deletion of such medical records is permissible (see. expungement of psychiatric records).
44 Kammaratt Stockholm, 2014-10-16, Fall. No. 2014-2402 (Stockholm Administrative Court of Appeal, Judgment of 16 October, 2014).
45 Showalter (1985), at p.p. 355-356.
46 See., e.g., R. Gillon, Telling the truth and medical ethics, 291 British Med. J. 1556, 1556-1557 (1985); J. Parrott, G. Strathdee, P. Brown., Patient access to psychiatric records: the patient's view, 81 Journal of Royal. Soc. Med. 520, 521 (1988).
47 OLG Munchen, Urt v. 09.10.2008 - 1 U 2500/08, para. 34.
48 Oberster Gerichtshof, Entscheidung von 17 November 1936 (Nr. 189), 3 Ob 984/36, EOG Bd. XVIII (78) s. 534, at p. 536.
49 Oberster Gerichtshof, 23.05.1984, 1 Ob. 550/84.
50 OLG Koln, 12.11.1981, 7U 96/81, para. 24-25.
51 BGH, 23.11.1982; VI ZR 222/79, para. 17-27; 30.
52 See LG Limburg, 17.01.1979 - 3 S 244/78, para. 7-8; 10 and 13; this judgment was briefly commented upon in one of my previous papers, see Lytvynenko A.A., A Right of Access to Medical Records: The Contemporary Case Law of the European Court of Human Rights and the Jurisprudence of Germany, 6.1. Athens Journal of Law 103 at p. 113 (2020)
53 For instance, if we accord Morris v Hoester, the plaintiff has mentioned that he contacted over 200 employers so as to obtain a working position.
54 Inhabitants of Townsend v. Inhabitants of Pepperell, 99 Mass. 40, 43-46 (1868).
55 Hempton v. State, 111 Wis. 127, 86 N.W. 596, 598 (1901).
56 Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance Co. v. Board of Trustees of..., 178 Mich. 193, 195; 198-202; 144 N.W. 538, 540-541 (1913).
57 Ibid, p. 540-541.
58 In Re Application of J.C.G., 144 N.J. Super. 579, 582 (1976).
59 Ibid, at 586-588.
60 BGH, 02.10.1984 - VI ZR 311/82, p. 2-4; 5-8 (original court report).
61 BGH, 06.12.1988 - VI ZR 76/88, para. 4-7, 9-10.
62 LG Saarbrucken, 20.09.1995 - 16 S 1/93, para. 7-9.
63 M. gegen Psychiatrische Klinik Schlцssli Oetwil a.S. und Regierungsrat des Kantons Zьrich (staatsrechtliche Beschwerde), 19.06.1996, BGE 122 I 153, 155-156; 161-162.
64 Ibid, p. 164-167.
65 BVerfGE - Beschluss vom 16 Sep. 1998, 1 BvR 1130/98, II (para. 6-8).
66 State v. Pegels, 92 Mo. 300, 4 S. W. 931, 934 (1887).
67 Inhabitants of Townsend v. Inhabitants of Pepperell, 99 Mass. 40, 43-45 (1868); Hempton v. State, 111 Wis. 127, 86 N.W. 596, 598 (1901).
68 Oberster Gerichthof, Entscheidung von 17 November 1936 (Nr. 189), 3 Ob 984/36, EOG Bd. XVIII (78) s. 534, at p. 535.
69 Morris v. Hoester, 377 S.W. 2d 841, 844 (Tex. Civ. App. 1964).
70 See, for instance, Oliver v. Harborview Medical Center, 94 Wash. 2d. 559, 565-566, 618 P. 2d 76, at p. 80-81 (1980) [Pacific Reporter, vol.618, 2nd series]. Concerning the fact that the medical records contain a lot of various confidential data relating to the patient, the wording of the Supreme Court of Washington was the following: <... Without question the medical record of a patient at a public hospital contains personal data. It also contains information of a more public nature, however, i. e., administration of health care services, facility availability, use and care, methods of diagnosis, analysis, treatment and costs, all of which are carried out or relate to the performance of a governmental or proprietary function. The fact that some personal or private data is contained in the patient's record does not impress thereon the character of a nonpublic document. ..> [Pacific Reporter, vol. 618, 2nd series, at p. 81]. In this judgment, the Court found that medical records should be recognized as “public records” under the Public Disclosure Act of 1972.
71 Grьndling, J.N. (2011). „Die Dokumentationspflicht und das Einsichtsrecht des Patienten in die Krankengeschichte" (dissertation) University of Wien, Faculty of Law, at p. 30-32.
72 Ibid, at p. 34-35.
73 Ibid, at p. 35.
74 Min. Publ. c. Doumayrou, Cour de Cass., Cham. crim. 6 Mai 1836, Dall. Per. 1837 I 246.
75 For instance, accord: Requisitoire de M. le proc-gen-imp., Cour de Cass., Sec. reunies., 1 et 6er pluviose; 2 germinal an XIII [21 et 26 janv.; 23 mars.], 1804/1805 Sirey I 257 [Tome V], p. 263-266; Huret (Huret c. Min. Publ), Cour de Cass., Sect. crim., 18 bru- maire an XII [9 novembre 1803], Jour. des. Aud. an XII, 135, 135-136; Dali. Per. 1824-30 T8, 336; Sirey 1791-an XII (1803), 883; Journal du Pai. 1837-1842, T.3, 401, Landiade, Repertoire, Tome III (1823), viz. Naissance [Acte du], p. 659.
76 Le tuteur de Joseph-Antoine Meynard c. La veuve Meynard, Cour de Cass., Sec. civ, 2 Mars 1803, Sirey 1803 I 319, 319-320.
77 Dame E. c. E., Cour de. Cass., 20 decembre 1892, Dali. Per. 1893 I 149, 149-150.
78 DameL. c. L., Cour d'Appei de Grenoble, 5 mai 1870, Sirey 1871 II 35, 36. Here, for instance, the Grenoble Court of Appeals did not find that the complete absense of sexual intercourse within spouses to be justifiable for separation de corps. Upon the findings of the triai court, the couple has lived in harmony for several years and the husband always behaved good to his wife. See also: Dame D. c. C. son mari, Cour de Cass., 22 fevrier 1899, Daii. Per. 1899 I 244.
79 Ehefrau Anna Th. M. B geboren N. in Hamburg gegen ihren Ehemann den Comptoirboten B.H.B in Hamburg, OLG Hamburg I v 14 Juni 1901, Hanseatische Gerichtszeitung Bd. 22 (1901) S. 269, 270-271.
80 Anatoiiy A. Lytvynenko, Data privacy in the sphere of medical confidentiality: the historical and contemporary case-law of the United States, the European Court of Human Rights and selected Continental Europe states, 83 Actuai Probiems of State and Law 100, 109-110 (2020).
81 B... . c. X... ., Cour d'Appei de Besancon, 22 mai 1888, Sirey 1888 II 128 (see fuii comment of the case at Lytvynenko (2020), at p. 109.
82 However, in sharp contrast to the case of Watelet, he did not reveai her reai personai detaiis. The deceased niece of the piaintiff was referred to as “Pauiine C.”. In the triai of Wateiet, a doctor was fined for pubiishing a ietter to a news magazine La Matin describing the aiiment history and death of the painter Juies Bastien Lepage (1848-1884), who had died of cancer.
83 A. Pitres, Leзons cliniques sur l'hystйrie et l'hypnotisme. Faites а l'Hфpital Saint-Andrй de Bordeaux, Tome Second, Paris, (O. Doin, Editeur), 1891, p. 321-328; 479-480.
84 Consui c. Pitres (originaiiy C... c. P...), Cour d'Appei de Bordeaux, 5 juiiiet 1893, Daii. Per. 1894 II 177, at p. 177-178.
85 See judgment of the Cassationai Court of France: Consul c. Pitres, 9 avrii 1895, Recueii Sirey 1896 I 81, at p. 84. For a more detaiied comment on Consui c. Pitres, see. Lytvynenko (2020), at p. 109-110.
86 Ciinton DeWitt, Medicai Ethics and the Law: The Conflict between Duai Aiiegiances, 5 W. Res. L. Rev. 5, 20 (1953).
87 See Daniei W. Shuman, The Origins of the Physician-Patient Privilege and Professional Secret, 39 Sw L.J. 661, 671-672 (1985). “This occurrence [meaning the absense of case-iaw authority on medicai priviiege, roughiy speaking, the right not to testify in court concerning the facts you have been deposited in the course of your profession i.e. doctor, which are confidentiai] - he writes, might be explained in several ways. First, because of the existing state of medical science, physicians may not have been a reliable source of evidence. Second, attorneys may have assumed that physicians should not or could not be compelled to disclose confidential patient communications, and thus may not have requested such information. Third, attorneys may have assumed that physicians could be compelled to disclose confidential communications, and thus may not have objected to requests for such disclosure. Fourth, courts may have addressed this question prior to 1776 [date of Duchess of Kingston's triai] in decisions that remain undiscovered”. Later he contended that it was not actuaiiy true, citing a coupie of curious triais on witchcraft. He cited severai books on the outstanding histor- icai triais, upon the content of which I may assume that he did not err that medicai testimony had been received by the Engiish courts before. Some of these couid be found here: Frederick E. Birkenhead, Famous Triais of History, Garden City (New York), Garden City Pubiishing Co., Inc.; The Star Series, 1926, p. 95-101.
88 Morton v. Thorburn, Court of Session, Inner House, 7 March 1835, (1835) 13 S. 640, 641.
89 AB v. CD, Court of Session [Inner House], 1st Division, 13 Dec. 1851, (1851) 14 D. 177 at p. 179-180 (Case No. 46), as Whyte v. Smith, 24 S.C. 78, 79 (1851).
90 Shuman, at p. 674.
91 See judgment of the Bucharest Court of Appeais: TP-D. & T.I. c. Institutul National de Boli Infectioase Prof. Matei Bal$, Curtea de Apei Bucuresti, Decizia nr. 5234/2014, Sectia A VIII-A C. Administrativ si Fisca, Dosarui nr. 1943/2/2014, 20.06.2014.
92 See. Borgarting lagmannsrett, 2020-07-17, Lb-2020-96569 (No. 20-096569ASK-BORG / 04) (Borgarting Court of Appeais, judgment of 17 Juiy 2020).
93 BGH, 31.05.1983 - VI ZR 259/81, para. 25.
94 AG Magdeburg, Urt. v. 19.11.2008 - 180 C 2825/07, para. 29.
95 BGH, 31.05.1983 - VI ZR 259/81, para. 11.
96 BGH, 31.05.1983 - VI ZR 259/81, para. 28; OLG Munchen, Urt. v. 09.10.2008 - 1 U 2500/08, para. 48.
97 BGH, 31.05.1983 - VI ZR 259/81, para. 29-30.
98 Ibid, para. 18-22.
99 Ibid, para. 23.
100 OLG Munchen, Urt v. 09.10.2008 - 1 U 2500/08, para. 46.
101 VG Freiburg, Urt. v. 29.10.2015 - 6 K 2245/14, para. 28-29.
102 Ibid, para. 50.
103 Ibid, para. 55-56.
104 Ibid, at para. 57.
105 VG Freiburg, Urt. v. 29.10.2015 - 6 K 2245/14, para. 31.
106 AG Magdeburg, Urt. v. 19.11.2008 - 180 C 2825/07, para. 42-48.
107 Christeiie / Jean et S.A. A.G., Cour de Cassation (Beige), 1re Chambre, 14 mars. 2016, JLMB 2016/27 p. 1282 (at p. 12831286).
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