Legal protection of Germany's national interests in the field of environmental security: the evolution of approaches

This paper explores how ecological and climate problems have fundamentally changed the way we think about security. The non-physical security, diversification of threats, and the salience of identity are key effects of globalization in the security realm.

Рубрика Государство и право
Вид статья
Язык английский
Дата добавления 17.08.2022
Размер файла 36,9 K

Отправить свою хорошую работу в базу знаний просто. Используйте форму, расположенную ниже

Студенты, аспиранты, молодые ученые, использующие базу знаний в своей учебе и работе, будут вам очень благодарны.

In Hessen land, in January 2016, the guidelines for funding for the promotion of municipal projects on climate protection and adaptation, as well as municipal information initiatives (the updated version came into force in September 2019) came into force.

In March 2017, the Hessen land government approved the Hessen 2025 Integrated Climate Protection Plan to transform the land into a climate-neutral region no later than 2050. Representatives of business, environmental associations, as well as municipalities and research institutions were involved in the development of the Integrated Plan. It consisted of 140 measures aimed at achieving the climate goals of Hesse, its adaptation to the consequences of climate change. The activities cover all areas of activity: from agriculture to the economy, the energy sector and transport, the construction sector and health care. Measures were developed to protect the climate and adapt to climate change at the same time. The Integrated Climate Protection Plan complements the requirements of the federal climate policy of Germany and the European Union. The Hessen land government encourages investment in climate protection and municipal climate adaptation measures. In addition, financial support could be provided to public, educational and information initiatives in the field of climate.

Documents similar in their direction and goals have been developed in other lands and municipalities of Germany.

Conclusions. The development of environmental security is an important contribution in theorising the policy of global environmental change and shifting security contexts. Approaches to theorising environmental issues i in terms of environmental security reproduce a dualistic understanding of human relations to «the environment» in which humans are either threatened by or pose a threat to «nature».

The term “environmental security” is often interpreted as environmental protection in the sense of preventing damage to ecosystems and hence to humans. However, its content is also related to environmentally induced conflicts and insecurity caused by social and political disruption related to resource shortages and degraded landscapes.

What the environment - development - security nexus militates towards is a new culture of world politics which transforms attitudes consonant with meaningful interdependence. The climate change is caused by human activity, and is unlikely to be solved by unilateral action or traditional security measures. Cooperative measures are essential to planning for how to deal with the new circumstances humans collectively face. The obligation on developed states to lead in mitigation challenges traditional conceptions of the modern state by calling forth a more outward looking state that is able to serve both the national and international communities in the service of global climate protection.

The one for the success of a national, regional and international policy on the environment is the existence of clear legal rules, and a coherent European approach is needed to influence behavior in this area, directly and indirectly.

Germany is a strong supporter of international climate policies. International environmental policy contributes to climate protection, lead to an economic level playing field so that (energy-intensive) losers have less reason to resist ecological modernization and environmental industries benefit. Energy security has long been an important aspect of state security, but has rarely been thought of as an environmental issue.

References

Analysis of impacts of climate change policies on energy security: Final report. (2009). URL: https://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/energy/pdf/cces.pdf.

Bailey, D. (2015). The Environmental Paradox of the Welfare State: The Dynamics of Sustainability. New Political Economy, 20:6, 793-811. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/13563467.2015T 079169.

Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany, 23 May 1949. Last amended on 28 March 2019. URL: https://www.btg-bestellservice.de/pdf/80201000.pdf.

Biedenkopf, K.H. (1990). Die цkologische Dimension der Wirtschaftsordnung. Politische Цkologie, Sonderheft 1: Nachhaltiges Wirtschaften, Sept. 1990: 19 f.

Binswanger, H.Ch., Nutzinger, H.G., Zahrnt, A. (1990). Umwe1t(-) Steuern (BUNDargumente). Bund fьr Umwelt und Naturschutz Deutschland e.V., Bonn.

Bock, B. (1990). Umweltschutz im Spiegel von Verfassungsrecht und Verfassungspolitik. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot.

Boyd, D.R. The Status of Constitutional Protection for the Environment in Other Nations:

PAPER #4. URL: https://davidsuzuki.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/status-constitutional-

protection-environment-other-nations.pdf.

Breuning, S., Doluschitz, R. (2019). Societal Valuesin Germany - an Aspect of Cooperative Management? International Journal of cooperative accounting and management, vol. 2, issue 1, 19-37. doi: https://doi.org/10.36830/IJCAM.20192.

Brцnneke, T. (1999). Umweltverfassungsrecht: Der Schutz der natьrlichen Lebensgrundlagen im Grundgesetz sowie in den Landesverfassungen Brandenburgs, Niedersachsens und Sachsens, 1 Aufl. Baden-Baden.

Brцnneke, T (1993). Vom Nutzen einer einklagbaren Umweltverfassungsnorm. Zeitschrift fьr Umweltrecht, 4, 153-158.

Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. (2000). URL: https://www.europarl. europa.eu/charter/pdf/text_en.pdf.

Conze, E. (2005). Sicherheit als Kultur. Ьberlegungen zu einer “modernen Politikgeschichte”

der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Pp. 357-380. URL: https://www.ifz-muenchen.de/

heftarchiv/2005_3_1_conze.pdf.

Costanza, R. (Hrsg.). (1991). Ecological Economics. The Science and Management of Sustainability. Columbia University-Press, New York.

Cox, R.H. (2001). The Social Construction of an Imperative: Why Welfare Reformed Happened in Denmark and the Netherlands, But Not in Germany. World Politics, 53 (3), 463-98.

Daele, W. van den. (1994). Umweltschutz als Staatsziel. Gebhardt J. & Schmalz-Bruns R. (Eds.), Demokratie, Verfassung und Nation. Baden-Baden: Nomos, 364-384.

Declaration of the European Council on the EC's environment policy («Environmental Imperative»), Dublin 1990. OJ 1990, D 396, pp. 407 ff.

Delbrolck, J. (1993). Globalization of Law, Politics, and Markets-Implications for Domestic Law: A European Perspective. Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, vol. 1, issue 1, art. 2, 9-36.

Delbruck, J. (1997). The Role of the United Nations in Dealing with Global Problems. Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, vol. 4, issue 2, art. 3, 277-296.

Environment and human rights: Report Committee on the Environment, Agriculture and Local and Regional Affairs. (2003). URL: https://assemblycoe.int/nw/xml/XRef/X2H-Xref-ViewHTML. asp?FileID=10145&lang=EN.

Erhard, L., Mьller-Armack, A. (1972). Soziale Marktwirtschaft, Ordnung der Zukunft: Manifest `72. Ullstein.

EU Environment and Climate Change Policies. State of play, current and future challenges. Policy Department for Economic, Scientific and Quality of Life Policies European Parlia-

ment. (2019). URL: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2019/638428/

IPOL_STU(2019)638428_EN.pdf.

European Charter on Environment and Health. (1989). URL: https://www.euro.who.int/

data/assets/pdf_file/0019/114085/ICP_RUD_113.pdf.

Ewing-Chow, M., Soh, D. (2009). Pain, Gain, or Shame: the Evolution of Environmental Law and the Role of Multinational Corporations. Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, vol. 16, issue 1, art 7, 195-222.

Floyd, R., 2008. The environmental security debate and its significance for climate change. The International Spectator, 43 (3), 51-65.

Gesetz zur Fцrderung des Klimaschutzes in Baden-Wьrttemberg. (2013). URL: https:// um.baden-wuerttemberg.de/fileadmin/redaktion/m-um/intern/Dateien/Dokumente/4_Klima/ Klimaschutz/Klimaschutzgesetz/LT-Drs_15_3465_D.pdf.

Gough, I. (2010). Economic Crisis, Climate Change and the Future of Welfare States. 21st Century Society, 5 (1), 51-64.

Hahn, M. (1996). Das Staatsziel Umweltschutz - Art. 20a Grundgesetz - “Ausgleich von Defiziten oder umweltpolitische Phrase?” Zugleich ein Beitrag zur Bedeutung der Grundrechte, insbesondere der grundrechtlichen Schutzpflichten fьr die Umweltverpflichtung des Staates, Kцln, Univ., Diss.

Hausknost, D. (2020). The environmental state and the glass ceiling of transformation. Environmental Politics, 29:1, 17-37. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/09644016.2019.1680062.

Hillebrand, R. (2013). Climate protection, energy security, and Germany's policy of ecological modernisation. Environmental Politics, vol. 22, issue 4: Energy Security and Climate Change: conflicts and synergies, 664 - 682.

Hoppe, W., Beckmann, M. (1989). Umweltrecht (Juristische Kurzlehrbьcher fьr Studium und Praxis). Mьnchen: Beck.

Hьnemцrde, Kair. (1974). Die Frьhgeschichte der globalen Umweltkrise und die Formierung der deutschen Umweltpolitik (1950-1973). Stuttgart.

Juss, S. (1997). Global Environmental Change: Health and the Challenge for Human Rights. Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, vol. 5, issue 1, art. 8, 121-178.

Kloepfer, M. (2000). Umweltschutz und Recht: Grundlagen, Verfassungsrahmen und Entwicklungen; ausgewдhlte Beitrдge aus drei Jahrzehnten, Berlin.

Krдmer, L. (1992). Focus on European Environmental Law London: Sweet and Maxwell. xii, 309 and (Index) 11pp. Hoppe, W. und Beckmann, M. (1989). Umweltrecht (Juristische Kurzlehrbьcher fьr Studium und Praxis). Mьnchen: Beck.

Leitsдtze zum Beschluss des Ersten Senats vom 24. Mдrz 2021. URL: https://www.bundes-

verfassungsgericht.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/2021/03/rs20210324_1bvr265618.pdf? blob=-

publicationFile&v=1.

Lerche, C., Said, A. (1963). Concepts of International Politics. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.

Mangold, A.K. (2014). The Persistence of National Peculiarities: Translating Representative. Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, vol. 21, issue 1, art. 9, 223-261.

Mehr Demokratie wagen: Innen- und Gesellschaftspolitik 1966-1974 (Berliner Ausgabe, vol. 7). By Willy Brandt. Volume ed. by Wolther von Kieseritzky. Series edited by Helga Grebing, Gregor Schцllgen and Heinrich August Winkler. Bonn: Dietz. 2001.

Michaelowa, A. (2003). Germany: A pioneer on earthen feet? Climate Policy, 3 (1): 31-43.

Mikievich, M.M., Andrusevich, N.I., Budyakova, T.O. (2004). European environmental law. Lviv: Lviv. nat. Univ. I. Franko [in Ukrainian].

Morgenthau, HJ (1951). In Defense of the National Interest: A Critical Examination of American Foreign Policy New York: Knopf.

National interests and diplomacy. URL: https://www.dawn.com/news/846325/national- interests-and-diplomacy%2010%20March%202016.

Neumann, M.T. (1996). The Environmental Law System of the Federal Republic of Germany. Annual Survey of International & Comparative Law, vol. 3, issue 1, art. 6, 69-110.

Nutzinger, H.G., Zahrnt, A. (1994). Цkologisch-soziale Marktwirtschaft und Instrumente der Umweltpolitik. R. Kurz und A. Zahrnt (Hg.): Marktwirtschaft und Umwelt. (Reihe Umweltschutz, Bd. 15), 1-25. Bonn: Economica.

Rio Declaration on Environment and Development (Rio de Janeiro, 3-14 June 1992).

URL: https: //wwwun.org/ en/development/desa/population/migration/generalassembly/docs/

globalcompact/A_CONF. 151_26_Vol.I_Declaration.pdf.

Sands, Ph. (1994). The “Greening” of International Law: Emerging Principles and Rules. Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, vol. 1, issue 2, art. 2, 293-323.

Shea, E.E. (2002). Environmental Law and Compliance Methods. Oxford: Oceana Publications.

Soziale Marktwirtschaft цkologisch erneuern. (2019). Цkologische Innovationen, wirtschaftliche Chancen und soziale Teilhabe in Zeiten des Klimawandels R. Fьcks & T Kцhler (Hrsg.). Berlin.

Stockholm Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, Principle 1, adopted June 16, 1972, U.N. Doc. A/CONF 48/14/Rev.1, reprinted at 11 I.L.M. 1416 (1972).

Surilova, O.O. (2005). Environmental law of Germany. Current issues of state and law, issue 24, 75-80.

The EU's 2030 Climate and Energy Framework and Energy Security URL: https://www iddri.org/sites/default/files/import/publications/cs-iddri-eu-2030-framework_energy-security.pdf.

The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, as amended. URL: https://wwwenergygov/ sites/default/files/nepapub/nepa_documents/RedDont/Req-NEPA.pdf.

Toke, D. (2013). The relationship between climate change and energy security: key issues and conclusions. Environmental Politics, Vol. 22, issue 4: Energy Security and Climate Change: conflicts and synergies, 537-552.

Troitsky M. (2015). Why Are National Interests Necessary? Self-Restriction as a Blessing. Russia in Global Affairs, vol. 13, 2, 164-172.

Va sak, K. (1977). Human Rights: A Thirty-Year Struggle: the Sustained Efforts to give Force of law to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. UNESCO Courier, 11:29-32.

Vogler, J. (2013). Changing conceptions of climate and energy security in Europe. Environmental Politics, vol. 22, issue 4: Energy Security and Climate Change: conflicts and synergies, 627-645.

Weis, H. (1988). Die Anhцrung des Bundestags-Rechtsausschusses zum Staatsziel Umweltschutz. Zeitschrift fьr Rechtspolitik, 5, 159-161.

Weiss, E.B. (1993). International Environmental Law: Contemporary Issues and the Emergence of a New World Order. The Georgetown Law Journal, vol. 81, 675- 710.

Winchester, N.B. (2009). Emerging Global Environmental Governance. Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, Vol. 16, issue 1, art. 2, 7-23.

Wurzel, R. (2002). Environmental policy-making in Britain, Germany and the European Union: The Europeanisation of air and water pollution control. Manchester, U.K.: Manchester University Press.

Wurzel, R., Jordan, A., Zito, A., BruEckner, L. (2003). From high regulatory state to social and ecological market economy? “New” environmental policy instruments in Germany “New” instruments of environmental governance? National experiences and prospects. A. Jordan, R. Wurzel, A. Zito (Eds.), 115-36. London, U.K: Frank Cass.

Yakoviyk, I.V. (2007). Legal culture in the conditions of globalization and European integration. State Building and Local Government, 13, 3-16. Kharkiv. Pravo [in Ukrainian].

Yakoviyk, I.V. (2000). Social state: questions of theory and ways of its formation. Candidate's thesis. Kharkiv [in Ukrainian].

Размещено на Allbest.ru


Подобные документы

  • General characteristics of the personal security of employees. Bases of fight against a corruption in the tax service of Ukraine. Personal safety of the tax police, concept, content, principles. Legislative regulation of non-state security activity.

    реферат [24,7 K], добавлен 08.10.2012

  • The principles of personal safety in the application of physical restraint. Improving the practice of physical restraint in the activities of the tax police to enhance personal safety. Legal protection of the tax police in applying physical effects.

    курсовая работа [0 b], добавлен 08.10.2012

  • Realization of various collective needs of a society concerns to performance of common causes first of all: the organization of public health services, formation, social security, automobiles and communications, etc.

    реферат [9,4 K], добавлен 19.10.2004

  • The differences between the legal norm and the state institutions. The necessity of overcoming of contradictions between the state and the law, analysis of the problems of state-legal phenomena. Protecting the interests and freedoms of social strata.

    статья [18,7 K], добавлен 10.02.2015

  • The system of executive authorities. Legislation of Ukraine as sources of social protection. The mechanism and contents of social protection tax. Benefits as the main element of the special legal status of a person. Certain features of protection.

    реферат [18,9 K], добавлен 30.09.2012

  • Protection of band names as a product of development of a civilization and commodity economy. Concept of band names, the courts and judges in USA. Band Protection in China. Conditions of advancement of the international cooperation in the field of band.

    реферат [24,2 K], добавлен 19.07.2010

  • Analyze general, special and single in different constitutionally legal systems of the countries of the world. The processes of globalization, internationalization, socialization, ecologization, humanization and biologization of the constitutional law.

    реферат [17,4 K], добавлен 13.02.2015

  • Problems of sovereignty in modern political life of the world. Main sides of the conflict. National and cultural environment of secessional conflicts. Mutual relations of the church and the state. The law of the Pridnestrovskaia Moldavskaia Respublika.

    реферат [20,1 K], добавлен 10.02.2015

  • The foundations of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation. The civil society as the embodiment of balance of private and public interests. Legal and functional character of the civil society. Institutional structure of constitutional system.

    реферат [19,5 K], добавлен 07.01.2015

  • Concept of development basic law. Protection of freedom through the implementation of the principle of subsidiarity. Analysis of the humanitarian aspects of the legal status of a person. Systematic review of articles of the constitution of Russia.

    реферат [21,2 K], добавлен 14.02.2015

Работы в архивах красиво оформлены согласно требованиям ВУЗов и содержат рисунки, диаграммы, формулы и т.д.
PPT, PPTX и PDF-файлы представлены только в архивах.
Рекомендуем скачать работу.